EXERCISE 2

NERVE CONDUCTION
Group 2
Alexia Aguirre
Myka Allam
Paulo Garcia
Rica Jarcia
Suzanne Roque
INTRODUCTION
Nervous System
divided into the central nervous system and peripheral
nervous system.
sensations transmitted by the receptors travel to the
central nervous system for interpretation and
assessment.
peripheral nervous system which consists of different
nerve connections that connect the central nervous
system to the receptors, glands, and muscles.
PNS is divided into the afferent and efferent system.
INTRODUCTION
Nerve
contain cells that transmit the electrical impulses in the
nervous system called neurons.
A neuron is the basic unit of a nervous tissue.
Neurons became specialized for the
detection of various stimuli, such as
light, pressure, chemical, and
temperature detectors
INTRODUCTION
Synaptic Transmissions
electrical changes may result to the transmission of a
nerve impulse from one to another.
electrical changes across the membrane of the neuron
may result to the transmission of a nerve impulse from
one to another.
an interaction between two neurons that occurs in a
point-to-point manner at specialized junctions called
synapses.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Forms of Stimulation

Figure 2.1. Kymograph tracings of the electrical (E), mechanical (M),

chemical (C), and thermal (T) stimuli on the muscle-nerve of the toad.

* Action potential not generated ; possibly due to excessive stress imposed on the
animal
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Forms of Stimulation
Table 2.1. Response of the nerve fiber to the different stimuli.

Stimulus Experimental Theoretical

Electrical + +

Mechanical + +

Chemical - +

Thermal - +
Electrical Stimulation
Voltage
Molecular conformation of the voltage gated sodium channel
Influx of large quantities of sodium ions inside the muscle membrane
Initiates Action potential
Action potential travels along the muscle fiber membrane
Action potential depolarizes the muscle membrane
Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases high concentration of calcium ions
Calcium ions initiate attractive forces between the actin and myosin filaments
Muscle contracts
Mechanical Stimulation
Pressure (touch, stretch)
Mechanoreceptors binds to specific receptor-binding sites of protein channels
Mechanically-gated channels open
Influx of sodium ions
Depolarization
Action potential travels along the muscle fiber membrane in the same way that action
potential travel along the nerve fiber membrane
Action potential depolarizes the muscle membrane
Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases high concentration of calcium ions
Calcium ions initiate attractive forces between the actin and myosin filaments
Muscle contracts
Chemical Stimulation
Acetylcholine acts as a ligand; opens multiple acetylcholine-gated channels
Large quantities of sodium ions to diffuse to the interior of the muscle fiber membrane
Initiates Action potential along the muscle fiber membrane
AP depolarizes the muscle membrane
Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases high concentration of calcium ions
Calcium ions initiate attractive forces between the actin and myosin filaments
Muscle contracts
Thermal Stimulation
Heat tends to open sodium voltage gated channels
Increasing temperature outside the nerve cell increased the kinetic energy of ions
present outside of the cell leading to ions moving in fast motion
Influx of sodium ions
Depolarization
Action potential
Muscle contracts