23/03/2015

Demand schedule and demand Demand Schedule

curve: Price ($ per Quantity
printer) (printers
per month)
Demand schedule: Sebuah tabel tentang At a price of $175 3
hubungan antara harga produk dan kuantitas Price
$175, three
(dollars per
produk yang diminta (demand). printers will be
printer)
purchased per
month
$175

Demand curve: Sebuah kurva yang

menunjukkan hubungan antara antara harga
produk dan kuantitas produk yang diminta
(demand).
Demand

0 3 4 5 6 7 Quantity (printers
per month)

Demand schedule and demand Demand Schedule Demand schedule and demand Demand Schedule
curve: Price ($ per Quantity curve: Price ($ per Quantity
printer) (printers printer) (printers
per month) per month)
As the price falls, $175 3 As the price falls, $175 3
Price 150 4 Price 150 4
the quantity of the quantity of
(dollars per (dollars per 125 5
printers printers
printer) printer)
demanded demanded
increases increases
$175 $175
$150 $150
$125

Demand Demand

0 3 4 0 3 4 5
5 6 7 Quantity (printers 6 7 Quantity (printers
per month) per month)

Demand schedule and demand Demand Schedule Demand schedule and demand Demand Schedule
curve: Price ($ per Quantity curve: Price ($ per Quantity
printer) (printers printer) (printers
per month) per month)
As the price falls, $175 3 As the price falls, $175 3
Price 150 4 Price 150 4
the quantity of the quantity of
(dollars per 125 5 (dollars per 125 5
printers printers
printer) 100 6 printer) 100 6
demanded demanded
75 7
increases increases
$175 $175
$150 $150
$125 $125
$100 $100
$75
Demand Demand

0 3 4 5 6 7 0 3 4 5 6 7
Quantity (printers Quantity (printers
per month) per month)

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Membentuk kurva permintaan pasar (market

demand curve) dari kurva2 individual:

Market demand berasal dari

permintaan-permintaan individu dan oleh
karena itu juga tergantung kepada semua
faktor-faktor yang menentukan permintaan
individu (income, expectations, etc)

Membentuk kurva permintaan pasar (market LAW OF DEMAND

demand curve) dari kurva2 individual: continued (HUKUM PERMINTAAN )

The quantity demanded of a good

falls (decreases) when the price of
Market Demand Curve the good rises. Ceteris paribus.

Jumlah permintaan suatu barang akan menurun manakala

Harga barang tersebut naik, ceteris paribus.

So Harga dan jumlah yang

diminta mempunyai hubungan yang
negatif (terbalik)

Harga Naik , Kuantitas Demand Menurun

Faktor-faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi DEMAND:

Harga-> Kuantitas demand berubah.

Variasi harga akan mengakibatkan perubahan dalam

jumlah permintaan sepanjang garis Demand.
(Change in quantity demanded)

Faktor-faktor (selain Harga) yang dapat mempengaruhi

pergeseran garis Demand (Non-Price Determinant of
Demand)

Income -> Kurva Demand bergeser

Harga Substitusi-> Kurva Demand bergeser
Selera -> Kurva Demand bergeser
Ekspektasi harga -> Kurva Demand bergeser
Populasi -> Kurva Demand bergeser

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Perubahan Demand Vs perubahan Jumlah Yang

Tabel Demand Tono. Diminta
Mengapa Demand Naik?
Pergeseran kurva
Quantity Demanded Bagaimana perilaku Tono pada Price (Rp.
Demand yaitu
situasi A dan situasi B? per Hotdog)
Harga Situation A Situation B perubahan Demand
Mengapa Tono membeli lebih
banyak pada setiap tingkat A
Rp17500 C
0.00 12 20 harga pada situasi B ?
B
0.50 10 16 Rp15000
1.00 8 12 Pergerakan
spnjg kurva D2
1.50 6 8 permintaan
adalah
2.00 4 6 Price perubahan Demand,
2.50 2 4 dalam D1
jumlah yang 0 50 000 60 000 70 000 Quantity (Hotdog
3.00 0 2 diminta per bln)
Quantity Demanded

Pergeseran Kurva Demand artinya Perubahan Demand

Shifts in the Market Demand
Harga Curve
Hot Dog
are caused by changes in:
Kenaikan Consumer income
demand
Prices of related goods
Tastes
Expectations, say, about future prices
Penurunan and prospects
demand
Demand Number of buyers
curve, D2
Demand
curve, D1
Demand curve, D3
0 Jumlah
Hot-Dog
SUPPLY AND DEMAND 16

Persamaan Demand Linear

Shifts in the Demand Curve Demand Schedule
Price ($ per Quantity
printer) (printers QD=a-bP
Consumer Income per month)
atau
As income increases the demand for a normal $175 3
good will increase 150 4
Px=a-bQ
As income increases the demand for an inferior 125 5
good will decrease 100 6
b= Q/ P
Prices of Related Goods 75 7
B=1/25=0,04
When a fall in the price of one good reduces the 50 8
Q=a-0.04P
demand for another good, the two goods are 25 9
called substitutes 0 10 6=a-0,04x100
When a fall in the price of one good increases a=10
the demand for another good, the two goods are Q=10-0,04P
called complements

SUPPLY AND DEMAND 17

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The Supply Curve: The Relationship

SUPPLY between Price and Quantity Supplied
Quantity supplied is the amount of a Supply Schedule
good that sellers are willing and able to The supply schedule is a table that shows
sell. the relationship between the price of the
good and the quantity supplied.
Law of Supply
The law of supply states that, other things
equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises
when the price of the good rises.

The Supply Curve: The Relationship between

Bens Supply Schedule Price and Quantity Supplied

Supply Curve
The supply curve is the graph of the
relationship between the price of a good and
the quantity supplied.

Bens Supply Schedule and Supply Curve

Market Supply versus Individual Supply
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone
$3.00
Market supply refers to the sum of all
individual supplies for all sellers of a
2.50
1. An
increase
particular good or service.
2.00
in price ... Graphically, individual supply curves are
1.50 summed horizontally to obtain the
1.00
market supply curve.

0.50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
2. ... increases quantity of cones supplied.
Copyright2003 Southw estern/Thomson Learning

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Shifts in the Supply Curve

Pergerakan pada Kurva Penawaran
Cost of materials Artinya:
Technology Perubahan Jumlah yang ditawarkan
Expectations Pergerakan sepanjang kurva penawaran.
Number of sellers Karena adanya faktor yang menyebabkan
perubahan jumlah yang ditawarkan pada
setiap tingkat harga

Perubahan jumlah yang ditawarkan Pergeseran Supply Curve

artinya:
Price of
Ice-Cream
S
Cone
C Perubahan dalam Penawaran
$3.00 Curva Penawaran bergeser ke kiri atau ke
Kenaikan harga kanan.
ice cream cones
mengakibatkan Disebabkan oleh perubahan faktor-faktor
pergerakan lain (determinant) selain harga.
A sepanjang kurva
1.00
penawaran.

Quantity of
Ice-Cream
0 1 5 Cones

Figure 7 Shifts in the Supply Curve Variabel 2 yang mempengaruhi para Penjual

Price of
Ice-Cream Supply curve, S3
Supply
Cone
curve, S1
Supply
Decrease curve, S2
in supply

Increase
in supply

0 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones

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Cost to Produce Amount of Supply Supply Curve SUPPLY AND DEMAND

TOGETHER
Shifts
Cost of Resources
Falls
Cost of Resources Equilibrium yaitu suatu kondisi dimana
Rises harga telah mencapai tingkat dimana
Productivity
Decreases jumlah yang ditawarkan sama dengan
Productivity jumlah yang diminta.
Increases
New Technology

Higher Taxes

Lower Taxes

Government Pays
Subsidy

SUPPLY AND DEMAND SUPPLY AND DEMAND

TOGETHER TOGETHER
Demand Schedule Supply Schedule
Equilibrium Price (Harga Ekuilibrium)
Yi harga yang menyeimbangkan kuantitas yang
ditawarkan dankuantitas yang diminta.
Pada kurva, harga tsb adalah perpotongan
antara kurva supply dan kurva demand.
Equilibrium Quantity (Kuantitas Ekuilibrium)
Yi kuantitas yang ditawarkan dan kuantitas yang
diminta pada harga ekuilibrium
Pada kurva, yaitu kuantitas dimana kurva supply
dan kurva demand berpotongan.
At $2.00, the quantity demanded
is equal to the quantity supplied!

Figure 8 The Equilibrium of Supply and Demand DEMAND & SUPPLY EQUATION
Demand Schedule Supply Schedule
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone Supply

Equilibrium price Equilibrium

$2.00

Demand
Equilibrium
quantity Qd=a-bP Qs=c+dP
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones

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Figure 9 Markets Not in Equilibrium

Equilibrium
(a) Excess Supply
Price of Surplus
Ice-Cream Supply
Cone Surplus When price > equilibrium price, then quantity
$2.50
supplied > quantity demanded.
There is excess supply or a surplus.
2.00
Suppliers will lower the price to increase
sales, thereby moving toward equilibrium.

Demand

0 4 7 10 Quantity of
Quantity Quantity Ice-Cream
demanded supplied Cones

Figure 9 Markets Not in Equilibrium

Equilibrium
(b) Excess Demand
Shortage Price of
Ice-Cream Supply
When price < equilibrium price, then quantity Cone
demanded > the quantity supplied.
There is excess demand or a shortage.
$2.00
Suppliers will raise the price due to too many
buyers chasing too few goods, thereby 1.50
moving toward equilibrium. Shortage
Demand

0 4 7 10 Quantity of
Quantity Quantity Ice-Cream
supplied demanded Cones

Figure 10 How an Increase in Demand Affects the Equilibrium

Three Steps to Analyzing Changes in
Price of
Ice-Cream
Equilibrium
1. Hot weather increases
Cone the demand for ice cream . . .
Shifts in Curves versus Movements
along Curves
Supply
A shift in the supply curve is called a change
$2.50 New equilibrium in supply.
2.00 A movement along a fixed supply curve is
2. . . . resulting
Initial
called a change in quantity supplied.
in a higher
equilibrium
price . . . A shift in the demand curve is called a
D
change in demand.
D A movement along a fixed demand curve is
Quantity of
called a change in quantity demanded.
0 7 10
3. . . . and a higher Ice-Cream Cones
quantity sold.

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Figure 11 How a Decrease in Supply Affects the Equilibrium

Price of
Ice-Cream 1. An increase in the
Cone price of sugar reduces
the supply of ice cream. . .
S2
S1

New
$2.50 equilibrium

2.00 Initial equilibrium

2. . . . resulting
in a higher
price of ice
cream . . . Demand

0 4 7 Quantity of
3. . . . and a lower Ice-Cream Cones
quantity sold.