Lateral Earth Pressure
Introduction
Vertical or near-vertical slopes of soil are supported by retaining walls, cantilever sheet
walls, sheet-pile bulkheads, braced cuts, and other, similar structures. The proper des
those structures requires an estimation of lateral earth pressure, which is a function of
‘eral factors, such as (a) the type and amount of wall movement, (b) the shear strength:
meters of the soil, (c) the unit weight of the soil, and (d) the drainage conditions in
backfill. Figure 7.1 shows a retaining wall of height H. For similar types of backfill,
4. The wall may be restrained from moving (Figure 7.1a). The lateral earth pressure
the wall at any depth is called the at-rest earth pressure.
b. The wall may tilt away from the soil that is retained (Figure 7.1b). With sufficient
wall tilt, a triangular soil wedge behind the wall will fail. The lateral pressure for
this condition is referred to as active earth pressure.
©. The wall may be pushed into the soil that is retained (Figure 7.1¢). With sufficient
movement, a soil wedge |. The lateral pressure for this condition is referred
as passive earth pressure.
Figure 7.2 shows the nature of variation of the lateral pressure, 7, at a certain depth of
wall with the magnitude of wall movement.
+AH
aie aie
\
, ‘ +
Ah aces) \ |< eh ae)
\ |] Soil
+ failure
\|| wedge
Height = Height = Height = H
i
co) )
324 Figure 7.1 Nature of lateral earth pressure on a retaining wall 7.2 Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest 325
Fhrepasive)
(24) ~ 0.001 for loose
Je sand 0.0.04
for soft clay
(42) ~ 001 torte
e sand to 0.05
for soft clay
Figure 7.2 Nature of variation of lateral earth pressure at a certain depth
In the sections that follow, we will discuss various relationships to determine
the at-rest, active, and passive pressures on a retaining wall. It is assumed that the reader
has studied lateral earth pressure in the past, so this chapter will serve as a review.
Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest
Consider a vertical wall of height H, as shown in Figure 7.3, retaining a soil having a unit
weight of y. A uniformly distributed load, q/unit area, is also applied at the ground sur-
face. The shear strength of the soil is
s=c't+o'tang’
where
c’ = cohesion
¢' = effective angle of friction
o' = effective normal stress
k-— K,(q-+ yt) ——>|
@) (b)
Figure 73. At-rest earth pressure 326 Chapter 7: Lateral Earth Pressure
At any depth z below the ground surface, the vertical subsurface stres
on=qty (i)
If the wall és at rest and is not allowed 10 move at all, either away from the soil mas.
brinto the soil mass (ie., there is zero horizontal strain), the lateral pressure ata depth zis
o, = Kon tu ay)
where
uu = pore water pressure
K,, = coefficient of at-rest earth pressure
W
For normally consolidated soil, the relation for K,, (Jaky, 1944) is
K,~ 1 -sing! @.
Equation (7.3) is an empirical approximation.
For overconsolidated soil, the at-rest earth pressure coefficient may be expressed
(Mayne and Kulhawy, 1982)
K,=(1-sin ¢yocr"* a.
where OCR = overconsolidation ratio.
With a properly selected value of the at-rest earth pressure coefficient, Eq. (72)
be used to determine the variation of lateral earth pressure with depth z, Figure 7.303
the variation of or, with depth for the wall depicted in Figure 73a. Note that if the
charge q = O and the pore water pressure 1 = 0, the pressure diagram will be a trian
0,04, will be less than K,o",. Rotation of wall
about this point
@
Shear
Effective
normal
stress
>| >| 2K, | >o,K,, — 20'VK, fe
Figure 76 Rankine active pressure
329 0= "Ave -"W2
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