Professional Documents
Culture Documents
What is Demand
Quantity of a goods or service that consumers (buyers) are willing and able to buy at various prices in
particular period of time.
$10 1 2
8 2 4
6 3 6
4 4 8
2 5 10
Characteristics of Demand
Change in Demand
Different quantity of goods being demanded at each of previous prices
Shift in Demand curve
Changes in Demand
1. Number of buyers more buyers = more demand & fewer buyers = less demand
2. Income effect for normal products increased income = increased demand, BUT for inferior
products (e.g. Kraft dinner) increased income = decreased demand
3. Prices of Substitute Products margarine and butter
4. Prices of Complementary Products cars and gasoline
5. Consumer Preferences DVDs more popular than video tapes
6. Consumer Expectations expect price to change in the future (e.g. gas price increases in the
future so buy now)
Utility Maximization
Measurement in utils of human satisfaction when consuming products
Consume up to and including the point where your satisfaction level is equal between two
products MU / P1 = MU / P2
Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility satisfaction diminishes with increased consumption
therefore must decrease price to increase consumption
Characteristics of Supply
i) upward sloping to the right
ii) PQs
iii) P Qs
This direct relationship between price and the quantity supplied (ceteris paribus) is called the law of
supply
Changes in supply
a change (increase or decrease) in the quantity supplied of a commodity at each price in the
supply schedule
Elasticity
sensitivity of quantity demanded and supplied to price
Equilibrium Quantity
- the quantity sold (bought) at the equilibrium price
P Qs QD
10 10 2
8 8 4
6 6 6
4 4 8
2 2 10
-6-
In competitive markets supply and demand interact freely to determine the equilibrium
price and quantity, which will change as supply or demand change.
1. What would the equilibrium price and quantity be if the teacher supplies two less
exams at each of the previous prices?
P Qs0 Qs1 QD
$10 10 8 2
8 8 6 4
6 6 4 6
4 4 2 8
2 2 0 10
2. Assuming equilibrium price is $6000 and quantity is 6 final exams what would
occur if the students in the teacher’s class demand two more exams at each of
the previous prices.
Show this on a market schedule and graphical illustration.
P Qs QD0 QD1
$10 10 2
8 8 4
6 6 6
4 4 8
2 2 10