Name: ID: Major: 5. Find the area of the surface that is the graph of = + 2 for 0 1, 0 2.

Homework 7 of Math 200 due on 23-28, November 2009. Solution.

If the surface is given by the graph = (, ), where (, ) lies in the domain
of 2 , i.e. = { (, , (, )) (, ) }, then the surface area element
= 1 + 2 + 2 , the surface integral

(, , ) = (, , (, )) 1 + 2 + 2 . 6. Find the area of that part of the surface of problem 5 that lies above the triangle

in the -plane with vertices at (0, 0), (0, 1) and (1, 1).
On the other hand, if is given by parametric form Solution.

r(, ) = (, )i + (, )j + (, )k,

where (, ) lies in the domain of of -plane.

The
surface integralfor parametric surface is given  by 
 r r 
(, , ) = ((, ), (, ), (, ))  21. The surface of revolution obtained when we revolve the curve = () for

[, ], around the -axis is parametrized in terms of [0, 2] and [, ]
i j k
by (, ) = () cos , (, ) = () sin , (, ) = . Prove that the surface
= ((, ), (, ), (, ))
2
area of is given by () 1 + ()2 .


0
= ((, ), (, ), (, )) ( )2 + ( )2 + ( )2 . Solution. = () cos , = () sin , (, ) = 1;
= () sin , = () cos , (, ) = 0. so the surface area
14.8 Problems: 3,4,5,6, 21 of , in parametric form, is given by

3. Find the area of the part of the paraboloid : = 9 2 2 that lies above the
plane = 5.
Solution. For any point (, , 9 2 2 ) of the graph lying above the plane
= 5, we have 9 2 2 5, so its projection point (, ) on -plane
satises 2 + 2 22 . Since = 9 2 2 , so = 2, and = 2, hence
2+ 2 = 4(2 + 2
).
It follows the surface area
of is 15.1 The divergence divF of vector eld F = (, , )i + (, , )j + (, , )k is
1 = 1 + 2 + 2 = 1 + 4(2 + 2 ) given by

2 + 2 22 2 + 2 22 F(, , ) = divF(, , ) = + + ,
2 2
= 1 + 42 which is a scalar function depending on (, , ).
0 0
The curl of vector eld F = (,, )i + (, , )j + (, , )k is given
 by
4. Find the area of the part of the surface 2 = 2 that lies directly above the triangle  i j k 
in the -plane with vertices at (0, 0), (1, 0) and (1, 1).  
2
curlF(, , ) = F(, , ) = 







Solution. The surface
is a graph (, ) = /2,
then = and = 0. The  (, , ) (, , ) (, , ) 
( ) ( ) ( )
surface area is 1 + 2 + 2 = 1 + 2
= ( ) i+ j+ k,

which is vector-valued function, i.e. curlF is again a vector eld.
15.1 Illustrate the given vector eld F by sketching several typical vectors in the eld.

2. F(, ) = 3i 2j

5. F(, ) = (2 + 2 )1/2 (i + j) Let r(, , ) = i + j + k, be the position vector, and r = 2 + 2 + 2 be the
length of the vector r. Prove that

35. r = ( )+ ( ) + ( ) = ; and

15.1 Calculate the divergence and curl of the given vector eld F  i j k  ( ) ( )

r =  
 = () ( ) i + ( ) ( ) j+
17. F(, , ) = i + j + k 


div F(, , ) = F(, , ) curlF(, , ) = (, , ) 
( )
= =
( ) ( ) k = 0.

r
37. =
3
18. F(, , ) = 2 i + 2 j + 2 k
div F(, , ) = F(, , ) curlF(, , ) = (, , )
= =
 
 i j k  ( )
r  1 1
38. 3 = 


 = ( ) ( ) i+
  3 3
19. F(, , ) = 2 i + 2 j + 2 k 3 3

div F(, , ) = F(, , ) curlF(, , ) = (, , )

= =

22. F(, , ) = sin j + cos k

div F(, , ) = F(, , ) curlF(, , ) = (, , )
= =

Extra problem: Prove the following formulas:

(11) ( G) = ( G) + ( ) G.

(15) ( G) = ( )( G) + ( ) G.
15.2 In the following 2 exercises, we evaluate the line integral 17. (, , ) = 2 + 9, and is the curve r() = (, 2 , 3 ).
Solution.
F T = F r () = ( (r()) () + (r()) () + (r()) () ),

where F(, , ) = (, , )i + (, , )j + (, , )k,

and : r() = ()i + ()j + ()k, for [, ].
12. F(, , ) = i + j + k and is the straight line segment from (2, 1, 3) to
(4, 2, 1).

Solution. The segment can be parametrized as follows r() = (1 ) + = 15.4 Problems: 4,5,18,19
(4 + 2(1 ))i + (2 (1 ))j + ( + 3(1 ))k = (2 + 2)i + (3 1)j + (4 + 3)k Apply the Greens theorem
+ =
( )
to evaluate the integral (, ) + (, )
for [0, 1], which is called the convex combination of and , i.e.
() = 2 + 2, () = 3 1, () = 4 + 3, and r () = 2i + 2j 4k. Hence 4. (, ) = 2 2 , (, ) = , where is the boundary of the triangle with
F(r()) = ()()i + ()()j + ()()k vertices (0, 0), (1, 1) and (2, 0).
= (3 1)(4 + 3)i + (2 + 2)(4 + 3)j + (2 + 2)(3 1)k
=
F(r()) r () =
=
= 1
Then F T =
0
Remark. There is another way to evaluate the integral by observing that

F(r()) r () = ()()() + () ()() + ()() () = ( ()()() ).
1 1

Then F T = F(r()) r () = ( ()()() ) 5. (, ) = 2 +exp( ), (, ) = tan2 , where is the boundary of the region
0 0
1
= [ ()()() ]0 = (1)(1)(1) (0)((0)(0) bounded by triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 1) and (2, 0).
= 4 2 (1) 2 (1) 3 = 8 + 6 = 2.
13. F(, , ) = i j + k and r() = ()i + ()j + ()k = sin i + cos j + 2k,
where [0, ].
Solution. F(r()) r () = (()i ()j + ()k) ( ()i + ()j + ()k)
= () () () () + () ()
1

Then F T = F(r()) r () =
0 0

15.2 In the following 2 exercises, we evaluate the line integral

(, , ) = (r())r () = ((), (), ()) ()2 + ()2 + ()2 .

16. (, , ) = , and is the straight line segment from (1, 1, 2) to (3, 2, 5).

Solution. By means of convex combination, we have r() = + =
(1, 1, 2) + (3 1, 2 (1), 5 2) = (1 +2, 1 + 3, 2 + 3)for [0, 1], and
hence r () = (2, 3, 3). Then = r () = 22 + 32 + 32 = 22 . Hence, we
1
have (, , ) = = ()()()r () =
0

Let r() = ()i + ()j + ()k ( ) be a parametrization of , and F(, , ) =
= ( (r()) = (r()) = (f ()) (r()) = () ().
(, , )i + (, , )j + (, , )k be a vector eld dened in a region containing

the curve .
(ii) F T = () () = 0, as the two end-points and of coincide.

1. r = ( ()i + ()j + ()j) ,
Denition (Independence of Path) The line integral = F r is called inde-

()i + ()j + ()j pendent of path in the region , if the integral does not change when the path
2. T = is the unit tangent vector of at r(), and
()2 + ()2 + ()2 varies with the end-points of are kept xed.
In this case, one can write the common value of as
3. = ()2 + ()2 + ()2 is the arc-length element of .
F r = F r,
4. T = r.

where the lower and upper limits are the starting and nal points of the path .
5. F r = F T = ( (r()) () + (r()) () + (r()) () ). Theorem of Independence of Path
Let F be a continuous vector eld dened in the region ( , = 2 or 3) Then
The line integral F r will change by a minus sign if we reverse the direction of the

The line integral = F r is independent of the path inside the region if and
path .
only if F = for some dierentiable function dened on .
Proof. Let be the curve from to with the direction reversed. Dene : q() =
Remark. This proof is technical but the idea is innovative. Suppose that the line
1 ()i + 1 ()j + 1 ()k = ( + )i + ( + )j + ( + )k ( ). We
integral of F is independent of the choice of the path, one can dene (, , ) =
are going to prove that (,,)
F r for any point (, , ) in which can be connected to by a path. Then

F q = F r. the most dicult part is to verify that = F for all the points in . However, nding

out the partial derivatives of is only local calculation, which can be done by choosing
path along the coordinate axes.
In fact, F q = ( (q()) 1 () + (q()) 1 () + (q()) 1 () ) Denition. A vector eld F dened on is called conservative if one can nd a scalar
=
dierentiable function on such that F = holds for all the points of . In this
= [ (r( + )) ( ( + )) + (r( + )) ( + ) case, is called a potential function of the vector eld F.

Remark. In general, it is dicult to nd out a potential function of F. It is due to
+ (r( + )) ( ( + )) ]
the fact, one needs to use integration to nd such function .
= [ (r()) () + (r()) () + (r()) () ] Example. Determine if the 2-dimensional vector eld F(, ) = (2 + 2 )i + 2j is

by replacing = + , = conservative.
Solution. F is conservative on -plane, since we can nd a potential function (, )

= [ (r()) () + (r()) () + (r()) () ] = F r. such that = F, i.e. (, ) = 2 + 2 , and (, ) = 2.

by reversing the upper and lower limits, and replace by 3
1. We integrate (, ) with respect to , i.e. (, ) = (, ) = 3 + 2 +
(Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals) If F(, , ) = (, , ) for some (), where () is a constant depending on the value , i.e. () is a function of
dierentiable function in 3 , and
is a smooth curve from the starting
point to the only..
end point in 3 , prove that (i) F r = () (); and (ii) F r = 0 if the 3

2. Then we compare 2 = (, ) = ( 3 + 2 +() ) = 2+ (), so () = 0,
path is closed, i.e. = . and hence () is really a constant independent of .
Proof. (i) Let r() = ()i + ()j + ()k ( ) be a parametrization of , then 3
= r(), and = r(). Then it follows from chain rule that 3. At last, (, ) = 3 + 2 + for some constant , and hence this method determine
( ) all the potential function of on 2 .

F T = (r())i + (r())j + (r())k ( ()i + ()j + ()k)
Denition. A curve in parametric form r(), , is closed if r() = r().
( )
A curve in parametric form r(), , is simple if r() = r() then = , i.e.
= (r()) + (r()) + (r()) the curve does not passes the same point more than once.

Remark. If is continuous, simple closed curve, then will be the boundary of a
bounded region . In fact, it is a consequence of an important theorem in topology,
called Jordan Curve Theorem. Then one can walk around the boundary curve in one
direction such that the region is always on the left-hand side of the path C. Here, we
are assuming that one is standing on the -plane with the head point upward (like the
one positive -axis.) In this case, with the direction taken as above, then the boundary
curve is said to be positive oriented or sometimes, called in counterclockwise direction.
Greens Theorem. Let be a positive oriented, piece-wise smooth, simple close curve
that bounds a region in the plane. Suppose that the rst order partial derivatives of
(, ) and (, ) are continuous in the region . Then
( )

(, ) + (, ) = .

Application of Greens theorem. Let be the curve satisfying the condition of
Greens theorem. Then the area of the region bounded by the curve is given by

1
= = = + .
2
2 2
Example. Let be the region bounded by the ellipse : 2 + 2 = 1. Find the area

of .
Solution. Let r() = cos i + sin j be a parametrization of , then it follows from

1 1 2
Greens theorem that the area of = + = [( sin ) ( sin ) +
2 2 0
2

( cos ) ( cos )] = (cos2 + sin2 ) = .
2 0

Example. Let (, ) = 2 2
, and (, ) = 2 . Let : 2 + 2 = 1 be
+ + 2
a unit
circle parametrized by () = cos , and () = sin (0 2). Prove that

(i) (, ) + (, ) = 1; and (ii) = 0.

Proof. (i) (, ) + (, )
2 [ ]
() ()
= 1 () + ()
()2 + ()2 ()2 + ()2
0 2
= [ ( cos ) ( cos ) + (sin ) (sin ) ] = 2.
0 ( )
1 (2 + 2 ) 2() 2 2
(ii) = 2 2
= 2 2
= 2 , and

( + ) + + 2
1 (2 + 2 ) 2() 2 2
= = = . The result follows.
2 + 2 2 + 2 2 + 2
Remark. At the rst look, it seems that the result of Greens theorem does not hold.
In fact, the condition that (, ) and (, ) are not continuous at (0, 0), so Greens
theorem does not apply, it follows that the calculation shows that the equality does
not hold.