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MC LC
Trang
Mc lc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Li ni u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Chng 1. Kin thc c s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1 Khng gian nh chun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 nh x kh vi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Khng gian Hilbert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4 Ton t khng b chn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Chng 2. Tnh duy nht ngc ca phng trnh parabolic 20

2.1 nh gi cn di cho nghim ca bt phng trnh vi phn trong
khng gian Hilbert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2 Tnh duy nht ngc cho cc nghim ca cc phng trnh parabolic
tuyn tnh v phi tuyn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Kt lun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Ti liu tham kho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
 LI NI U

Vn  c quan tm u tin khi nghin cu cc phng trnh o

hm ring l kim tra tnh t chnh ca bi ton. Mt bi ton c gi
l t chnh nu n tha mn ba iu kin: a) n c nghim, b) nghim
duy nht, c) nghim ph thuc lin tc (theo mt tp no ) theo d
kin ca bi ton. Nu t nht mt trong ba iu kin ny khng tha
mn th ta ni rng bi ton t khng chnh.
Nh vy, i vi bi ton t chnh, tnh duy nht nghim  r rng.
Tuy nhin, nghin cu tnh duy nht nghim cho cc bi ton t khng
chnh li l mt ch  rt kh. Vn  tnh duy nht ngc ca phng
trnh parabolic ngc thi gian cng nm trong hng nghin cu ny
bi v phng trnh parabolic ngc thi gian l mt bi ton t khng
chnh.
Nghin cu v tnh duy nht ngc ca phng trnh parabolic nhm
tr li cho cu hi: "Khi no th nghim ca phng trnh parabolic vi
thi im cui  bit xc nh duy nht?". Cu hi ny  thu ht
c s quan tm nghin cu ca nhiu nh ton hc ln trn th gii
v cc kt qu v tnh duy nht ngc cng xut hin t nhng nm 60
ca th k trc. Cho n nay, nhiu cng trnh c gi tr nghin cu v
phng trnh parabolic ngc thi gian  c cng b: [5], [6], [8], [9],
[11], [12], [13].
Tnh duy nht ngc cho nghim ca phng trnh parabolic tuyn
tnh vi h s khng ph thuc thi gian c th m t nh sau:
Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert vi tch v hng h., .i v chun k.k,
A : D(A) H H l mt ton t khng ph thuc thi gian, t lin

2
 3

hp, xc nh dng trn H . Khi , nu u(t) C([0, T ], H), 0 t T

l nghim ca phng trnh ut + Au = 0, 0 < t < T tha mn u(T ) = 0
th u(t) = 0, t [0, T ).
Kt qu trn c pht trin theo hai hng sau:
Hng th nht nghin cu v tnh duy nht ngc v cc nh gi
cn di cho cc nghim ca bt phng trnh vi phn cha phng trnh
parabolic. Theo hng ny, vo nm 1961, Cohen v Lees ([7])  thu
c nh gi cn di cho cc nghim ca bt phng trnh vi phn c
dng
kut Auk (t)ku(t)k,
ch vi gi thit A l ton t i xng trong khng gian Hilbert. Trong
trng hp ton t A t lin hp, nm 1963, Agmon v Nirenberg ([5])
 tm thy mt cch chng minh n gin hn kt qu ca Cohen v
Lees, cng nh mt vi m rng ca kt qu . n nm 1965, Ogawa
([12])  n gin ha chng minh ca Agmon v Nirenberg vi gi thit
nh hn A l ton t i xng.
Hng th hai nghin cu tnh duy nht ngc cho phng trnh
parabolic c cu trc phc tp hn hoc iu kin p t ln cc h s
ca phng trnh yu hn. Theo hng ny, nm 2003, Kukavica ([8]) 
cng b kt qu v tnh duy nht ngc cho phng trnh

ut 4u = j j u + vu.

Sau , vo nm 2007, Kukavica ([9]) tip tc cng b kt qu v tnh

duy nht ngc cho phng trnh phi tuyn c dng ut + Au = f (u).
 tp duyt nghin cu v tm hiu su hn v hng nghin cu
ny, chng ti chn  ti cho lun vn ca mnh l:

"Tnh duy nht ngc ca phng trnh parabolic"

Mc nh ca lun vn l thng qua cc ti liu tm hiu v trnh by
mt cch y  cc chng minh chi tit cc kt qu t c lin quan
 4

n vn  nghin cu m cc ti liu ch pht biu nhng cha chng

minh hoc chng minh cn vn tt. Vi mc ch , lun vn c trnh
by thnh hai chng:
Chng 1, trnh by cc kin thc c s nh: khng gian nh chun,
nh x kh vi gia cc khng gian Banach, khng gian Hilbert, ton t
khng b chn trong khng gian Hilbert.
Chng 2, trnh by chi tit cc kt qu ca Ogawa trong bi bo
[12]. Sau , chng ti  xut cch chng minh tnh duy nht ngc
ca phng trnh parabolic tuyn tnh vi h s hng s, ng thi trnh
by chng minh chi tit cc kt qu ca Kukavica trong bi bo [8].
Lun vn ny c hon thnh ti trng i hc Vinh di s hng
dn ca TS. Nguyn Vn c. Tc gi xin by t lng cm n su sc
nht ti thy gio, TS. Nguyn Vn c - ngi  dnh cho tc gi
s quan tm, gip  tn tnh v chu o trong sut qu trnh hc tp,
nghin cu v hon thnh lun vn. Tc gi cng xin gi li cm n
chn thnh n Ban ch nhim khoa Ton, khoa Sau i hc, qu thy
c trong t Gii tch v khoa Ton - Trng i hc Vinh,  tn tnh
dy d , gip  tc gi trong qu trnh hc tp. Cui cng, tc gi xin
cm n cc bn hc vin cao hc kha 18 Ton trng i hc Vinh,
cng nh cc bn b, ng nghip v gia nh  quan tm, gip ,
ng vin v to mi iu kin thun li  tc gi va hc tp, va
cng tc, tham gia tt kha hc v hon thnh lun vn ng thi hn.
Mc d  c nhiu c gng nhng lun vn khng th trnh khi
nhng thiu st nht nh, rt mong c s gp ca qu thy, c v
cc bn  lun vn c hon thin hn.

Vinh, thng 8 nm 2012

Tc gi
 CHNG 1

KIN THC C S

1.1 Khng gian nh chun

Cho E l K - khng gian vect.

1.1.1 nh ngha. ([1],[2]) nh x kk : E R c gi l chun nu

(i) kuk > 0, u E ;kuk = 0 u = 0;
(ii) kuk = ||kuk, u E, K;
(iii) ku + vk 6 kuk + kvk, u, v E .

1.1.2 nh l. ([1],[2]) Nu x kxk l mt chun trn E th d(x, y) =

kxyk l mt mtric trn E . Mtric ny tha mn d(x+z, y+z) = d(x, y)
v d(x, y) = ||d(x, y) vi mi x, y, z E, K.
khng gian nh chun l mt khng gian vect cng vi mt
Mt
chun trn n. Khng gian nh chun l khng gian mtric vi mtric
sinh bi chun.
Khng gian Banach l khng gian nh chun y  (vi mtric sinh
bi chun).

1.1.3 nh l. ([1],[2]) Chun x kxk l mt hm lin tc u t E

vo R.
1.1.4 nh l. ([1],[2]) Gi s E l mt khng gian nh chun. Khi 
nh x (x, y) x + y t E E vo E v (, x) x t K E vo E
l lin tc.
 6

1.1.5 nh l. ([1],[2]) Gi s E l khng gian nh chun. Khi  vi

mi a E , nh x x a + x l php ng phi ng c (tc l bo ton
khong cch) t E ln E , v vi mi K, 6= 0 nh x x x l
php ng phi u t E ln E .
Gi s X l tp o c Lebesgue bt k trong R. Ta k hiu Lp (X)
l K - khng gian vec t tt c cc hm f t X vo K sao cho |f |p kh
tch Lebesgue. Trong khng gian ny ta ng nht cc hm bng nhau
hu khp ni.
Vi mi p 1 v f Lp (X), t

Z 1
kf kp = ( |f |p ) p .
X

1.1.6 B . ([1],[2]) Gi s l cc s thc tha mn

p > 1, q > 1
+ = 1. Khi  vi cc s thc 0, 0 ta c
1 1
p q
p q
+ ,
p q
du ng thc xy ra nu v ch nu p = q .
1.1.7 B . ([1],[2]) (Bt ng thc Holder) Gi s p > 1, q > 1 l cc
s thc tha mn p1 + 1q = 1. Nu f Lp(X), g Lq (X) th f g L1 (X)
v kf gk1 kf kpkgkq .
1.1.8 B . ([1],[2]) (Bt ng thc Minkowski) Gi s p 1 v
f, g Lp (X). Khi  f + g Lp (X) v kf + gkp kf kp + kgkp .

1.1.9 B . ([1],[2]) Vi mi f Lp(X) v K ta c f Lp (X)

v kf kp = ||kf kp .

1.1.10 nh l. ([1],[2]) Vi mi p 1, Lp(X) l khng gian Banach.

 7

1.1.11 nh ngha. ([3]) Gi s X l mt min trong Rn. Mt hm

u(x) Lp (X) c gi l o hm suy rng cp ca hm v(x) Lp (X)
nu
Z Z
||
u(x)(x)dx = (1) v(x)D (x)dx, C0 (X),
X X

y = (1 , 2 , ..., n ) l vect vi cc ta  nguyn khng m, c

||
gi l mt a ch s bc || = 1 + 2 + ... + n v D =
.
1 2 ... n
1.1.12 nh ngha. ([3]) Cho k l s nguyn khng m, p l s thc tha
mn 1 6 p 6 . K hiu Wpk (X) l tp gm tt c cc hm u Lp (X)
sao cho vi mi a ch s , || 6 k , o hm suy rng D u tn ti v
thuc vo Lp (X).
Nu u Wpk (X), ta nh ngha chun ca n l
! p1


P |D u|p dx
R
(1 6 p < )

kukWpk (X) = ||6k X
ess sup |D u|
P
(p = ) .




||6k

Khi  Wpk (X) l mt khng gian Banach.

1.1.13 nh ngha. ([3]) Khng gian Wpk (X) vi chun

p1
XZ
kukWpk (X) = |D u|p dx ,
||6k X

c gi l khng gian Sobolev.

Khi p = 2,  thun li ta k hiu

H k (X) = W2k (X), (k = 0, 1, ...).

1.1.14 B . ([3]) (Bt ng thc Gronwall, dng vi phn) (i) Cho (.)
l mt hm lin tc tuyt i, khng m trn [0, T ] v tha mn vi hu
khp t bt ng thc vi phn
0 (t) (t)(t) + (t),
 8

trong  (t), (t) l cc hm kh tch, khng m trn [0, T ]. Khi 

Rt
 Z t 
(s)ds
(t) e 0 (0) + (s)ds ,
0

vi mi 0 t T .
(ii) c bit, nu 0 trn [0, T ] v th
trn [0, T ].
(0) = 0 0
1.1.15 B . ([3]) (Bt ng thc Gronwall, dng tch phn) (i) Cho
(t) l mt hm kh tch, khng m trn [0, T ] v tha mn vi hu khp
t bt ng thc tch phn
Z t
(t) C1 (s)ds + C2 ,
0

vi C1, C2 l cc hng s khng m. Khi 

(t) C2 (1 + C1 teC1 t )

vi hu khp t, 0 t T .
(ii) c bit, nu Z t
(t) C1 (s)ds
0
vi hu khp t, 0 t T , th (t) = 0 vi hu khp t.

1.2 nh x kh vi
1.2.1 nh ngha. ([1]) Cho f : F , y l tp m trong khng
gian nh chun E cn F l khng gian Banach. Ta ni f kh vi ti x0
nu tn ti S L(E, F ) sao cho

kf (x0 + h) f (x0 ) S(h)k = o(khk), (1.1)

mt cch tng ng > 0, > 0, khk < , suy ra

kf (x0 + h) f (x0 ) S(h)k = khk.

Ch rng (1.1) c vit di dng quen thuc

kf (x0 + h) f (x0 ) S(h)k
lim = 0. (1.2)
khk0 khk
 9

1.2.2 Nhn xt. (i) Tnh kh vi ca f ti x0 khng thay i nu chun

ca E c thay bi chun khc tng ng.
(ii) S L(E, F ) tha mn (1.1) l duy nht. K hiu S l f 0 (x0 ) hay
Df (x0 ) v gi l o hm ca f ti x0 . Tht vy, nu T L(E, F ) cng
tha mn (1.1) th > 0, > 0, h E, khk , ta c

kS(h) T (h)k kf (x0 + h) f (x0 ) S(h)k

+ kf (x0 + h) f (x0 ) T (h)k
2khk,

suy ra
kS T k < 2 > 0.

Do  S = T.
Nh vy nu f kh vi trn th ta c nh x f 0 : L(E, F ) cho bi
3 x 7 f 0 (x) L(E, F ).

Ngoi ra nu f' lin tc th f c gi l kh vi lin tc hay thuc lp

C 1 (vit f C 1 ) trn .
(iii) Nu f : F kh vi th f 0 : L(E, F ) c th xt nh nh x
f 0 : E F cho bi

(x, h) 7 f 0 (x, h) = f 0 (x)(h),

nh x ny tuyn tnh lin tc theo bin th hai h E khi bin th nht

x c nh v kh vi theo bin th nht x khi bin th hai h E c
nh.
(iv) Xt trng hp E = R. Trc ht cng thc

(T ) = T (1), T L(R, F )

xc nh ng cu gi nguyn chun gia L(R, F ) v F . Qua ng cu

ny ta ng nht T L(R, F ) vi T (1).
 10

By gi f : (a, b) F kh vi ti x0 (a, b). Ta c

f (x0 + h) f (x0 )
 
0
lim f (x0 )(1)
h0 h
f (x0 + h) f (x0 ) f 0 (x0 )(h)
= lim
h0 h
= 0.

Nh vy nu ng nht f 0 (x0 ) vi f 0 (x0 )(1) ta c th vit

f (x0 + h) f (x0 )
f 0 (x0 ) = lim ,
h0 h
v  chnh l nh ngha quen thuc ca o hm.

1.2.3 Cc v d. (i) Nu f : F , l nh x hng th f 0 0 trn .

(ii) Nu f = S | : F , vi S L(E, F ) th

f 0 (x) = S x .

Tht vy, iu ny suy ra t ng thc sau

kf (x + h) f (x) S(h)k = kS(x + h) S(x) S(h)k

= kS(x) + S(h) S(x) S(h)k
=0 h E, .

Nh vy o hm ca nh x tuyn tnh lin tc ti mi im thuc

E chnh l nh x tuyn tnh lin tc .

1.2.4 nh ngha. ([1]) Gi s l tp m trong khng gian nh chun

E v F l khng gian Banach. Xt f : F, x0 v h E, h 6= 0.
Nu gii hn
f (x0 + th) f (x0 )
lim
t0 t
tn ti th n c gi l o hm theo hng h ca f ti x0 , k hiu l
f
(x0 ). Nh vy
h
f f (x0 + th) f (x0 )
(x0 ) = lim .
h t0 t
 11

T nh ngha, ta c
a) Nu f : F kh vi ti x0 , th n c ti x0 o hm theo mi hng
v
f
f 0 (x0 )(h) = (x0 ).
h
Tht vy, v f kh vi ti x0 , ta c
kf (x0 + th) f (x0 ) f 0 (x0 )(th)k
0 = lim
t0 kthk
f (x0 + th) f (x0 ) f 0 (x0 )(th)

= lim
t0 th

vy
f
f 0 (x0 )(h) = (x0 ).
h
b) Ta c
f f (x0 + tsh) f (x0 )
(x0 ) = lim
sh t0 t
f (x0 + tsh) f (x0 )
= s lim
t0 ts
f
= s (x0 ), s 6= 0.
h
c) t
X = {(x, y) R2 : x > 0, 0 < y < x2 },

v

1 : (x, y) X
f (x, y) =
0 : (x, y) * X.

Bi v y = x2 c tip tuyn ti (0, 0) l trc honh nn mi ng thng

trong R2 qua (0, 0) s nm ngoi X trong mt ln cn ca (0, 0), nn f
kh vi ti (0, 0) theo mi hng h R2 , h 6= 0. Hn na
f
(0, 0) = 0 h R2 , h 6= 0,
h
tuy nhin do f khng lin tc ti (0, 0), nn f khng kh vi ti .
 12

1.2.5 nh l. ([1]) Gi s E l khng gian nh chun, F l khng gian

Banach, l tp m trong E v x0 . Khi 
(i) Nu f, g : F kh vi ti x0 , th f + g cng kh vi ti x0 vi mi
, R v
(f + g)0 (x0 ) = f 0 (x0 ) + g 0 (x0 ).

(ii) Nu f : F, g : F kh vi ti x0, th gf : F kh vi ti x0 v
(gf )0 (x0 ) = g 0 (x0 )f (x0 ) + g(x0 )f 0 (x0 ).

Ngoi ra nu g(x0) 6= 0 th f
g
cng kh vi ti x0 v
f 0 g(x0 )f 0 (x0 ) f (x0 )g 0 (x0 )
( ) (x0 ) = .
g g 2 (x0 )

1.2.6 nh l. ([1]) Gi s l khng gian nh chun, F, G l cc

E
khng gian Banach v U E, V F l m. Gi s x0 U , f :
U V , g : V G kh vi ti x0 v y0 = f (x0 ), th g f : U G kh vi
ti x0 v
(g f )0 (x0 ) = g 0 (f (x0 ))f 0 (x0 ).

1.2.7 nh l. ([1]) Gi s E l khng gian nh chun, F1, . . . , Fm l

cc khng gian Banach v E l m. Khi  f = (f1, . . . , fm) :
F1 . . . Fm kh vi ti x0 nu v ch nu f1 , . . . , fm kh vi ti
x0 . Ngoi ra
f 0 (x0 )(h) = (f10 (x0 )(h), . . . , fm
0
(x0 )(h)).

1.3 Khng gian Hilbert

1.3.1 nh ngha. ([1],[2]) Cho H l khng gian tuyn tnh thc.
nh x h, i : H H R c gi l tch v hng nu
(i) hu, vi = hv, ui , u, v H ;
(ii) nh x u 7 hu, vi l tuyn tnh vi mi v H ;
 13

(iii) hu, ui > 0;

(iv) hu, ui = 0 u = 0.

Khng gian Hilbert l mt khng gian Banach vi chun c sinh ra

bi mt tch v hng.
Ta k hiu L(E) l khng gian cc nh x tuyn tnh lin tc t E
vo E , vi E l khng gian Hilbert.

1.3.2 nh ngha. ([1],[2]) Vi mi f L(E), ta gi g L(E) l ton t

lin hp ca f nu hf (x), yi = hx, g(y)i vi mi x, y E . Trong trng
hp ny ta k hiu g = f .

1.3.3 nh l. ([1],[2]) Vi mi f L(E), nh x lin hp f tn ti v

duy nht, hn na kf k = kf k.
1.3.4 nh l. ([1],[2]) Vi mi f, g L(E), K , ta c
(i) f = (f ) = f ;
(ii) (f + g) = g + f ;
(iii) (f ) = f ;
(iv) (f g) = g f .

1.3.5 nh l. ([1],[2]) Nu f L(E) l ton t compc th f cng l

ton t compc.
1.3.6 nh ngha. ([1],[2]) Ton t f L(E) c gi l ton t t lin
hp nu f = f , tc l hf (x), yi = hx, f (y)i vi mi x, y E .
1.3.7 nh ngha. ([1],[2]) Ton t f L(E) c gi l ton t dng
nu hf (x), xi 0, vi mi x E .
Vi mi f L(E), ta c

hf f (x), xi = hf (x), f (x)i 0

do  f f l ton t dng.
 14

1.3.8 nh l. ([1],[2]) Nu f L(E) l ton t dng th | hf (x), yi |2

hf (x), xi hf (y), yi vi mi x, y E .
1.3.9 H qu. ([1],[2]) Nu f l ton t dng th kf (x)k2 kf k hf (x), xi
vi mi x E . c bit nu hf (x), xi = 0 th f (x) = 0 vi mi x E .
1.3.10 nh l. ([1],[2]) Vi mi ton t dng f tn ti duy nht ton
t dng sao cho 2 = f . Ton t gi l cn dng ca ton t f
v k hiu l f . 1
2

1.3.11 nh ngha. ([1],[2]) Gi s E v F l cc khng gian nh chun.

nh x f L(E, F ) c gi l ton t ng c nu kf (x)k = kxk vi
mi x E . Ngoi ra nu f l ton nh th f c gi l ton t Unita.

1.3.12 nh l. ([1],[2]) Gi s f l nh x tuyn tnh lin tc t khng

gian Hilbert E vo khng gian Hilbert F . Khi  cc iu kin sau l
tng ng
(i) f l ton t ng c.
(ii) f l lin tc v f f = IE .
(iii) hf (x), f (y)i = hx, yi vi mi x, y E , tc l bo ton tch v
hng.
1.3.13 nh l. ([1],[2]) Nu f l mt nh x tuyn tnh lin tc t
khng gian Hilbert E vo khng gian Hilbert F . Khi  cc iu kin sau
l tng ng
(i) f l ton t Unita.
(ii) f l mt php ng cu t E ln F .
(iii) f f = IE , f f = IF .
(iv) f lin tc v f = f 1 .

1.3.14 nh ngha. ([1],[2]) Ton t f L(E) c gi l ton t chun

tc nu f f = f f .
Ta thy nu f l t lin hp hoc Unita th f l chun tc.
 15

1.3.15 nh l. ([1],[2]) Mi ton t chun tc f u c th

L(E)
biu din di dng f = = trong  l mt ton t dng,
l mt ton t Unita.

1.4 Ton t khng b chn

1.4.1 nh ngha. ([4]) Cho H l khng gian Hilbert, k hiu B(H)
l i s Banach ca cc ton t tuyn tnh b chn trn khng gian
Hilbert H 6= {0} vi chun

kT k = sup {kT (x)k : x H; kxk 1}.

a) Mt ton t T trong H ngha l mt nh x tuyn tnh sao cho min

xc nh D(T ) l khng gian con ca H v min gi tr R(T ) nm trong
H.
y khng gi nh rng T b chn hoc lin tc, d nhin nu T
l lin tc (i vi tp trn D(T ) cm sinh t H ) th T c mt s m
rng lin tc trn bao ng ca D(T ).

b)  th G(T ) ca mt ton t T trong H l khng gian con ca

H H bao gm cc cp c sp (x, T x), y x bin thin trn D(T ).
Hin nhin, S l mt s m rng ca T (ngha l, D(T ) D(S) v
Sx = T x, x D(T ) ) nu v ch nu G(T ) G(S). Bao hm trn
thng xuyn c vit di dng n gin

T S.

c) Ton t T c gi l ton t ng trong H nu  th G(T ) ca n

l khng gian con ng trong H H .
d) Ta gi T l ton t lin hp ca T nu min D(T ) bao gm tt c
y H sao cho phim hm tuyn tnh

x hT (x), yi (1.3)
 16

lin tc trn D(T ).

Nu y D(T ), lc  theo nh l Hahn-Banach, m rng phim
hm (1.3) thnh phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn H , v do  tn ti
mt phn t T y H tha mn

hT (x), yi = hx, T yi (x D(T )). (1.4)

Hin nhin, T y xc nh duy nht bi (1.4) nu v ch nu D(T ) tr

mt trong H , ngha l nu v ch nu T c xc nh tr mt. Mi ton
t T c duy nht mt ton t lin hp T , do  n cng c xc nh
tr mt. ng thi T cng l mt ton t trong H , ngha l D(T ) l
khng gian con ca H v T tuyn tnh.
Ta thy rng nu T B(H) th s xc nh T y trng vi s
xc nh ca ton t lin hp i vi ton t b chn trong B(H).
e) Mt cch rt t nhin, nh ngha cho min xc nh ca tng v tch:

D(S + T ) = D(S) D(T ),

D(S.T ) = {x D(T ) : T x D(S)}.

ng thi lut kt hp

(R + S) + T = R + (S + T ); (RS)T = R(ST )

vn ng.
i vi lut phn phi, thng thng c dng (R + S)T = RT + ST .
Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp khc, n ch ng vi dng

T (R + S) T R + T S,

do  c th xy ra trng hp (R + S)x D(T ) ngay c khi mt trong

Rx hoc Sx khng thuc D(T ).
Php nhn v hng c xc nh nh sau
 17

nu = 0 th D(T ) = H v T = 0,
nu 6= 0 th D(T ) = D(T ) v (T )x = (T x), x D(T ).

1.4.2 nh l. ([4]) Gi s S, T v ST l cc ton t xc nh tr mt

trong H . Lc 
T S (ST ) . (1.5)

Nu thm vo S B(H) th
T S = (ST ) . (1.6)

T nh l ta thy rng (1.5) khng nh (ST ) l mt m rng ca

T S , ng thc (1.6) ko theo T S v (ST ) thc t c min xc nh
ging nhau.

1.4.3 nh ngha. ([4]) Mt ton t T trong H c gi l ton t i

xng nu
hT (x), yi = hx, T (y)i x, y D(T ).

Ton t i xng xc nh tr mt tha mn

T T .

Nu T = T th T c gi l ton t t lin hp.

Hai tnh cht trn r rng trng nhau khi T B(H). Trong trng
hp tng qut, chng khng trng nhau.
Nu D(T ) tr mt v hT (x), yi = hx, S(y)i , x D(T ); y D(S)
th S T .

1.4.4 nh ngha. ([4]) Nu H l khng gian Hilbert th H H c th

to thnh mt khng gian Hilbert bng cch xc nh tch trong ca hai
phn t {a, b} v {c, d} ca H H nh sau

({a, b}; {c, d}) = (a, c) + (b, d),

 18

y (a, c) l k hiu tch trong trong H .

Xc nh chun trong H H bng cng thc

k{a, b}k2 = kak2 + kbk2 .

Xc nh

V {a, b} = {b, a} (a H, b H).

Lc  V l ton t Unita trn H H , n tha mn

V 2 = I,

v th V 2 M = M vi M l khng gian con bt k ca H H .

Ton t Unita ko theo s m t ng ch ca T trong cc s hng
ca T .

1.4.5 nh l. ([4]) Nu T l ton t xc nh tr mt trong H th

G(T ) = [V G(T )] ,

l phn b trc giao ca V G(T ) trong H H .

1.4.6 nh l. ([4]) Nu T l ton t xc nh tr mt trong H th T
l ton t ng. Trong trng hp ring, ton t t lin hp l ng.
1.4.7 nh l. ([4]) Nu T l ton t ng xc nh tr mt trong H
th M
H H = V G(T ) G(T ),
l tng trc tip ca hai khng gian con trc giao.
1.4.8 nh l. ([4]) Gi s T l ton t xc nh tr mt trong H v
T l ton t i xng.
(i) Nu D(T ) = H th T t lin hp v T B(H).
(ii) Nu T t lin hp th R(T ) tr mt trong H v T 1 l t lin
hp.
(iii) Nu R(T ) tr mt trong H th T l duy nht.
(iv) Nu R(T ) = H th T l t lin hp v T 1 B(H).
 19

1.4.9 nh l. ([4]) Nu T l ton t ng xc nh tr mt trong H

th D(T ) l tr mt v T = T .

1.4.10 nh ngha. ([4]) Mt ton t i xng T trong H c gi l

i xng cc i nu T khng c mt m rng i xng ring, ngha l
nu gi thit T S , S i xng th suy ra S = T .

1.4.11 nh l. ([4]) Ton t t lin hp l i xng cc i.

 CHNG 2

TNH DUY NHT NGC CA PHNG TRNH

PARABOLIC

2.1 nh gi cn di cho nghim ca bt phng

trnh vi phn trong khng gian Hilbert
2.1.1 Gii thiu bi ton. Gi s A l ton t trong khng gian
Hilbert, u(t) nm trong min xc nh ca A vi mi t [0, ). Gi s
du
u kh vi, Au lin tc, lin tc tng khc.
dt
Ta nh ngha
du
Lu = Au, (2.1)
dt
vi A l ton t i xng. Cohen v Lees  thu c nh gi cn di
cho nghim ca bt phng trnh vi phn c dng

|Lu(t)| (t)|u(t)|, (2.2)

v  chng minh c rng nu Lp (0, ), 1 p 2, vi u(0) 6= 0

ta c
|u(t)| Ket ,
vi K > 0 v l cc hng s.

2.1.2 nh l. ([12]) Cho A l ton t i xng v u l nghim ca

(2.2).
(i) Nu Lp(0, ), 2 p < , th
2
2 p
(1+t)
|u(t)| |u(0)|e[t ]
. (2.3)
 21

(ii) Nu (t) K(1 + t) vi > 0, th

2+2
(1+t)
|u(t)| |u(0)|e[t ]
, (2.4)

trong , , l cc hng s.
Chng minh. (i) Gi s |u(t)| =
6 0, t 0. T (2.1) v gi thit A i
xng, ta c
d|u|2 d
d hu, ui
ln |u|2 = dt = dt
dt |u|2 |u|2
   
du du
, u + u,
dt dt
= 2
|u|
 
du
2Re ,u
dt
=
|u|2
2Re hAu + Lu, ui
=
|u|2
2 hAu, ui + 2Re hLu, ui
= .
|u|2

Vy
d 2 hAu, ui + 2Re hLu, ui
ln |u|2 = . (2.5)
dt |u|2

T gi thit u kh vi, Au lin tc, ta c

d
hAu, ui = hAu0 , ui + hAu, u0 i = hu0 , Aui + hAu, u0 i
dt  
0 du
= 2Re hAu, u i = 2Re Au, .
dt
 22

T  suy ra
d hAu, ui
|u|4 2
= 2|u|2 Re hAu, Au + Lui
dt |u|
2 hAu, ui Re hAu + Lu, ui
1 1
= 2|Au + Lu|2 |u|2 |Lu|2 |u|2
2 2 
  2
1 1
2 Re Au + Lu, u + (Re hLu, ui)2 .
2 2

Ta c
   
 1   1 
 Au + Lu, u  Au + Lu |u|,
 2   2 
suy ra
  2  2
1 1
2 Au + Lu |u|2 .
 
2 Re Au + Lu, u
2 2

Do 
d hAu, ui 1 1
|u|4 2
|Lu|2
|u|2
+ (Re hLu, ui)2
dt |u| 2 2
1
|Lu|2 |u|2 ,
2
hay
d hAu, ui 1 |Lu|2

dt |u|2 2 |u|2
1
2 .
2
Ly tch phn hai v, ta c
Z t Z t
d hAu, ui

1 2
2
dt dt.
0 dt |u| 0 2

iu ny ko theo
t
hAu, ui t 1
Z
2
|0 2 dt,
|u| 2 0
 23

hay
t
hAu, ui hAu(0), u(0)i 1
Z
2 dt
|u|2 |u(0)|2 2 0
Z t
1
= 2 dt.
2 0
Vi p 6= 2, p 6= , p dng bt ng thc Holder, ta c
2 2 2
Z t Z t  Z t 1 1
p p
2 dt p dt dt 2M t p ,
0 0 0

suy ra
2
hAu, ui 1
Mt p.
|u|2
T (2.5) ta c
d hAu, ui + Re hLu, ui
ln |u| = .
dt |u|2
Mt khc
Re hLu, ui
,
|u|2
suy ra
d hAu, ui Re hLu, ui
ln |u| = +
dt |u|2 |u|2
2
M t1 p (t).

iu ny ko theo
Z t Z t
d 2
ln |u|dt ( M t1 p (t))dt
0 dt 0
Z t
p 2 p2
t Mt (t)dt,
2p 2 0

hay
p 2 1
ln |u||t0 t M t2 p N t1 p .
2p 2
 24

iu ny ko theo
p 2 1
ln |u(t)| ln |u(0)| + t M t2 p N t1 p ,
2p 2
trong  N ch ph thuc vo .
Ta thy
2 2
t2 p < (t + 1)2 p ,
v
2 1 1
(t + 1)2 p = (t2 + 2t + 1)1 p > t1 p .
p
t = max{ M, N }. Khi , hai s hng sau u b chn bi
2p 2
2
(t + 1)2 p ,

nn (2.3) c chng minh.

(ii) T (i), ta c
d hAu, ui 1
2
2 . (2.6)
dt |u| 2
Ly tch phn hai v ca (2.6), khi 
Z t Z t
d hAu, ui

1 2
2
dt dt,
0 dt |u| 0 2
hay
t
hAu, ui t 1
Z
| 2 dt.
|u|2 0 2 0

iu ny ko theo
hAu, ui hAu(0), u(0)i 1 t 2
Z
dt
|u|2 |u(0)|2 2 0
1 t 2
Z
= dt
2 0
1 t 2
Z
(K (t + 1)2 )dt
2 0
1 1
K2 (t + 1)2+1 .
2 2 + 1
 25

Re hLu, ui
Mt khc, v nn t (2.5)
|u|2
d 2 hAu, ui + 2Re hLu, ui
ln |u|2 = ,
dt |u|2
suy ra
d hAu, ui + Re hLu, ui
ln |u| =
dt |u|2
1 1
K2 (t + 1)2+1 (t).
2 2 + 1
iu ny ko theo
Z t Z t
d 1 1
ln |u|dt ( K 2 (t + 1)2+1 (t))dt
0 dt 0 2 2 + 1
Z t
1 2 1 1 2+2
t K (t + 1) (t)dt.
2 2 + 1 2 + 2 0

Do 
Z t
1 2 1 1
ln |u||t0 t K (t + 1) 2+2
K(t + 1) dt
2 2 + 1 2 + 2 0
1 2 1 1 1 +1
t K (t + 1)2+2 K t ,
2 2 + 1 2 + 2 +1
hay
1 1 1 1 +1
ln |u(t)| ln |u(0)| + t K 2 (t + 1)2+2 K t .
2 2 + 1 2 + 2 +1
Ta thy
(t + 1)2+2 = (t2 + 2t + 1)+1 > t+1 .
1 1 1 1
t = max{ K 2 ,K }. Khi , hai s hng sau u
2 2 + 1 2 + 2 +1
b chn bi
(t + 1)2+2 ,

nn (2.4) c chng minh.

 26

2.2 Tnh duy nht ngc cho cc nghim ca cc

phng trnh parabolic tuyn tnh v phi tuyn
2.2.1 nh l. Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert vi tch v hng h., .i v
chun k.k, A : D(A) H H l mt ton t khng ph thuc thi gian,
t lin hp, xc nh dng trn H . Khi , nu u(t) C([0, T ], H), 0
t T l nghim ca phng trnh ut + Au = 0, 0 < t < T tha mn
u(T ) = 0 th u(t) = 0, t [0, T ).

Chng minh. t h(t) = hu(t), u(T t)i , t [0, T ]. Suy ra

h0 (t) = hu0 (t), u(T t)i + hu(t), u0 (T t)i

= hAu(t), u(T t)i + hu(t), Au(T t)i
= hAu(t), u(T t)i + hAu(t), u(T t)i
= 0, t [0, T ].
T
Do  h(t) l hm hng. iu ny ko theo h(0) = h( ), hay ta c
2
 
T T T
hu(0), u(T )i = u( ), u( ) = ku( )k2 . (2.7)
2 2 2
T
Theo gi thit u(T ) = 0 nn t (2.7) ta suy ra ku( )k2 = 0, tc l
2
T
ku( )k = 0 .
2
Lp lun tng t, ta c
T T T
ku( )k = 0; ku( )k = 0; . . . ; ku( n )k = 0, n N
4 8 2
suy ra
T
u(0) = lim u( ) = 0.
n 2n
 27

Xt hm: g(t) = ku(t)k2 = hu(t), u(t)i ; t [0, T ]. Ta c

g 0 (t) = hu0 (t), u(t)i + hu(t), u0 (t)i

= hAu(t), u(t)i + hu(t), Au(t)i
= hAu(t), u(t)i hAu(t), u(t)i
= 2 hAu(t), u(t)i
0, t [0, T ].

Nh vy g(t) l hm nghch bin trn [0, T ]. Suy ra g(t) g(0), t

[0, T ].
Hay
ku(t)k2 ku(0)k2 ,

m ta c ku(0)k = 0 nn suy ra ku(t)k = 0, tc l u(t) = 0, t (0, T ).

Vy u(t) = 0, t [0, T ).

C nh T0 < 0 v n N. K hiu

\
u C 1 ([T0 , 0], H 1 (Rn )) C([T0 , 0], H 2 (Rn )) (2.8)

l nghim ca phng trnh

ut u = f, (2.9)

vi f C([T0 , 0], L2 (Rn )). Ta gi thit rng

(A1) kf kL2 K1 kukL2 + K2 kukL2 , t [T0 , 0), y k.kL2 = k.kL2 (Rn ) ,
(A2) hf, ui K3 kuk2 L2 + K4 kuk2 L2 t [T0 , 0),
(A3) hf, ui K5 kuk2 L2 + K6 kuk2 L2 t [T0 , 0),
trong : K1 , K2 , K3 , K4 , K5 v K6 0.
Trong cch tip cn vi phng php li logarit cho tnh duy nht, thng
Dirichlet
ku(t)k2 L2
Q(t) =
ku(t)k2 L2
ng vai tr rt quan trng, trong  chng ta vit u(t) = u(., t).
 28

2.2.2 nh l. ([8]) Cho u C 1([T0, 0], H 1(Rn)) T C([T0, 0], H 2(Rn)) l
nghim ca phng trnh ut u = f. Gi s u(0) 0 v u(t) 6= 0, t
[T0 , 0). Nu K1 < 1 v K5 < 1 th
 M
t 
ku(t)kL2 ku(T1 )kL2   exp(K6 (t T1 )), t [T1 , 0)
T1


trong 
1 K1
T1 = max{T0 , },
CK1 K2
v
(1 K5 )(1 K1 )
M= .
CK12
 chng minh nh l 2.2.2, chng ta bt u vi b  sau

2.2.3 B . ([8]) Cho x C 1([T0, 0), [0, )) sao cho

x Ax + B (2.10)

trn [T0, 0), trong  T0 < 0, A > 0, B 0 v > 1. Gi s rng x

khng b chn trn [T0, 0). Lc , vi
1
t [ , 0) [T0 , 0), (2.11)
4B(1)/ A1/
ta c
x(t) > 2(+1)/(1)|t|11/(1)A1/(1) . (2.12)

Chng minh. K hiu (t) = 2(+1)/(1)|t|11/(1)A1/(1) . Gi s khng

nh (2.12) khng ng, lc  tn ti t tha mn (2.11) sao cho

x(t) (t). (2.13)

S dng b  Gronwall, nu chng ta chng minh c rng t (2.13)

ko theo

x( ) 2(t), (t, 0), (2.14)

 29

th iu ny mu thun vi gi thit x khng b chn trn [T0 , 0).

Phn cn li cn chng minh l: t (2.13), vi x C 1 ([T0 , 0), [0, )) v
(2.10) trn [t, 0) suy ra c (2.14). Gi s  l iu khng ng, lc
 chng ta tm c

0 = min{ (t, 0) : x( ) = 2(t)},

t cch xc nh, ta suy ra 0 (t, 0). Lc 

x( ) Ax( ) + B 2 A(t) + B, [t, 0 ] [t, 0).

Suy ra
0 0
dx
Z Z
d (2 A(t) + B)d,
t d t
hay
x( )|t 0 (2 A(t) + B) |t 0 .

iu ny ko theo

x(0 ) x( ) + (2 A(t) + B)(0 t).

Do 
x(0 ) (t) + (2 A(t) + B)(0 t),

hay
x(0 ) < (t) + (2 A(t) + B)|t|.

Mt khc
1
(t) =
2(+1)/(1) |t|1/(1) A1/(1)
nn
1
(t)1 = ,
2+1 |t|A
suy ra
(t)
2 A(t) = .
2|t|
 30

T gi thit (2.11)
1
t [ , 0) [T0 , 0)
4B (1)/ A1/
suy ra
1
|t| ,
4B (1)/ A1/
hay
1
|t|/(1) .
4/(1) BA1/(1)
iu ny ko theo
1 1
B (+1)/(1) /(1)
,
22 |t| A1/(1)
hay
1 1
B .
2(+1)/(1) |t|1/(1) A1/(1) 2|t|
Vy
(t)
B .
2|t|
T  ta suy ra
(t) (t)
x(0 ) < (t) + ( + )|t| < 2(t).
2|t| 2|t|
y l iu mu thun. Vy b  c chng minh.

Chng minh nh l 2.2.2

Gi s u(0) = 0 v u(t) 6= 0, t [T0 , 0).
Trc ht ta khng nh rng Q(t) khng b chn trn [T0 , 0). Tht vy,
t (2.9) v (A2), ta c

hf, ui = hut u, ui
= hut , ui hu, ui
1
= hf, ui0 + kuk2 L2
2
1d
= kuk2 L2 + Q(t)kuk2 L2 .
2 dt
 31

Mt khc

hf, ui K3 kuk2 L2 K4 kuk2 L2 (2.15)

= kuk2 L2 (K3 Q(t) + K4 ). (2.16)

iu ny ko theo
1d
kuk2 L2 + Q(t)kuk2 L2 kuk2 L2 (K3 Q(t) + K4 ),
2 dt
suy ra
d 2
1 dt kuk L2
+ Q(t) (K3 Q(t) + K4 ),
2 kuk2 L2
hay
d 2
1 dt kuk L2
(1 + K3 )Q(t) K4 .
2 kuk2 L2
Ly tch phn hai v, ta c

Z t d kuk2 2 Zt
1 dt L
dt ((1 + K3 )Q(t) K4 )dt,
2 kuk2 L2
T0 T0

suy ra Z t
ln kuk|tT0 (1 + K3 ) Q( )d K4 (t T0 ),
T0
hay
Z t
ln ku(t)k ln ku(T0 )k (1 + K3 ) Q( )d K4 (t T0 ).
T0

iu ny ko theo
 Z t 
ku(t)k ku(T0 )k exp (1 + K3 ) Q( )d K4 (t T0 )
T0

vi t [T0 , 0). Nu Q(t) b chn, ta suy ra u(0) 6= 0, y l iu mu

thun vi gi thit. Vy Q(t) khng b chn trn [T0 , 0).
 32

Tip theo, ta chng minh rng

1 K1
Q(t) , t [T1 , 0),
8K12 |t|
trong 
1 K1
T1 = max{T0 , }. (2.17)
4K1 K2
Tht vy, t gi thit (A1)

kf kL2 K1 kukL2 + K2 kukL2 ,

v s dng ng nht thc

1 0 1
Q (t) + k(A Q(t)I)vk2 L2 = hf, (A Q(t)I)i ,
2 kuk2 L2
u
trong  A = v v = . Ta suy ra
kukL2
1 0 1
Q (t)+k(A Q(t)I)vk2 L2 = hf, (A Q(t)I)i
2 kuk2 L2
1
kf kL2 k(A Q(t)I)kL2
kuk2 L2
kf kL2
k(A Q(t)I)vkL2
kukL2
kukL2
 
K1 + K2 k(A Q(t)I)vkL2
kukL2
(K1 kAvkL2 + K2 )k(A Q(t)I)vkL2 .

Mt khc, v kvk = 1 nn ta c

kAvkL2 = k(A Q(t)I)v + (Q(t)I)vkL2

k(A Q(t)I)vkL2 + Q(t)kIvkL2
k(A Q(t)I)vkL2 + Q(t).

Do 
1 0
Q (t) + k(A Q(t)I)vk2 L2
2
K1 k(A Q(t)I)vk2 L2 + K1 Q(t)k(A Q(t)I)vkL2 + K2 k(A Q(t)I)vkL2 .
 33

V K1 < 1 nn
1 0 p K1 Q(t) + K2
Q (t) (1 K1 )k(A Q(t)I)vk2 L2 + 2 1 K1 k(A Q(t)I)vkL2
2 2 1 K1
(K1 Q(t) + K2 )2 (K1 Q(t) + K2 )2
+
4(1 K1 ) 4(1 K1 )
(K1 Q(t) + K2 )2 K1 Q(t) + K2 2
 p 
1 K1 k(A Q(t)I)vkL2
4(1 K1 ) 2 1 K1
2
(K1 Q(t) + K2 )
.
4(1 K1 )

p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c

1 0 2(K1 2 Q(t)2 + K2 2 )
Q (t) ,
2 4(1 K1 )
hay
0 K1 2 2 K2 2
Q (t) Q(t) + .
1 K1 1 K1
K1 2 K2 2
Tip theo, p dng B  2.2.3 vi A = ,B = , = 2, ta
1 K1 1 K1
c
1 1 K1 1 K1
Q(t) 2 = 2 = (2.18)
K1 8|t|K1 8tK1 2
8|t|
1 K1
1 K1
vi t [T1 , 0), trong  T1 = max{T0 , }.
4K1 K2
S dng ng thc
1d
hf, ui = kuk2 L2 + Q(t)kuk2 L2 ,
2 dt
v gi thit (A3)

hf, ui K5 kuk2 L2 + K6 kuk2 L2 ,

suy ra
1d
kuk2 L2 + Q(t)kuk2 L2 K5 kuk2 L2 + K6 kuk2 L2
2 dt
= kuk2 L2 (K5 Q(t) + K6 ).
 34

Hay
d
kukL2kukL2 + Q(t)kuk2 L2 kuk2 L2 (K5 Q(t) + K6 ).
dt
iu ny ko theo
d
kukL2 + ((1 K5 )Q(t) K6 )kukL2 0.
dt
V K5 < 1 v t (2.18), suy ra
(1 K5 )(1 K1 )
 
d
kukL2 + K6 kukL2 0,
dt 8tK1 2
do 
d
kukL2  (1 K )(1 K ) 
dt
5 1
+ K6
2
kukL2 8tK1
vi t [T1 , 0). Ly tch phn hai v bt ng thc trn, ta c
d
Z t kukL2 Z t
(1 K5 )(1 K1 )

dt dt + K6 dt
T1 kukL2 T1 8tK1 2
(1 K5 )(1 K1 ) t dt
Z Z t
+ K6 dt.
8K1 2 T1 t T1

Suy ra
(1 K5 )(1 K1 )
ln kukL2 |tT1 2 ln |t||tT1 + K6 (t T1 ).
8K1
iu ny ko theo
 
(1 K5 )(1 K1 )  t 
ln ku(t)kL2 ln ku(T1 )kL2 + ln   + K6 (t T1 ).
8K1 2 T1

Do 

  (1 K5 )(1 K1 )
t  8K1 2
ku(t)kL2 ku(T1 )kL2   exp(K6 (tT1 )) t [T1 , 0).
T 1


nh l c chng minh.

 35

KT LUN
Lun vn  t c cc kt qu sau:
1. Tm hiu v trnh by mt cch c h thng cc kin thc c s c
s dng trong qu trnh nghin cu v tnh duy nht ngc ca phng
trnh parabolic.
2.  xut cch chng minh chi tit nh l 2.2.1.
3. Chng minh chi tit cc kt qu  c trong hai bi bo [8] v [12]
nhng chng minh cn vn tt nh: nh l 2.1.2, nh l 2.2.2, B 
2.2.3.
 TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Nguyn Vn Khu v L Mu Hi (2010), Gii tch hm, Nh xut

bn i hc S phm, H Ni.

[2] Hong Ty (2003), Hm thc v gii tch hm (Gii tch hin i),
Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia H Ni.

[3] Trn c Vn (2000), Phng trnh vi phn o hm ring, tp 2,

Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia H Ni.

[4] W. Rudin (1991), Functional Analysis, 2rd editon, McGraw-Hill.

[5] S. Agmon and L. Nirenberg (1963), Properties of solutions of or-
dinary differential equations in Banach spaces, Comm. Pure Appl.
Math. 16, 121-239.
[6] S. Agmon and L. Nirenberg (1967), Lower bounds and uniqueness
theorems for solutions of differential equations in a Hilbert space,
Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 20, 207-229.
[7] P. J. Cohen and M. Lees (1961), Asymptotic decay of solutions of
differential inequalities, Pacific J. Math. 11, 1235-1249.
[8] I. Kucavica (2003), Backward uniquenness for solutions of linear
parabolic equations, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 132, 1755-1760.
[9] I. Kucavica (2007), Log-log convexity and backward uniquenness,
Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 135, 2415-2421.

36
 37

[10] S. G. Krein (1957), on correctness classes for certain boundary prob-

lems, (Russian), Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR. 114, 1162-1165.
[11] S. G. Krein and O. I. Prozorovskaya (1960), Analytic semigroups
and incorrect problems for evolutionary equations, (Russian), Dokl.
Akad. Nauk SSSR. 133, 277-280.
[12] H. Ogawa (1965), Lower bounds for solutions of differential inequal-
ities in a Hilbert space, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 16, 1241-1243.
[13] D. D. Santo and M. Prizzi (2005), Backward uniquenness for
parabolic operators whose coefficients are non-Lipschitz continuous
in time, J. Math. Pures. Appl. 84, 471-491.
[14] J. M. Ghidaglia (1986), Some backward uniquenness results, Nonlin-
ear Anal. 10, 777-790.