005 Skill Based Core - Vector Calculus - III Sem

STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.SC.
MATHEMATICS
VECTOR CALCULUS
SEMESTER – III, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-2021
UNIT CONTENT PAGE Nr
I VECTORS 02
II DIVERGENCE 15
III INTEGRATION OF POINT FUNCTION 26
IV VOLUME INTERGAL 40
V GREENS THEOREM IN A PLANE 54
Page 1 of 64
STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.SC. MATHEMATICS
VECTOR CALCULUS
UNIT - I
VECTORS
Vector:
⃗⃗ can be represented by its three components𝐴⃗ =

A vector 𝐴⃗ = A1⃗i + A2⃗j + A3 k
(𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 ) . The magnitude of 𝐴⃗ = √𝐴1 2 + 𝐴2 2 + 𝐴3 2 . The direction of vector is

anticlockwise.
Vector Function:
If for each value of scalar variable u, there corresponds a vector 𝐹⃗ then𝑓⃗ is said to
be a vector function of the scalar variable u and is denoted by 𝑓(𝑢).
Constant Vector:
A vector whose magnitude is constant and whose direction is in a fixed direction is a

constant vector.
Limit of a vector function:
A vector𝑣⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗0 is said to be a limit of a vector function 𝑓(𝑢) as u tends to𝑢0 , the limit of
the scalar function |𝑓(𝑢) − 𝑣0 |as u tends to 𝑢0 is zero. This limit is written as
lim 𝑓⃗ (𝑢) = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑣0
𝑢→𝑢0
Derivative of a vector functions:
A vector function 𝑓⃗(𝑢)is said to be derivable or differentiable with respect to u if

𝑓(𝑢+∆𝑢)−𝑓(𝑢)
lim exists. The limit is called the derivable or differential coefficient of
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢
𝑑𝑓⃗
𝑓⃗(𝑢)with respect to u and is denoted by 𝑑𝑢
Remark:
1) If 𝑓⃗(𝑢 + ∆𝑢)is written as 𝑓⃗(𝑢) + ∆𝑓⃗, then 𝑓⃗(𝑢 + ∆𝑢) − 𝑓⃗(𝑢) = ∆𝑓⃗ and
𝑑𝑓⃗ ∆𝑓⃗
= lim
𝑑𝑢 ∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢
2) If f(u) is a constant vector, then its derivative is a zero vector because
𝑓⃗(𝑢 + ∆𝑢) − 𝑓⃗(𝑢) = 0
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VECTOR CALCULUS
Note:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑(𝜑𝑎) 𝑑𝜑
1) If 𝜑 is a scalar function of u and , a is a constant vector, then = 𝑎⃗ 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑(𝜑𝑎) 𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝑎⃗⃗
2) If a is also a function of u, = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜑 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3) 𝐴⃗, 𝐵
⃗⃗ are function of scalar variables u,
𝑑(𝐴⃗+𝐵
⃗⃗) 𝑑𝐴⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵
i) = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢
𝑑(𝐴⃗.𝐵
⃗⃗) 𝑑𝐴⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵
ii) ⃗⃗ + 𝐴⃗
= 𝑑𝑢 𝐵
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑(𝐴⃗×𝐵
⃗⃗) 𝑑𝐴 ⃗ ⃗⃗
iii) ⃗⃗ + 𝐴⃗ × 𝑑𝐵
= 𝑑𝑢 × 𝐵
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4) If 𝐴⃗, 𝐵
⃗⃗ , 𝐶⃗ are functions of the scalar variable u, then
𝑑[𝐴⃗𝐵
⃗⃗𝐶⃗] 𝑑𝐴⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵 𝑑𝐶⃗
i) ⃗⃗ , 𝐶⃗] + [𝐴⃗, , 𝐶⃗] + [𝐴⃗, 𝐵
= [𝑑𝑢 , 𝐵 ⃗⃗ , ]
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑[𝐴⃗×𝐵
⃗⃗×𝐶⃗] 𝑑𝐴 ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗
ii) ⃗⃗ × 𝐶⃗)] + [𝐴⃗ × (𝑑𝐵 × 𝐶⃗)] + [𝐴⃗ × (𝐵
= [𝑑𝑢 × (𝐵 ⃗⃗ × 𝑑𝐶 )]
Problems:
⃗⃗⃗. ⃗𝑩
1) Find the derivative of (𝑨 ⃗⃗) and (𝑨
⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗𝑩 ⃗ and
⃗⃗) with respect to u if ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝐮𝟐⃗𝐢 + 𝐮𝐣⃗ + 𝟐𝐮𝐤
⃗𝑩 ⃗
⃗⃗ = ⃗𝐣 − 𝐮𝐤
Solution:
(𝐴⃗. 𝐵 ⃗⃗) . (j⃗ − uk

⃗⃗ ) = (u2⃗i + uj⃗ + 2uk ⃗⃗)
= (0 + 𝑢 − 2𝑢2 )
(𝐴⃗. 𝐵
⃗⃗ ) = 𝑢 − 2𝑢2
𝑑(𝐴⃗. 𝐵
⃗⃗ )
= 1 − 2(2𝑢) = 1 − 4𝑢
𝑑𝑢
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑘
(𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ ) = |𝑢2 𝑢 2𝑢 |
0 1 −𝑢
⃗⃗(u2 − 0)
= ⃗i(−u2 − 2u) − ⃗j(−u3 − 0) + k
𝑑(𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ )
= ⃗i(−2 − 2u) − ⃗j(−3u2 ) + ⃗⃗
k(2u)
𝑑𝑢
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VECTOR CALCULUS
2) Show that the necessary and sufficient condition for the non zero vector function
𝒅𝒇 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗
𝒇(𝒖)to be of constant magnitude if ⃗⃗
𝒇. 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟎
Soultion:
Let 𝑓⃗ = 𝑓𝑓̂ where f is a magnitude and𝑓̂ is a vector function f.
𝑓⃗. 𝑓⃗ = 𝑓 2
Diff. w. r. to u
𝑑𝑓⃗ 𝑑𝑓⃗ 𝑑𝑓
𝑓⃗. + . 𝑓⃗ = 2𝑓
𝑑𝑓⃗ 𝑑𝑓
2𝑓⃗. = 2𝑓
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑓 ⃗ 𝑑𝑓
𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑑𝑢………….(1)
Assume f(u) is of constant magnitude
f = constant
𝑑𝑓
=0
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑓 ⃗
(1) ⇒ 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑢 = 0
𝑑𝑓⃗
Conversely, 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑢 = 0
𝑑𝑓
(1) ⇒𝑓 𝑑𝑢 = 0
𝑑𝑓
⇒ f = 0 or 𝑑𝑢 = 0
𝑑𝑓
= 0 (since 𝑓⃗ is non zero function f≠ 0)
𝑑𝑢
f is constant
𝑓⃗ is of constant magnitude.
⃗⃗(𝒖) to have a
3) Show that the necessary and sufficient condition for the vector function𝒇
𝒅𝒇 ⃗⃗
constant direction if ⃗⃗
𝒇 × 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟎
Solution:
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VECTOR CALCULUS
Let 𝑓⃗ = 𝑓𝑓̂ be the given vector, where f be magnitude and𝑓̂ be vector function of f
Diff. w. r. to u
𝑑𝑓⃗ 𝑑𝑓̂ 𝑑𝑓
=𝑓 + 𝑓̂
𝑑𝑓⃗ 𝑑𝑓̂ 𝑑𝑓
𝑓⃗ × = 𝑓⃗ × (𝑓 + 𝑓̂)
𝑑𝑓 ̂ 𝑑𝑓
= 𝑓⃗ × 𝑓 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑓⃗ × 𝑑𝑢 𝑓̂
𝑑𝑓 ̂ 𝑑𝑓
= 𝑓(𝑓⃗ × 𝑑𝑢) + (𝑓⃗ × 𝑓̂)
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑓̂ 𝑑𝑓
= 𝑓(𝑓𝑓̂ × 𝑑𝑢) + (𝑓𝑓̂ × 𝑓̂)
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑓
=𝑓 2 (𝑓̂ × 𝑑𝑢) + 𝑓 𝑑𝑢 (𝑓̂ × 𝑓̂)
𝑑𝑓̂
= 𝑓 2 (𝑓̂ × 𝑑𝑢)……..(1)
𝑓⃗ has constant direction 𝑓̂ = constant
𝑑𝑓̂
⇒𝑑𝑢 = 0
𝑑𝑓 ⃗
(1) ⇒𝑓⃗ × 𝑑𝑢=0
𝑑𝑓 ⃗
Conversely assume 𝑓⃗ × 𝑑𝑢 = 0
𝑑𝑓 ⃗
(1) ⇒𝑓 2 (𝑓̂ × 𝑑𝑢) = 0
𝑑𝑓 ̂
(1) ⇒ f = 0 or 𝑓̂ × 𝑑𝑢 = 0
𝑑𝑓 ̂
𝑓̂ × 𝑑𝑢 = 0 (since f ≠ 0)
𝑑𝑓̂ 𝑑𝑓̂
⇒𝑓̂ and are parallel or 𝑑𝑢 = 0
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑓̂
But 𝑓̂ and are not parallel
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑓̂
⇒𝑑𝑢 = 0
𝑓̂ = constant, 𝑓⃗ has a constant direction.
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VECTOR CALCULUS
𝒅𝒇 𝒅⃗⃗
4) Show that if ⃗⃗
𝒇 is not of constant direction then | |≠ |𝒇⃗⃗|
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
Solution:
𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 where 𝜃 is the angle between a and b.
𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑛̂ where 𝜃 is the angle between a and b and𝑛̂ is a unit vector
𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑓
𝑓⃗ . =f
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . |𝑑𝑓| cos 𝜃 = f
|𝑓|
𝑑𝑓
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑓
f . |𝑑𝑢| cos 𝜃 = f 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑓⃗
Since 𝑓⃗ is not a constant direction 𝑓⃗ and 𝑑𝑢 are not parallel
⇒𝜃 ≠ 0⇒cos 𝜃 ≠ 0
| |≠
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
i.e) |𝑑𝑢| ≠ | 𝑑𝑢 |
5) Show that the necessary and sufficient condition for a vector function ⃗⃗
𝒇(𝒖) may be
⃗⃗
𝒅𝒇
constant if 𝒅𝒖=0
Solution:
Let 𝑓⃗ = f1⃗i + f2⃗j + f3 k

⃗⃗
𝑑𝑓 ⃗
If 𝑓⃗ is constant vector, then =0
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑓⃗
Conversely, 𝑑𝑢=0
𝑑𝑓⃗ 𝑑f1 𝑑f2 𝑑f3

= ⃗i + ⃗j + ⃗⃗
k
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑f 𝑑f 𝑑f
⇒ 𝑑𝑢1 = 0, 𝑑𝑢2 = 0, 𝑑𝑢3 = 0
f1 , f2 , f3 are constants, 𝑓⃗ is a constant vector.

⃗⃗
𝒅𝒆 ⃗⃗
𝒅𝒆
⃗⃗ is a variable unit vector depending on u, show that |𝒆
6) If 𝒆 ⃗⃗ × | = | |
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
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VECTOR CALCULUS
Solution:
Given 𝑒⃗ is a unit vector, |𝑒⃗| = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒⃗. 𝑒⃗ = 1
Diff.w.r.to u
𝑑𝑒⃗ 𝑑𝑒⃗
𝑒⃗. + . 𝑒⃗ = 0
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑒⃗
2𝑒⃗. =0
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑒⃗
𝑒⃗. =0
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑒⃗
𝜃 = 900 , where 𝜃 is the angle between 𝑒⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑛̂
𝑒⃗ × = |𝑒⃗|| | 𝑠𝑖𝑛900 𝑛̂
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑒⃗
=| | 𝑛̂
𝑑𝑢
Take modulus,
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ×
|𝑒 ̂
| = | | |𝑛|
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑑𝑒⃗ | = |𝑑𝑒⃗ |

|𝑒 ̂ = 1)
(|𝑛|
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
⃗⃗ is a unit vector then solve that 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑧=0

7) If 𝑟⃗ = xi⃗ + yj⃗ + zk 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Solution:
Given 𝑟⃗is a unit vector, 𝑟⃗. 𝑟⃗ = 1
Diff.w.r.to t
𝑑𝑟⃗ 𝑑𝑟⃗
𝑟⃗. + . 𝑟⃗ = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟⃗
2𝑟⃗. =0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟⃗
𝑟⃗. 𝑑𝑡 = 0………..(1)
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VECTOR CALCULUS
⃗⃗
𝑟⃗ = xi⃗ + yj⃗ + zk
𝑑𝑟⃗ 𝑑𝑥 dy dz
= ⃗i + ⃗j + ⃗⃗k
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 dt dt
𝑑𝑥 dy dz
⃗⃗) .( ⃗i + ⃗j + k)
(xi⃗ + yj⃗ + zk ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0
𝑑𝑡 dt dt
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑥 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑡 =0
Scalar and Vector Point Functions:
If for every point p in a domain D of space, there corresponds a scalar𝜑 then 𝜑 is

said to be a single valued scalar function defined in the domain D.
The value of 𝜑 and p is denoted by 𝜑(𝑝)or 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)if p is (x,y,z)
The function 𝜑 is said to define a scalar field in D.
In the same way, we define single valued vector point functions. A vector point
function defined on a domain D is said to define a vector field in D.
Level Surfaces:
The surfaces represented by equations 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐 for different value of c are called
level surfaces. The value of 𝜑 at all points on a level surface are equal.
Directional derivative of scalar point function:
Suppose 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a scalar point function and 𝜑(𝑝)is the value of 𝜑 at P. If P is any
𝜑(𝑃 ′ )−𝜑(𝑃)
point close to P, then the limit lim is called the directional derivative of 𝜑.
′
𝑃 →𝑃 𝑃𝑃 ′
i) at the point P
ii) in the direction from P to P’ the directional derivative is a scalar.
Gradient of a scalar point function:

𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
If 𝜑 is a scalar point function, then the vector 𝜕𝑥 ⃗i + 𝜕y ⃗j + ⃗⃗
k is called the
𝜕z
gradient of 𝜑. This vector is written as grad 𝜑 or ∇𝜑 where ∇ is the operator which stands
for
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
⃗i + ⃗j + ⃗⃗k
𝜕𝑥 𝜕y 𝜕z
Problems:
1) Find ∇𝜑 for the following
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VECTOR CALCULUS
i) 𝜑 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 2
ii) 𝜑 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥 2
Solution:
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
∇𝜑 = ⃗i + ⃗j + ⃗⃗
k
𝜕𝑥 𝜕y 𝜕z
i) 𝜑 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 2
𝜕𝜑
= 2𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 2
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜑
= 𝑥 2 3𝑦 2 𝑧 2
𝜕y
𝜕𝜑
= 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 2𝑧
𝜕z
⃗⃗
∇𝜑 = 2𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 2⃗i + 𝑥 2 3𝑦 2 𝑧 2⃗j + 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 2𝑧k
ii) 𝜑 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥 2
𝜕𝜑
= 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜑
= xz
𝜕y
𝜕𝜑
= xy
𝜕z
⃗⃗
∇𝜑 = (𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧𝑥)i⃗ + xzj⃗ + xyk
2) Find the directional derivative of 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 3 at the point (0,1,1) in the direction

2 2 −1
whose direction cosines are , ,
3 3 3
Solution:
Given 𝜑 = 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 3
2 2 −1
d.c’s , ,
3 3 3
2 2 1
𝑒̂ = ⃗i + ⃗j − ⃗⃗
k
3 3 3
Directional derivative = ∇𝜑. 𝑒̂
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VECTOR CALCULUS
𝜕𝜑
= 1 + 𝑦2
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜑
= 2xy + 𝑧 3
𝜕y
𝜕𝜑
= 3y𝑧 2
𝜕z
∇𝜑 = (1 + 𝑦 2 )i⃗ + (2xy + 𝑧 3 )j⃗ + 3y𝑧 2 ⃗⃗

k
⃗⃗
∇𝜑(0,1,1) = (1 + 1)i⃗ + (2.0.1 + 1)j⃗ + 3.1.1k
⃗⃗
= 2i⃗ + ⃗j + 3k
D.D = ∇𝜑. 𝑒̂
⃗⃗) .(2 ⃗i + 2 ⃗j − 1 ⃗⃗
= (2i⃗ + ⃗j + 3k k)
3 3 3
4 2 3
=3+3−3
Directional derivative = 1.
3) Find the directional derivative for the scalar point functions at the given points in the
given directions.
function point direction
i) xy +yz +zx (1,1,3) ⃗⃗

⃗i + 2j⃗ + 2k
ii) xyz (2,1,1) ⃗⃗

⃗j + k
Solution:
i) Directional derivative = ∇𝜑. 𝑒̂
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
∇𝜑 = ⃗i + ⃗j + ⃗⃗
k
𝜕𝑥 𝜕y 𝜕z
𝑒⃗
𝑒̂ =
𝑒
⃗⃗
Given 𝑒⃗ = ⃗i + 2j⃗ + 2k
⃗⃗
⃗i + 2j⃗ + 2k
𝑒̂ =
√1 + 22 + 22
Page 10 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
⃗⃗
⃗i + 2j⃗ + 2k
𝑒̂ =
3
1 2 2
𝑒̂ = ⃗i + ⃗j + ⃗⃗
k
3 3 3
Given 𝜑 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥
𝜕𝜑
=𝑦+𝑧
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜑
= x+z
𝜕y
𝜕𝜑
= y+𝑥
𝜕z
⃗⃗
∇𝜑 = (𝑦 + 𝑧)i⃗ + (x + z)j⃗ + (𝑦 + 𝑥)k
⃗⃗
∇𝜑(1,1,3) = 4i⃗ + 4j⃗ + 2k
D.D = ∇𝜑. 𝑒̂
⃗⃗). (1 ⃗i + 2 ⃗j + 2 ⃗⃗
= (4i⃗ + 4j⃗ + 2k k)
3 3 3
4 8 4
=3+3+3
16
Directional derivative = .
3
ii) Directional derivative = ∇𝜑. 𝑒̂
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
∇𝜑 = ⃗i + ⃗j + ⃗⃗
k
𝜕𝑥 𝜕y 𝜕z
𝑒⃗
𝑒̂ =
𝑒
⃗⃗
Given 𝑒⃗ = ⃗i + 2j⃗ + 2k
⃗⃗
⃗j + k
𝑒̂ =
√1 + 1
⃗j + ⃗⃗
k
𝑒̂ =
√2
1 1
𝑒̂ = ⃗j + ⃗⃗
k
√2 √2
Page 11 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
Given 𝜑 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝜑
= 𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜑
= xz
𝜕y
𝜕𝜑
= y𝑥
𝜕z
⃗⃗
∇𝜑 = (𝑦𝑧)i⃗ + (xz)j⃗ + (𝑦𝑥)k
⃗⃗
∇𝜑(2,1,1) = ⃗i + 2j⃗ + 2k
D.D = ∇𝜑. 𝑒̂
⃗⃗). ( 1 ⃗j +
= (1i⃗ + 2j⃗ + 2k
1
⃗⃗
k)
√2 √2
2 2 4
= + =
√2 √2 √2
Directional derivative = 2√2.
4) Prove that the directional derivative of 𝜑 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑧 at (1,2,3) is a maximum along the

direction 9i⃗ + 3j⃗ + ⃗⃗
k. Find its maximum directional derivative.
Solution:
Given 𝜑 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑧
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
∇𝜑 = ⃗i + ⃗j + ⃗⃗
k
𝜕𝑥 𝜕y 𝜕z
𝜕𝜑
= 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜑
= 2𝑥 3 𝑦𝑧
𝜕y
𝜕𝜑
= 𝑥3𝑦2
𝜕z
⃗⃗
∇𝜑 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧i⃗ + 2𝑥 3 𝑦𝑧j⃗ + 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 k
⃗⃗
∇𝜑(1,2,3) = 36i⃗ + 12j⃗ + 4k
∇𝜑(1,2,3) = 4(9i⃗ + 3j⃗ + ⃗⃗

k)
In the direction 4(9i⃗ + 3j⃗ + ⃗⃗

k) the directional derivative is maximum
Page 12 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
Maximum value of d.d is |∇𝜑|
|∇𝜑| = √42 (92 + 32 + 12 )
= 4√81 + 9 + 1
|∇𝜑| = 4√91
Maximum directional derivative = 4√91
5) Find the directional derivative of 𝜑 = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 at the point in the direction
2i⃗ + 2j⃗ − ⃗⃗
k. Also find maximum directional derivative and maximum unit vector.
Solution:
Directional derivative = ∇𝜑. 𝑒̂
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
∇𝜑 = ⃗i + ⃗j + ⃗⃗
k
𝜕𝑥 𝜕y 𝜕z
𝑒⃗
𝑒̂ =
𝑒
⃗⃗
Given 𝑒⃗ = 2i⃗ + 2j⃗ − k
2i⃗ + 2j⃗ − ⃗⃗
k
𝑒̂ =
√22 + 22 + 1
2i⃗ + 2j⃗ − ⃗⃗
k
𝑒̂ =
3
2 2 1
𝑒̂ = ⃗i + ⃗j − k⃗⃗
3 3 3
Given 𝜑 = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧
𝜕𝜑
= 6𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜑
=2
𝜕y
𝜕𝜑
= −3
𝜕z
⃗⃗
∇𝜑 = 6𝑥 ⃗i + 2j⃗ − 3k
⃗⃗
∇𝜑(1,1,1) = 6i⃗ + 2j⃗ − 3k
Page 13 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
Maximum value of d.d is |∇𝜑|
|∇𝜑| = √62 + 22 + 32 )
= √36 + 4 + 9
|∇𝜑| = √49 = 7
Maximum directional derivative = 7
D.D = ∇𝜑. 𝑒̂
⃗⃗). (2 ⃗i + 2 ⃗j − 1 ⃗⃗
= (6i⃗ + 2j⃗ − 3k k)
3 3 3
4 19
=4+3+1 = 3
19
Directional derivative = .
3
∇𝜑(1,1,1)
Maximum unit vector 𝑛̂ = |∇𝜑|
⃗⃗
6i⃗ + 2j⃗ − 3k
𝑛̂ =
7
Page 14 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
UNIT - II
DIVERGENCE
Divergence:
⃗⃗ = V1⃗i + V2⃗j + V3 ⃗⃗
If 𝑉 k is a vector point function then the scalar function
𝑑V1 𝑑V2 𝑑V3
+ + ⃗⃗ .
is called the divergence of 𝑉
⃗⃗ or ∇. 𝑉
We notate divergence as div 𝑉 ⃗⃗ ,
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
⃗⃗ = ( ⃗i + ⃗j + ⃗⃗
∇. 𝑉 k)(V1⃗i + V2⃗j + V3 ⃗⃗
k)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕y 𝜕z
𝑑V1 𝑑V2 𝑑V3

∇. 𝑟⃗ = + +
Solenoidal:
If ∇. 𝑟⃗ = 0. Then the vector is said to be solenoidal or zero divergence or

divergenceless.
If 𝑎⃗is a constant then∇. 𝑎⃗ = 0 i.e) constant vector is solenoidal.
Curl:
⃗⃗ = V1⃗i + V2⃗j + V3 ⃗⃗
If 𝑉 kis a vector point function then the vector function,
𝜕V 𝜕V1 𝜕V 𝜕V1 𝜕V 𝜕V
⃗i( 𝜕𝑥3 − ) + ⃗j( 𝜕𝑥3 − ) + ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
k( 𝜕𝑥2 − 𝜕𝑦1 ) is called the curl or rotation of 𝑉
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
⃗⃗ or rot 𝑉
We notate curl as curl 𝑉 ⃗⃗ or ∇ × 𝑉
⃗⃗
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
⃗⃗ = | 𝜕
∇×𝑉 𝜕 𝜕|
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
V3 V3 V3
Irrotational vector:
If ∇ × 𝑉⃗⃗ = 0 then the vector 𝑉

⃗⃗ is said to be irrotational such vector fields are curl – less
vector fields.
Note:
1. If 𝑎⃗is a constant, ∇ × 𝑎⃗ = 0 i.e) Any constant vector is irrotational
2. Curl of a vector field is a bivector field.
3. Since∇ × (∇𝜑) = 0 every conservative vector field is an irrational vector field.
Page 15 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
Scalar Potential:
Given a vector point function 𝐹⃗ , if there exists a scalar point function 𝜑 such that 𝐹⃗
=∇𝜑, then 𝜑 is called the scalar potential of 𝐹⃗
Note:
In the above case ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = ∇ × ∇𝜑 = ⃗0⃗ ie) 𝐹⃗ is irrotational
Summation notation for divergence and curl:

𝜕𝐴
1. ∇. 𝐴 = ∑ (𝑖. 𝜕𝑥 )
𝜕𝐴
2. ∇ × 𝐴 = ∑ (𝑖 × 𝜕𝑥 )
𝜕
3. 𝐴. ∇= 𝐴. ∑ (𝑖 𝜕𝑥)
𝜕
4. (𝐴. ∇)𝐵 = (𝐴. ∑ 𝑖 𝜕𝑥) 𝐵
Theorem:
If A and B are vector point functions, 𝜑 a scalar point function, then
i) ∇. (𝐴 + 𝐵) = ∇. 𝐴 + ∇. 𝐵
ii) ∇. (𝑘𝐴) = 𝑘(∇. 𝐴)
iii) ∇. (𝜑𝐴) = (∇𝜑). 𝐴 + 𝜑(∇. 𝐴)
iv) ∇ × (𝐴 + 𝐵) = ∇ × 𝐴 + ∇ × 𝐵
v) ∇ × (𝑘𝐴) = 𝑘(∇ × 𝐴)
vi) ∇ × (𝜑𝐴) = (∇𝜑) × 𝐴 + 𝜑(∇ × 𝐴)
Proof:
𝜕(𝐴+𝐵) 𝜕𝐴 𝜕𝐵 𝜕𝐴 𝜕𝐵
i) ∇. (𝐴 + 𝐵) = ∑ (𝑖. ) = ∑ 𝑖. (𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑥 ) = ∑ (𝑖. 𝜕𝑥 ) + ∑ (𝑖. 𝜕𝑥 ) = ∇. 𝐴 + ∇. 𝐵
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑘𝐴 𝜕𝐴 𝜕𝐴
ii) ∇. (𝑘𝐴) = ∑ (𝑖. ) = ∑ (𝑖. 𝑘 𝜕𝑥 ) = 𝑘 ∑ (𝑖. 𝜕𝑥 ) = 𝑘(∇. 𝐴)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕(𝜑𝐴) 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝐴 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝐴
iii) ∇. (𝜑𝐴) = ∑ (𝑖. ) = ∑ 𝑖. ( 𝜕𝑥 𝐴 + 𝜕𝑥 𝜑) = ∑ 𝑖. ( 𝜕𝑥 𝐴) + ∑ 𝑖. (𝜕𝑥 𝜑) =
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝐴
(∑ (𝑖 𝜕𝑥 )) . 𝐴 + 𝜑 ∑ (𝑖. 𝜕𝑥 ) = (∇𝜑). 𝐴 + 𝜑(∇. 𝐴)
𝜕(𝐴+𝐵) 𝜕𝐴 𝜕𝐵 𝜕𝐴 𝜕𝐵
iv) ∇ × (𝐴 + 𝐵) = ∑ (𝑖 × ) = ∑ 𝑖 × (𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑥 ) = ∑ (𝑖 × 𝜕𝑥 ) + ∑ (𝑖 × 𝜕𝑥 ) =
𝜕𝑥
∇×𝐴+∇×𝐵
𝜕𝑘𝐴 𝜕𝐴 𝜕𝐴
v) ∇ × (𝑘𝐴) = ∑ (𝑖 × ) = ∑ (𝑖 × 𝑘 𝜕𝑥 ) = 𝑘 ∑ (𝑖 × 𝜕𝑥 ) = 𝑘(∇ × 𝐴)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕(𝜑𝐴) 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝐴 𝜕𝜑
vi) ∇ × (𝜑𝐴) = ∑ (𝑖 × ) = ∑ 𝑖 × ( 𝜕𝑥 𝐴 + 𝜕𝑥 𝜑) = ∑ 𝑖 × ( 𝜕𝑥 𝐴) +
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐴 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝐴
∑𝑖 ×( 𝜑) = (∑ (𝑖 𝜕𝑥 )) × 𝐴 + 𝜑 ∑ (𝑖 × 𝜕𝑥 ) = (∇𝜑) × 𝐴 + 𝜑(∇ × 𝐴)
𝜕𝑥
Page 16 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
Theorem:
⃗⃗ and 𝑟̅ = 𝑟𝑟̂ show that

If 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥i⃗ + yj⃗ + zk
i) ∇. (𝑓(𝑟)𝑟⃗) = 𝑟𝑓 ′ (𝑟) + 3𝑓(𝑟)

ii) ∇ × (𝑓(𝑟)𝑟⃗ = ⃗0⃗)
Proof:
We know that ∇. (𝜑𝐴) = (∇𝜑). 𝐴 + 𝜑(∇. 𝐴) and ∇𝑓(𝑟) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝑟̂
Now ∇. (𝑓(𝑟)𝑟⃗) = ∇𝑓(𝑟). 𝑟⃗ + 𝑓(𝑟)(∇. 𝑟⃗)
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝑟̂ . 𝑟⃗ + 𝑓(𝑟)3
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝑟̂ . 𝑟𝑟̂ + 3𝑓(𝑟)
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)(𝑟̂ . 𝑟𝑟̂ ) + 3𝑓(𝑟)
= 𝑟𝑓 ′ (𝑟)(𝑟̂ . 𝑟̂ ) + 3𝑓(𝑟)
= 𝑟𝑓 ′ (𝑟) + 3𝑓(𝑟)
Also we know that ∇ × (𝜑𝐴) = (∇𝜑) × 𝐴 + 𝜑(∇ × 𝐴)
Now ∇ × (𝑓(𝑟)𝑟⃗) = ∇𝑓(𝑟) × 𝑟⃗ + 𝑓(𝑟)(∇ × 𝑟⃗)
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝑟̂ × 𝑟⃗ + ⃗0⃗
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝑟̂ × 𝑟𝑟̂ + ⃗0⃗
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)(𝑟̂ × 𝑟𝑟̂ ) + ⃗0⃗
= 𝑟𝑓 ′ (𝑟)(𝑟̂ × 𝑟̂ ) + ⃗0⃗
= ⃗0⃗
Laplacian differential operator
𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
The operator ∇2 defined by ∇2 = ∇. ∇= 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2 + 𝜕𝑧 2 is called laplacian operator.
If 𝜑 is such that ∇2 𝜑 = 0, then 𝜑 𝑖𝑠 said to satisfy the laplace equation.
Divergence and curl of a gradient
If 𝜑 is a scalar point function, then
i) Divergence of the gradient of 𝜑 is ∇. (∇𝜑) = ∇2 𝜑

ii) Curl of the gradient of 𝜑 vanishes.
Page 17 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
Proof:
𝜕 𝜕
i) ⃗⃗ 𝜕 ) . (𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝜑 + 𝑗⃗ 𝜕𝜑 + 𝑘
∇. (∇𝜑) = (𝑖⃗ 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗⃗ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ 𝜕𝜑)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 2𝜑 𝜕 2𝜑 𝜕 2𝜑
= 2
+ 2 + 2 = ∇2 𝜑
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
ii) Curl of the gradient of 𝜑 = ∇ × (∇𝜑)
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
= ∇ × (𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ +𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑘
|𝜕 𝜕 𝜕|
= 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑|
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 2𝜑 𝜕 2𝜑
= ∑ 𝑖⃗ ( − ) = ⃗0⃗
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
Problem 1:
⃗⃗ is solenoidal.
Show that the vector 𝐴⃗ = 𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗⃗ − 𝑥𝑧 3 𝑘
Proof:
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇. 𝐴⃗ = (𝑖⃗ ⃗⃗ ) . (𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗⃗ − 𝑥𝑧 3 𝑘
+ 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕(𝑥 2 𝑧 2 ) 𝜕(𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 ) 𝜕(−𝑥𝑧 3 )

= + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= 2𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑧 2 = 0
Hence the given vector is solenoidal.
Problem 2:
⃗⃗ is
Determine the constant 𝑎 so that the vector 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑖⃗ + (𝑦 − 2𝑧)𝑗⃗ + (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑧)𝑘
solenoidal.
Solution:
⃗⃗ is solenoidal.
Given that the vector 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑖⃗ + (𝑦 − 2𝑧)𝑗⃗ + (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑧)𝑘
⇒ ∇. 𝐴⃗ = 0
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
⇒ (𝑖⃗ ⃗⃗ ) . ((𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑖⃗ + (𝑦 − 2𝑧)𝑗⃗ + (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑧)𝑘
+ 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ ) = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Page 18 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
𝜕(𝑥 + 2𝑦) 𝜕(𝑦 − 2𝑧) 𝜕(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑧)

⇒ + + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
⇒1+1+𝑎 = 0
⇒ 𝑎 = −2
Problem 3:
⃗⃗, find n so that 𝑟 𝑛 𝑟⃗ is solenoidal.

Solution:
Since 𝑟 𝑛 𝑟⃗ is solenoidal, ∇. 𝑟 𝑛 𝑟⃗ = 0
⇒ (𝑛 + 3)𝑟 𝑛 = 0
⇒𝑛+3=0
⇒ 𝑛 = −3
Problem 4:
𝑟⃗
Show that ∇. 𝑟 3 = 0.
Solution:
We know that ∇. (𝜑𝐴) = (∇𝜑). 𝐴 + 𝜑(∇. 𝐴)
𝑟⃗ 1 1
Now ∇. (𝑟 3 ) = (∇ 𝑟 3 ) . 𝑟⃗ + 𝑟 3 (∇. 𝑟⃗)
𝑑 1 1
=( 3
𝑟̂ ) . 𝑟⃗ + 3 (3)
𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
−3 3
=( 4
𝑟̂ ) . 𝑟⃗ + 3
𝑟 𝑟
−3 3
= 4
(𝑟̂ . 𝑟⃗) + 3
𝑟 𝑟
−3 3
= 𝑟 +
𝑟4 𝑟3
−3 3
= + =0
𝑟3 𝑟3
Problem 5:
⃗⃗ and 𝑟 = |𝑟⃗|, show that ∇. (𝑟 𝑛 𝑟⃗) = (𝑛 + 3)𝑟 𝑛

Page 19 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
Solution:
We know that ∇. (𝜑𝐴) = (∇𝜑). 𝐴 + 𝜑(∇. 𝐴)
∇. (𝑟 𝑛 𝑟⃗) = (∇𝑟 𝑛 ). 𝑟⃗ + 𝑟 𝑛 (∇. 𝑟⃗)
= (𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑟̂ ). 𝑟⃗ + 𝑟 𝑛 (∇. 𝑟⃗)
= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 (𝑟̂ . 𝑟⃗) + 𝑟 𝑛 (3)
= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 (𝑟̂ . 𝑟𝑟̂ ) + 3𝑟 𝑛
= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑟 + 3𝑟 𝑛
= 𝑟 𝑛 (𝑛 + 3)
Problem 6:
⃗⃗
Find ∇. 𝐹⃗ and ∇ × 𝐹⃗ at the point (1,-1,1) if 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑧 3 𝑖⃗ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝑗⃗ + 2𝑦𝑧 4 𝑘
Solution:
⃗⃗
Given 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑧 3 𝑖⃗ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝑗⃗ + 2𝑦𝑧 4 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Then ∇. 𝐹⃗ = (𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ ⃗⃗
+𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
) . (𝑥𝑧 3 𝑖⃗ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝑗⃗ + 2𝑦𝑧 4 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥𝑧 3 𝜕(−2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧) 𝜕2𝑦𝑧 4

=( + + )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑧 3 − 2𝑥 2 𝑧 + 8𝑦𝑧 3
(∇. 𝐹⃗ )(1,−1,1) = 1 − 2 − 8 = −9
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 |
∇ × 𝐹⃗ = ||
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 |
𝑥𝑧 3 −2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 2𝑦𝑧 4
⃗⃗ (−4𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 0)
= 𝑖⃗(2𝑧 4 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦) − 𝑗⃗(0 − 3𝑥𝑧 2 ) + 𝑘
⃗⃗ 4𝑥𝑦𝑧
= 𝑖⃗(2𝑧 4 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦) + 𝑗⃗3𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝑘
⃗⃗
(∇ × 𝐹⃗ )(1,−1,1) = 0𝑖⃗ + 3𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘
⃗⃗
= 3𝑗⃗ + 4𝑘
Page 20 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
Problem 7:
⃗⃗ is irrotational vector.
Show that 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦𝑧𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑦𝑘
Solution:
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑘
∇ × 𝐹⃗ = | 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕|
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑦𝑧 𝑧𝑥 𝑥𝑦
⃗⃗ (𝑧 − 𝑧)
= 𝑖⃗(𝑥 − 𝑥) − 𝑗⃗(𝑦 − 𝑦) + 𝑘
⃗⃗ = ⃗0⃗
= 0𝑖⃗ + 0𝑗⃗ + 0𝑘
Therefore given vector is irrotational.
Problem 8:
Find the value of the constants 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 so that the vector 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧)𝑖⃗ +

⃗⃗ is irrotational.
(𝑏𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑗⃗ + (4𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 + 2𝑧)𝑘
Solution:
Since 𝐹⃗ is irrotational, ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = ⃗0⃗
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
⇒ || || = ⃗0⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 𝑏𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 4𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 + 2𝑧
⃗⃗ (𝑏 − 2) = 0𝑖⃗ + 0𝑗⃗ + 0𝑘
⇒ 𝑖⃗(𝑐 − 1) − 𝑗⃗(4 − 𝑎) + 𝑘 ⃗⃗
⇒ 𝑐 − 1 = 0,4 − 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 − 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑐 = 1, 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 2
Problem 9:
⃗⃗ is solenoidal and irrotational. Also

Prove that 𝐴⃗ = (2𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧)𝑖⃗ + (4𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧)𝑗⃗ − (6𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘
find the scalar potential of 𝐴⃗
Solution:
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇. 𝐴⃗ = (𝑖⃗ ⃗⃗ ) . ((2𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧)𝑖⃗ + (4𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧)𝑗⃗ − (6𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘
+ 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Page 21 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
𝜕(2𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧) 𝜕(4𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧) 𝜕(6𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦)

=( + − )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
=2+4−6=0
𝐴⃗ is solenoidal.
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ × 𝐴⃗ = || ||
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
(2𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧) 4𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 −(6𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦)
⃗⃗ (𝑧 − 𝑧)
= 𝑖⃗(𝑥 − 𝑥) − 𝑗⃗(𝑦 − 𝑦) + 𝑘
⃗⃗ = ⃗0⃗
= 0𝑖⃗ + 0𝑗⃗ + 0𝑘
Hence 𝐴⃗ is irrotational.
If ϕ is the scalar potential of 𝐴⃗, then 𝐴⃗ = ∇ϕ.
𝜕ϕ 𝜕ϕ 𝜕ϕ
⃗⃗ =
⇒ (2𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧)𝑖⃗ + (4𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧)𝑗⃗ − (6𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕ϕ 𝜕ϕ 𝜕ϕ
⇒ = 2𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧, = 4𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧, = −(6𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
⇒ ϕ = 𝑥 2 + xyz + f(y, z), ϕ = 2y 2 + xyz + f(x, z), ϕ = −3z 2 + xyz + f(x, y)
Hence ϕ=𝑥 2 + 2y 2 − 3z 2 + xyz + C where C is any arbitrary constant.
Problem 10:
2 𝛼
Show that ∇2 𝑓(𝑟) = 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) + 𝑟 𝑓 ′ (𝑟). also show that if ∇2 𝑓(𝑟) = 0 then 𝑓(𝑟) = 𝑟 + 𝛽
where α and β are any arbitrary constants.
Solution:
𝜕 2 𝑓(𝑟) 𝜕 2 𝑓(𝑟) 𝜕 2 𝑓(𝑟)

∇2 (𝑓(𝑟)) = + +
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕𝑓(𝑟) 𝜕𝑟
Now = 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥
We know that 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑥
Differentiating partially with respect to x we get 2𝑟 𝜕𝑥 = 2𝑥 ⇒ 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑟
𝜕𝑓(𝑟) 𝑥
Therefore = 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 𝑟
𝜕𝑥
Page 22 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
′′ ′ 𝜕𝑟 ′ 𝜕𝑟
𝜕 2 𝑓(𝑟) 𝑟 (𝑓 (𝑟) 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑓 (𝑟)) − 𝑓 (𝑟)𝑥 𝜕𝑥
=
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑟2
𝑥 𝑥
𝑟 (𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) 𝑟 𝑥 + 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)) − 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝑥 𝑟
=
𝑟2
𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑟 (𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)) − 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)
𝑟 𝑟
=
𝑟2
𝑥2
(𝑓 ′′ (𝑟)𝑥 2 + 𝑟𝑓 ′ (𝑟)) − 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 𝑟
=
𝑟2
𝑥 2 ′′ 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 𝑥2
= 𝑓 (𝑟) + (1 − )
𝑟2 𝑟 𝑟2
𝜕2 𝑓(𝑟) 𝑦2 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 𝑦2
Similarly = 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) + (1 − 𝑟 2 )
𝜕𝑦 2 𝑟2 𝑟
𝜕 2 𝑓(𝑟) 𝑧 2 ′′ 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 𝑧2
= 2𝑓 (𝑟) + (1 − 2 )
𝜕𝑧 2 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
Hence
𝑥 2 ′′ 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 𝑥2 𝑦 2 ′′ 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 𝑦2 𝑧 2 ′′
∇2 (𝑓(𝑟)) = 𝑓 (𝑟) + (1 − ) + 𝑓 (𝑟) + (1 − ) + 𝑓 (𝑟)
𝑟2 𝑟 𝑟2 𝑟2 𝑟 𝑟2 𝑟2
𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 𝑧2
+ (1 − 2 )
𝑟 𝑟
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
= 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) + (3 − )
𝑟2 𝑟 𝑟2
2𝑓 ′ (𝑟)
= 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) +
𝑟
2𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 2𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) −2
If ∇2 (𝑓(𝑟)) = 0 ⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) + = 0 ⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) = − ⇒ =
𝑟 𝑟 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) 𝑟
Integrating 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓 ′ (𝑟) = −2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐, where c is constant.

𝑐
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓 ′ (𝑟) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑟2
𝑐
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) =
𝑟2
−𝑐 𝛼
Again integrating we get 𝑓(𝑟) = +𝑑 = +𝛽
𝑟 𝑟
Page 23 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
Problem 11:
Show that ∇2 𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑟 𝑛−2 where n is consrtant.
Solution:
2 𝑛
𝜕 2𝑟𝑛 𝜕 2𝑟 𝑛 𝜕 2𝑟 𝑛
∇ 𝑟 = + +
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕𝑟 𝑛 𝜕𝑟
Now 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑟 𝑛 𝑥
= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1
𝜕𝑥 𝑟
= 𝑛𝑥𝑟 𝑛−2
𝜕 2𝑟 𝑛 𝑛−3
𝜕𝑟
2
= 𝑛 {𝑥(𝑛 − 2)𝑟 + 𝑟 𝑛−2 }
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑥
= 𝑛 (𝑥(𝑛 − 2)𝑟 𝑛−3 + 𝑟 𝑛−2 )
𝑟
= 𝑛(𝑥 2 (𝑛 − 2)𝑟 𝑛−4 + 𝑟 𝑛−2 )
𝜕2𝑟 𝑛
Similarly = 𝑛(𝑦 2 (𝑛 − 2)𝑟 𝑛−4 + 𝑟 𝑛−2 )
𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕 2𝑟 𝑛
2
= 𝑛(𝑧 2 (𝑛 − 2)𝑟 𝑛−4 + 𝑟 𝑛−2 )
𝜕𝑧
∇2 𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑥 2 (𝑛 − 2)𝑟 𝑛−4 + 𝑟 𝑛−2 + 𝑦 2 (𝑛 − 2)𝑟 𝑛−4 + 𝑟 𝑛−2 + 𝑧 2 (𝑛 − 2)𝑟 𝑛−4 + 𝑟 𝑛−2 )
= 𝑛((𝑛 − 2)𝑟 𝑛−4 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) + 3𝑟 𝑛−2 )
= 𝑛((𝑛 − 2)𝑟 𝑛−4 𝑟 2 + 3𝑟 𝑛−2 )
= 𝑛((𝑛 − 2)𝑟 𝑛−2 + 3𝑟 𝑛−2 )
= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 (𝑛 − 2 + 3)
= 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑟 𝑛−2
Problem 12:
1
Show that ∇2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 = 𝑟 2
Solution:
Page 24 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
2
𝜕 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 𝜕 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 𝜕 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟
∇ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 = + +
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 1 𝜕𝑟
=
𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 1 𝑥 𝑥
= = 2
𝜕𝑥 𝑟𝑟 𝑟
2 𝜕𝑟
𝜕 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 𝑟 . 1 − 𝑥. 2𝑟 𝜕𝑥
=
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑟4
𝑥
𝑟 2 − 𝑥. 2𝑟 𝑟
=
𝑟4
𝑟 2 − 2𝑥 2
=
𝑟4
𝜕2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 𝑟 2 −2𝑦 2
Similarly =
𝜕𝑦 2 𝑟4
𝜕 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 𝑟 2 − 2𝑧 2
=
𝜕𝑧 2 𝑟4
𝑟 2 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑟 2 − 2𝑦 2 + 𝑟 2 − 2𝑧 2
∇2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 =
𝑟4
3𝑟 2 − 2(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
=
𝑟4
3𝑟 2 − 2𝑟 2 𝑟 2 1
= = =
𝑟4 𝑟4 𝑟2
Page 25 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
UNIT - III
INTEGRATION OF POINT FUNCTION
Line integrals
Line integral along an arc C:
Let (x,y,z) be any point on an arc C whose parametric equations are x=x(t),y=y(t),z=z(t) and
⃗⃗
the vector equation is 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥(𝑡)𝑖⃗ + 𝑦(𝑡)𝑗⃗ + 𝑧(𝑡)𝑘
Let the end points of C be A,B given by 𝑡 = 𝑡1 , 𝑡 = 𝑡2
Let a vector point function 𝑓⃗(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑓1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑓2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑓3 𝑘

⃗⃗ be defined on C.
𝑡
Then the integral ∫𝑡 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑓. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫𝐶 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫𝐶 𝑓⃗. (𝑑𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘
⃗⃗ ) = ∫ 𝑓1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑓3 𝑑𝑧
1
is a line integral, called the integral of the tangential component of 𝑓⃗ along C because, if 𝑡̂ is
the unit vector tangential to C, then 𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑟𝑡̂ , 𝑓. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (𝑓̂. 𝑡̂)𝑑𝑟
Theorem:
The necessary and sufficient condition for the line integral∫𝐶(𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑓. 𝑑𝑟⃗ to be independent
1 ,𝐴2 )
of the path of integration is the existence of a scalar point function ϕ such that 𝑓⃗ = ∇ϕ
Proof:
Necessary part:
Given that the line integral depends on the end points alone, we have to establish the
existence of a ϕ such that 𝑓⃗ = ∇ϕ
Suppose that 𝑓⃗ is defined in D and that the symbol (𝐴1 𝑃) denotes any curve in D joining 𝐴1
and P. If P(x,y,z) is a variable point in D, then the line integral, ∫ 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ depends on P and
(𝐴1 𝑃)
not on the curve (𝐴1 𝑃)
Hence the above integral defines a scalar point function in D. Let this function be denoted
by ϕ(P) that is ϕ(x,y,z).
Then ϕ(x, y, z) = ∫(𝐴 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗

1 𝑃)
(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
=∫ 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗
(𝑥1 ,𝑦1 ,𝑧1 )
Let 𝑃1 (𝑥 + ∆𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) be a point in D in the neighbourhood of P. Then
Page 26 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
ϕ(x∆x, y, z) = ∫ 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗

(𝐴1 𝑃1 )
=∫ 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗
(𝐴1 𝑃𝑃1 )
=∫ 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗
(𝐴1 𝑃)
=∫ 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗
(𝑃𝑃1 )
= ϕ(x, y, z) + ∫ 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗

(𝑃𝑃1 )
ϕ(x∆x, y, z) − ϕ(x, y, z) = ∫ 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗

(𝑃𝑃1 )
since the line integral is independent of the path of the integration in D, we shall evaluate
the integral in ∫ 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ by choosing 𝑃𝑃1 as the straight line joining P and 𝑃1 .
(𝑃𝑃1 )
This path is evidently parallel to the x-axis and along it dy=0 and dz=0. So, if 𝑓⃗ = 𝑓1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑓2 𝑗⃗ +
⃗⃗ , then ∫
𝑓3 𝑘 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ becomes
(𝑃𝑃1 )
P1
⃗⃗ ). 𝑑𝑥 𝑖⃗
ϕ(x∆x, y, z) − ϕ(x, y, z) = ∫ (𝑓1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑓2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑓3 𝑘
P
P1 (x+∆x,y,z)
= ∫ f1 dx = ∫ f1 dx
P (x,y,z)
(x+∆x,y,z)
ϕ(x∆x, y, z) − ϕ(x, y, z) 1
= ∫ f1 dx
∆x ∆x
(x,y,z)
𝜕𝜙
Taking limit as 𝑃1 → 𝑃, that is ∆𝑥 → 0, we get 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑓1
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
and similarly 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑓2 , 𝜕𝑧 = 𝑓3
⃗⃗ = 𝜕𝜙 𝑖⃗ + 𝜕𝜙 𝑗⃗ + 𝜕𝜙 𝑘
Thus 𝑓⃗ = 𝑓1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑓2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑓3 𝑘 ⃗⃗ = ∇𝜙
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Sufficient part:
Page 27 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
Given that there exists a 𝜙 such that ∇𝜙 = 𝑓⃗, we have to show that the line integral is
independent of the path of integration. Let C be an arbitrary curve with end points
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ).
Now ∫𝐶 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫𝐶 ∇𝜙. 𝑑𝑟⃗
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
= ∫ ( 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + ⃗⃗ ) . (𝑑𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘
𝑘 ⃗⃗ )
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
= ∫ ( 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧)
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= ∫𝐶 𝑑𝜙 = 𝜙 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) − 𝜙(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) which is independent of the configuration of C.
Conservative field and scalar potential:
If a vector field 𝑓⃗ is such that there exists a scalar point function 𝜙 such that 𝑓⃗ = ∇𝜙, then 𝑓⃗
is said to be a conservative field and 𝜙 is said to be its scalar potential.
Theorem:
In a conservative field 𝑓⃗, ∫𝐶 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 0, where C is any simple closed curve.
Proof:
Let A,E,B,F be points on C taken in the sense inwhich C is oriented as shown in the figure.
Now ∫𝐶 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫𝐴𝐸𝐵 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ + ∫𝐵𝐹𝐴 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗
=∫ 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ − ∫ 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗

𝐴𝐸𝐵 𝐴𝐹𝐵
=∫ 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ − ∫ 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 0

𝐴𝐸𝐵 𝐴𝐸𝐵
Theorem:
The necessary and sufficient condition for a vector field 𝑓⃗ to be conservative is that
∇ × 𝑓⃗ = ⃗0⃗
Proof:
Necessary part:
The field is conservative.
Let 𝜙 be the scalar potential. Then ∇ × 𝑓⃗ = ∇ × ∇𝜙 = ⃗0⃗
Page 28 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
Sufficient part:
∇ × 𝑓⃗ = ⃗0⃗
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑘
i.e.) | 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
|=0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
f1 f2 f3
𝜕f3 𝜕f2 𝜕f3 𝜕f1 𝜕f 𝜕f

⇒ 𝑖⃗ ( − ) − 𝑗⃗ ( − ⃗⃗ ( 2 − 1 ) = 0
)+𝑘
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕f3 𝜕f2 𝜕f3 𝜕f1 𝜕f2 𝜕f1

⇒ − = 0, − = 0, − =0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Let 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) be a fixed point and P(x,y,z), a variable point.
Let (𝑥, 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧1 ) be B and C.
Then ∫𝐴𝐵𝐶𝑃 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫𝐴𝐵𝐶𝑃 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑧
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= ∫ 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧1 )𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑧
𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑧1
It is a scalar point function of P, say 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧).

𝜕𝜙
Now 𝜕𝑧 = 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
𝑧
𝜕𝜙 𝜕
= 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧1 ) + ∫ 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑦 𝑧1 𝜕𝑦
= 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧1 )
𝑧
𝜕
+∫ 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧1 ) + [𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)]𝑧𝑧1 = 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
𝑧1 𝜕𝑧
𝑦 𝑧
𝜕𝜙 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) + ∫ 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧1 )𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )
𝜕𝑦 𝑦1 𝜕𝑥 𝑧1 𝜕𝑥
𝑦 𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝑦
+∫ 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧1 )𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) + [𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧1 )]𝑦1
𝑦1 𝜕𝑦 𝑧1 𝜕𝑧
𝑧
+ [𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)]𝑧1 = 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
Therefore a scalar function 𝜙 exists such that 𝑓⃗ = 𝜕𝑥 𝑖⃗ + 𝜕𝑦 𝑗⃗ + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘
⃗⃗ = ∇𝜙.
Hence 𝑓⃗ is a conservative field.
Page 29 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
Problem 1:
⃗⃗ in the following cases:

Find the value of the integral ∫𝐶 𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ where 𝐴⃗ = 𝑦𝑧𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑥𝑗⃗ − 𝑥𝑦𝑘
i) C is the curve whose parametric equations are 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 3 drawn from

𝑂(0,0,0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄(2,4,8)
ii) Cis the curve obtained by joining O to A(2,0,0,), then A to B(2,4,0) and then B to
Q by straight lines.
iii) C is the straight line joining O to Q.
Solution:
⃗⃗
i)If 𝑟⃗ is the position of a general point P on C, then the equation of C is 𝑟⃗ = 𝑡𝑖⃗ + 𝑡 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑡 3 𝑘
where t takes the values from 0 to 2.
⃗⃗ or 𝑡 5 𝑖⃗ + 𝑡 4 𝑗⃗ − 𝑡 3 𝑘
The value of A at P is 𝑡 2 𝑡 3 𝑖⃗ + 𝑡 3 𝑡𝑗⃗ − 𝑡𝑡 2 𝑘 ⃗⃗
2 ⃗⃗ )
𝑑(𝑡𝑖⃗ + 𝑡 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑡 3 𝑘
⃗⃗ ).
∫𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑡 5 𝑖⃗ + 𝑡 4 𝑗⃗ − 𝑡 3 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝐶 0 𝑑𝑡
2
⃗⃗ ). (𝑖⃗ + 2𝑡𝑗⃗ + 3𝑡 2 𝑘
= ∫ (𝑡 5 𝑖⃗ + 𝑡 4 𝑗⃗ − 𝑡 3 𝑘 ⃗⃗ )𝑑𝑡
0
2
= ∫0 (𝑡 5 + 2𝑡 5 − 3𝑡 5 ) 𝑑𝑡 = 0
⃗⃗
ii)the position vectors of O,A,B,Q are 0,2𝑖⃗, 2𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗, 2𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ + 8𝑘
since 𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)𝑎⃗ + 𝑡𝑏⃗⃗, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1 is the parametric equation of the straight line segment
joining the points whose position vectors are 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗, the parametric equations of the line
segments OA,AB,BQ are
⃗⃗ + 𝑡(2𝑖⃗) = 2𝑡𝑖⃗
𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)0
𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)2𝑖⃗ + 𝑡(2𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗) = 2𝑖⃗ + 4𝑡𝑗⃗
⃗⃗ ) = 2𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ + 8𝑡𝑘

𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)(2𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗) + 𝑡(2𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ + 8𝑘 ⃗⃗
Where t runs from 0 to 1.

1
𝑑(2𝑡𝑖⃗)
⃗⃗ }.
∫ 𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ {0.0𝑖⃗ + (0)(2𝑡)𝑗⃗ − (2𝑡)(0)𝑘 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑂𝐴 0 𝑑𝑡
1 1
𝑑(2𝑖⃗ + 4𝑡𝑗⃗)
⃗⃗ }.
∫ 𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ {4𝑡. 0𝑖⃗ + (0)(2)𝑗⃗ − (2)(4𝑡)𝑘 ⃗⃗ . 4𝑗⃗𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡 = − ∫ 8𝑡𝑘
𝐴𝐵 0 𝑑𝑡 0
Page 30 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
1 ⃗⃗ )
𝑑(2𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ + 8𝑡𝑘
⃗⃗ }.
∫ 𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ {4.8𝑡𝑖⃗ + (8𝑡)(2)𝑗⃗ − (2)(4)𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝐵𝑄 0 𝑑𝑡
1
1
⃗⃗ ). 8𝑘
= ∫ (32𝑡𝑖⃗ + 16𝑡𝑗⃗ − 16𝑘 ⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ −64𝑑𝑡 = −64
0
0
∫ 𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ + ∫ 𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ + ∫ 𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 0 + 0 − 64 = 64

𝐶 𝑂𝐴 𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑄
⃗⃗ )
⃗⃗ + 𝑡(2𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ + 8𝑘
iii)The equation of the straight line OQ is 𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)0
⃗⃗ ), 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
= 𝑡(2𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ + 8𝑘
1 ⃗⃗ )
𝑑𝑡(2𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ + 8𝑘
⃗⃗ }.
∫ 𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ {4𝑡. 8𝑡𝑖⃗ + (8𝑡)(2𝑡)𝑗⃗ − (2𝑡)(4𝑡)𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝐶 0 𝑑𝑡
1
⃗⃗ ). (2𝑖⃗ + 4𝑗⃗ + 8𝑘
= ∫ (32𝑡 2 𝑖⃗ + 16𝑡 2 𝑗⃗ − 8𝑡 2 𝑘 ⃗⃗ )𝑑𝑡
0
1 1 1
2 2 2 )𝑑𝑡
𝑡32
64
= ∫(64𝑡 + 64𝑡 − 64𝑡 = ∫ 64𝑡 = 64 [ ] =
3 0 3
0 0
Problem 2:
Evaluate the following integrals if C is the arc of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥, 𝑧 = 0 from
1
⃗⃗ ∫ ϕds, ∫ ⃗A⃗ds, ∫ ⃗A⃗. dr⃗, ∫ ⃗A⃗ × dr⃗
(0,0,0) 𝑡𝑜 ( , 1,0) and ϕ=3y-z, 𝐴⃗ = 2𝑥𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑧𝑘
2 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
Solution:
1
Writing t for y, we get the parametric equations of C as 𝑥 = 2 𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 = 0, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
1
The parametric vector equation of C is 𝑟⃗ = 2 𝑡 2 𝑖⃗ + 𝑡𝑗⃗
Then ϕ = 3y − z = 3t
1 1 1
dr 1
∫ ϕds = ∫ ϕ | | dt = ∫{3t − 0} |𝑡𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗|𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 3𝑡 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2 𝑑𝑡
𝐶 dt
0 0 0
Put𝑢 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑡𝑑𝑡

3 1
1 1 3⁄
1 du 3 1 3 (1+u)2
Hence ∫𝐶 ϕds = ∫0 3(1 + u) 2 = ∫ (1 + u) du =
2 [ 3⁄ ] =2 2 − 1 = 2√2 − 1
2 2 0 2 2
0
Page 31 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
1
1 1
⃗⃗ )|𝑡𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗|𝑑𝑡
∫ ⃗A⃗ds = ∫(2 𝑡 2 𝑡𝑖⃗ + 𝑡𝑗⃗ + 𝑡 2 (0)𝑘
𝐶 2 2
0
1 1 1
1 1 1
3 2 )2 3 (1 2 )2
= ∫(𝑡 𝑖⃗ + 𝑡𝑗⃗)(1 + 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑖⃗ ∫ 𝑡 +𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑗⃗ ∫ 𝑡(1 + 𝑡 2 )2 𝑑𝑡
0 0 0
Put𝑢 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑡𝑑𝑡

1 1
du 1 1 du
∫ ⃗A⃗ds = 𝑖⃗ ∫ 𝑢 (1 + u) + 𝑗⃗ ∫(1 + u)2
2
𝐶 2 2
0 0
3 1 1 3 3 1
𝑖⃗ (1 + u) (1 + u)22 𝑗⃗ (1 + u)2
= [[𝑢 ] −∫ du] + [ ]
2 3⁄ 3⁄ 2 3⁄
2 0 0 2 2 0
5 1
3⁄2 3
𝑖⃗ 2. 2 2 (1 + u) 𝑗⃗ 2. 2 ⁄2 22
= [ − [ ] ]+ [ − ]
2 3 3 5⁄ 2 3 3
2 0
5 3
𝑖⃗ 2. 23⁄2 2 (2)2 − 1 𝑗⃗ 2. 2 ⁄2 3
= [ − [ ]] + [ − ]
2 3 3 5⁄ 2 3 2
2
5 3
23⁄2 2 (2)2 − 1 2 ⁄2 1
= 𝑖⃗ [ − [ ]] + 𝑗⃗ [ − ]
3 3 5 3 3
2√2 2 4√2 − 1 2√2 1

= 𝑖⃗ [ − [ ]] + 𝑗⃗ [ − ]
3 3 5 3 3
10√2 − 8√2 + 2 2√2 − 1

= 𝑖⃗ [ ] + 𝑗⃗ [ ]
15 3
2√2 + 2 2√2 − 1
= 𝑖⃗ [ ] + 𝑗⃗ [ ]
15 3
1 1
𝑑 (2 𝑡 2⃗i + tj⃗)
∫ ⃗A⃗ . 𝑑r⃗ = ∫(𝑡 3 𝑖⃗ + 𝑡𝑗⃗). 𝑑𝑡
𝐶 𝑑𝑡
0
= ∫(𝑡 3 𝑖⃗ + 𝑡𝑗⃗). (𝑡i⃗ + ⃗j)𝑑𝑡

0
Page 32 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
1 1
4
𝑡5 𝑡2 1 1 7
= ∫(𝑡 + 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = [ + ] = + =
5 2 0 5 2 10
0
1 1
𝑑 (2 𝑡 2⃗i + tj⃗)
∫ ⃗A⃗ × 𝑑r⃗ = ∫(𝑡 3 𝑖⃗ + 𝑡𝑗⃗) × 𝑑𝑡
𝐶 𝑑𝑡
0
= ∫(𝑡 3 𝑖⃗ + 𝑡𝑗⃗) × (𝑡i⃗ + ⃗j)𝑑𝑡

0
= ∫ ⃗⃗
k(t 3 − t 2 )dt
0
1
t4 t3 1 1 ⃗⃗
k
= ⃗⃗
k[ − ] = ⃗⃗
k( − ) = −
4 3 0 4 3 12
Problem 3:
If F ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ = 2xyi⃗ + yj⃗ + xzk and C is the arc of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥, 𝑧 =
1 7
0 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (0,0,0) 𝑡𝑜 (2 , 1,0), then show that ∫𝐶 ⃗F⃗ . 𝑑r⃗ = 10
Solution:
⃗⃗
⃗⃗ = 2xyi⃗ + yj⃗ + xzk
Given F
⃗⃗). (dxi⃗ + dyj⃗ + dzk

Then ⃗F⃗. 𝑑r⃗ = (2xyi⃗ + yj⃗ + xzk ⃗⃗) = 2xydx + ydy + xzdz
𝑡2
Let 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = ,𝑧 = 0
2
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑧 = 0
Also t varies from 0 to 1.

1
t2
⃗⃗ . 𝑑r⃗ = ∫ 2
∫ F ttdt + tdt
𝐶 2
0
1 1
4
𝑡5 𝑡2 1 1 7
= ∫(𝑡 + 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = [ + ] = + =
5 2 0 5 2 10
0
Problem 4:
Page 33 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
Evaluate the integral ∬ ⃗A⃗ . n ⃗⃗ and S is the surface of the portion of

⃗⃗dS if ⃗A⃗ = 4yi⃗ + 18zj⃗ − xk
the plane 3x+2y+6z=6 contained in the first octant.
Solution:
Let ABC be the given surface S.
Then the projection R of S on the xoy plane is OAB.Now
∇(3x + 2y + 6z − 6)
⃗⃗ =
n
|∇(3x + 2y + 6z − 6)|
⃗⃗
3i⃗ + 2j⃗ + 6k
=
⃗⃗|
|3i⃗ + 2j⃗ + 6k
⃗⃗
3i⃗ + 2j⃗ + 6k
=
√9 + 4 + 36
⃗⃗ 3
3i⃗ + 2j⃗ + 6k 2 6
= = ⃗i + ⃗j + k⃗⃗
7 7 7 7
dxdy (4yi⃗ + 18zj⃗ − xk⃗⃗). (3 ⃗i + 2 ⃗j + 6 ⃗⃗

k)
7 7 7
∬ ⃗A⃗ . n
⃗⃗dS = ∬ ⃗A⃗. n
⃗⃗ =∬ 3 2 6
dxdy
⃗⃗. ⃗⃗
|n k| |( ⃗i + ⃗j + ⃗⃗ k) . ⃗⃗
k|
7 7 7
12 36 6
y+ z − 7x
7 7
=∬ 6 dxdy
7
= ∬(2y + 6z − x)dxdy
= ∬(2y + 6 − 3x − 2y − x)dxdy = ∬(6 − 4x)dxdy
Let AA’ be parallel to the y-axis.
Then the region R lies between the y-axis and AA’, where A is (2,0,0).
Thus 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2.
3(2−𝑥)
With this the restriction of a point of R, the y coordinates varies from 𝑦 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 = 2
since R is bounded by OA and AB.
Page 34 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
3(2−𝑥)
2 2 2
3(2−𝑥)
⃗⃗ . n
∬A ⃗⃗dS = ∫ ∫ (6 − 4x)dydx = ∫[6y − 4xy]0 2
dx
0 0 0
2
3(2 − 𝑥) 3(2 − 𝑥)
= ∫ (6 − 4𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
0
2
= ∫(9(2 − 𝑥) − 6𝑥(2 − 𝑥))𝑑𝑥

0
2 2
= ∫(18 − 9𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫(18 − 21𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 )dx

0 0
2 3 2
21x x
= [18x − + 6 ] = 36 − 42 + 16 = 10
2 3 0
Problem 5:
⃗⃗ and S is the surface of the cube bounded by

Evaluate ∬𝑆 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 if 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
the planes x=0,x=1,y=0,y=1,z=0,z=1.
Solution:
Suppose the faces whose equations are x=0,x=1,y=0,y=1,z=0,z=1 are respectively named
𝑆1 , 𝑆2 , 𝑆3 , 𝑆4 , 𝑆5 , 𝑆6 and 𝑛⃗⃗ denotes the unit vector normal to them.
⃗⃗ , 𝑛⃗⃗ = −𝑖⃗
Now on 𝑆1 , 𝑥 = 0, 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
1 1
−1
⃗⃗ ). − 𝑖⃗𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = ∫ ∫ −𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 =
∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ (𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
𝑆1 𝑆1 2
0 0
⃗⃗ , 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑖⃗
Now on 𝑆2 , 𝑥 = 1, 𝐹⃗ = (1 + 𝑦)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
⃗⃗ ) . 𝑖⃗𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ ((1 + 𝑦)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
𝑆2 𝑆2
1 1
= ∫ ∫(1 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0
1 1
𝑦2 3
= ∫ [𝑦 + ] 𝑑𝑧 =
2 0 2
0
⃗⃗ , 𝑛⃗⃗ = −𝑗⃗
Now on 𝑆3 , 𝑦 = 0, 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
Page 35 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
1 1
−1
⃗⃗ ). − 𝑗⃗𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 = ∫ ∫ −𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 =
∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ (𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
𝑆3 𝑆3 2
0 0
⃗⃗ , 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑗⃗
Now on 𝑆4 , 𝑦 = 1, 𝐹⃗ = (1 + 𝑥)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
⃗⃗ ) . 𝑗⃗𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ ((1 + 𝑥)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
𝑆4 𝑆4
1 1
1
= ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 =
2
0 0
⃗⃗
Now on 𝑆5 , 𝑧 = 0, 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗, 𝑛⃗⃗ = −𝑘
1 1
⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 0𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ ((𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗). − 𝑘
𝑆5 𝑆5
0 0
⃗⃗ , 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑘
Now on 𝑆6 , 𝑧 = 1, 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ ) . 𝑘
∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ ((𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑆6 𝑆6
1 1
= ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 1
0 0
∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 + ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 + ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 + ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 + ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆

𝑆 𝑆1 𝑆2 𝑆3 𝑆4 𝑆5
−1 3 1 1
+ ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = + − + +0+1=2
𝑆6 2 2 2 2
Problem 6:
⃗⃗ and S is the surface of the cylinder 𝑥 2 +

Evaluate ∬𝑆 𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 if 𝐴⃗ = 𝑦𝑧𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘
𝑦 2 = 9 contained in the first octant between the planes z=0 and z=2.
Solution:
∇(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 −9)
The unit normal on S is 𝑛⃗⃗ = |∇(𝑥2+𝑦 2−9)|
2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗
=
|2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗|
Page 36 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗
=
√4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2
2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗
=
√36
2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗
=
6
𝑥 𝑦
= 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗
3 3
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
∬ 𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗
𝑆 𝑅 𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑗⃗
𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2𝑦 3 3𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

⃗⃗ ). ( 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗)
= ∬(𝑦𝑧𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘 = ∬( + )
3 3 𝑦⁄3 3 3 𝑦
𝑅 𝑅
= ∬(𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 = ∬(𝑥𝑧 + 2(9 − 𝑥 2 ))𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

𝑅 𝑅
3 2
= ∫ ∫(𝑥𝑧 + 18 − 2𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥
0 0
3 2 3
𝑧2
= ∫ [𝑥 + 18𝑧 − 2𝑥 2 𝑧] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(2𝑥 + 36 − 4𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
2 0
0 0
2 3 3
𝑥 4𝑥
= [2 + 36𝑥 − ] = 9 + 108 − 36 = 81
2 3 0
Problem 7:
Find the area of the curved surface of the region common to the cylinders 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 =
𝑎2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 contained in the first octant.
Solution:
Let the curved surface belonging to the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 be 𝑆1 and that belonging to
the cylinder𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 be 𝑆2
∇(𝑥 2 +𝑧 2 −𝑎2 ) ⃗⃗
2𝑥𝑖⃗+2𝑧𝑘 ⃗⃗
2𝑥𝑖⃗+2𝑧𝑘 ⃗⃗
2𝑥𝑖⃗+2𝑧𝑘 𝑥 𝑧
For the surface 𝑆1 , 𝑛⃗⃗ = |∇(𝑥 2+𝑧 2−𝑎2)| = |2𝑥𝑖⃗+2𝑧𝑘⃗⃗| = √4𝑥 2 = ⃗⃗
= 𝑎 𝑖⃗ + 𝑎 𝑘
+4𝑧 2 2𝑎
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑎 𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Area of𝑆1 = ∬𝑆 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ ⃗⃗
⃗⃗.𝑘
= ∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎 ∫0 ∫0 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2
= 𝑎 ∫0 [𝑦]√𝑎
0 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2
=
1 𝑛 𝑧
𝑎 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 ∫0 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 √𝑎2 = 𝑎[𝑥]𝑎0 = 𝑎2
−𝑥 2
By symmetry, Area of𝑆1 = Area of𝑆2
Page 37 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
Thus the total area=2𝑎2
Problem 8:
⃗⃗ and S is the surface of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 +

Evaluate ∬𝑆 𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆, if 𝐴⃗ = 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ − 2𝑧𝑘
𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 above the XOY plane.
Solution:
If 𝑛⃗⃗ is the unit normal to the elementary surface area of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 , then
∇(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 ) ⃗⃗
2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘 ⃗⃗
2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘
𝑛⃗⃗ = = =
|∇(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 )| |2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘
⃗⃗ | √4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 4𝑧 2
⃗⃗ 𝑥
2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘 𝑦 𝑧
= = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗
2𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑆 = = 𝑧 = =
⃗⃗
𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑘 ⁄𝑎 𝑧 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑧 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ = (𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ − 2𝑧𝑘⃗⃗ ). ( 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗ ) = =
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 2𝑎2
=
𝑎
3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 2𝑎2 𝑎𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∬ 𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬
𝑆 𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
𝑅
Where R is the circular area which is the projection of S on XOY plane.
Changing into polar coordinates, 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
r varies from 0 to a and 𝜃 varies from 0 to 2𝜋

𝑎 2𝜋 𝑎 2𝜋 𝑎
3𝑟 2 − 2𝑎2 3𝑟 2 − 2𝑎2 3𝑟 2 − 2𝑎2
∬ 𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ |𝐽|𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 = ∫ ∫ 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑟𝑑𝑟[𝜃]2𝜋
0
𝑆 √𝑎2 − 𝑟2 √𝑎2 − 𝑟2 √𝑎2 − 𝑟2
0 0 0 0 0
𝑎
3𝑟 2 − 2𝑎2
= 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑟𝑑𝑟
√𝑎2 − 𝑟 2
0
Put 𝑡 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 , 2𝑡𝑑𝑡 = −2𝑟𝑑𝑟, 𝑟𝑑𝑟 = −𝑡𝑑𝑡
Limits of t from a to 0
Page 38 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
0
3(𝑎2 − 𝑡 2 ) − 2𝑎2
∬ 𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ (−𝑡𝑑𝑡)
𝑆 𝑡
𝑎
0
= −2𝜋 ∫(3𝑎2 − 3𝑡 2 − 2𝑎2 )𝑑𝑡

𝑎
0 0
2 2 )𝑑𝑡 2
3𝑡 3
= −2𝜋 ∫(𝑎 − 3𝑡 = −2𝜋 [𝑎 𝑡 − ] = −2𝜋(0 − 𝑎3 + 𝑎3 ) = 0
3 𝑎
𝑎
Problem 9:
⃗⃗ and S is the surface of the parabolic cylinder 𝑦 2 −

Evaluate ∬𝑆 𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 if 𝐴⃗ = 𝑦𝑖⃗ − 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
4𝑥 = 0 in the first octant bounded by the planes x=4 and z=3.
Solution:
∇(𝑦 2 − 4𝑥) −4𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ −4𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ −4𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗

𝑛⃗⃗ = 2
= = =
|∇(𝑦 − 4𝑥)| |−4𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗| √16 + 4𝑦 2 2√4 + 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 √4 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

𝑑𝑆 = = =
𝑛⃗⃗. 𝑗⃗ 2𝑦 𝑦
⁄ 2
2√4 + 𝑦
−4𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ −4𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦

⃗⃗ ). (
𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ = (𝑦𝑖⃗ − 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘 )=
2√4 + 𝑦 2 2√4 + 𝑦 2
−4𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 √4 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

∬ 𝐴⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬
𝑆 𝑆 2√4 + 𝑦 2 𝑦
4 3 4
= ∬ −(2 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 = − ∫ ∫(2 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 = − ∫(2 + 𝑥) [𝑧]30 𝑑𝑥

𝑅 0 0 0
4
𝑥2
= −3 [2𝑥 + ] = −3(8 + 8) = −48
2 0
Page 39 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
UNIT - IV
VOLUME INTEGRAL
Problem 1:
⃗⃗ and if V is the volume of the region enclosed by

Evaluate ∭𝑉 ∇. 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉if 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 2 𝑖⃗ + 𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 2 𝑘
the cube 0 ≤ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ≤ 1
Solution:
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇. 𝐹⃗ = ( 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ ) . (𝑥 2 𝑖⃗ + 𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 2 𝑘
⃗⃗ ) = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
1 1 1
∭ ∇. 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = 2 ∫ ∫ ∫(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑉 0 0 0
1 1 1
𝑧2
= 2 ∫ ∫ [𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧 + ] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 0
0 0
1 1
1
= 2 ∫ ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2
0 0
1 1
𝑦2 𝑦
= 2 ∫ [𝑥𝑦 + + ] 𝑑𝑥
2 20
0
1
1 1
= 2 ∫ (𝑥 + + ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
0
= 2 ∫(𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
0
1
𝑥2 1
= 2 [ + 𝑥] = 2 ( + 1) = 1 + 2 = 3
2 0
2
Problem 2:
Evaluate ∭𝑉 45𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑉 where V is the closed region bounded by the planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 =
0, 𝑧 = 0,4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 8
Solution:
Page 40 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
Considering the x-coordinates of the points in the region, the region is bounded by the
planes x=0 and x=2
Considering the y-coordinates of the points in the region, the region is bounded by the
planes y=0 and 4x+2y=8,i.e)y=4-2x
Considering the z-coordinates of the points in the region, the region is bounded by the
planes z=0 and 4x+2y+z=8,i.e)z=8-4x-2y
2 4−2𝑥 8−4𝑥−2𝑦
∭ 45𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 45𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑉 0 0 0
2 4−2𝑥
8−4𝑥−2𝑦
= 45 ∫ ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑦[𝑧]0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0
2 4−2𝑥
= 45 ∫ ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑦(8 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0
2 4−2𝑥
= 45 ∫ ∫ (8𝑥 2 𝑦 − 4𝑥 3 𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0
2 4−2𝑥
𝑦2 23
𝑦2 2
𝑦3
= 45 ∫ [8𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
2 2 3 0
0
2
2𝑥 2 (4 − 2𝑥)3
= 45 ∫ [4𝑥 2 (4 − 2𝑥)2 − 2𝑥 3 (4 − 2𝑥)2 − ] 𝑑𝑥
3
0
2
2𝑥 2
= 45 ∫ [4𝑥 2 (16 + 4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥) − 2𝑥 3 (16 + 4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥) − (64 − 96𝑥 + 48𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 3 )]
3
0
2
128𝑥 2
= 45 ∫ (64𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 4 − 64𝑥 3 − 32𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 5 + 32𝑥 4 − + 64𝑥 3 − 32𝑥 4
3
0
16𝑥 5
+ ) 𝑑𝑥
3
2
64𝑥 3 16𝑥 5 64𝑥 4 32𝑥 4 8𝑥 6 32𝑥 5 128𝑥 3 64𝑥 4 32𝑥 5 16𝑥 6
= 45 [ + − − − + − + − + ]
3 5 4 4 6 5 9 4 5 18 0
Page 41 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
64.8 16.32 4.64 32.32 128.8 32.32 8.64

= 45 [ + − 16.16 − 8.16 − + − + 16.16 − + ]
3 5 3 5 9 5 9
64.8 16.32 4.64 128.8 8.64
= 45 [ + − 8.16 − − + ]
3 5 3 9 9
15.64.8 + 16.32.9 − 8.16.45 − 4.64.15 − 128.8.5 + 8.64.5
= 45 [ ]
45
= 7680 + 4608 − 5760 − 3840 − 5120 + 2560 = 128
Problem 3:
⃗⃗ and V is the volume of the region enclosed

Evaluate ∭𝑉 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉, where 𝐹⃗ = 2𝑥𝑧𝑖⃗ − 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑦 2 𝑘
by the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 between the planes z=0 and z=c
Solution: ⃗⃗ )𝑑𝑉 = 𝑖⃗ ∭ 2𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑉 − 𝑗⃗ ∭ 𝑥𝑑𝑉 +

∭𝑉 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∭𝑉 (2𝑥𝑧𝑖⃗ − 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑦 2 𝑘 𝑉 𝑉
⃗⃗ ∭ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑖⃗𝐼1 − 𝑗⃗𝐼2 + 𝑘
𝑘 ⃗⃗ 𝐼3
𝑉
We use the cylindrical coordinates, 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑧 = 𝑧
The limits are 𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎, 𝜃 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋, 𝑧 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑐.
𝑎 2𝜋 𝑐 𝑎 2𝜋 𝑐
𝑧2 2
𝐼1 = 2 ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑧𝑟𝑑𝑧𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟 = 2 ∫ ∫ 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 [ ] 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟
2 0
0 0 0 0 0
𝑎 2𝜋 𝑎
𝑐2
= 2 ∫ ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟 = 𝑐 2 ∫ 𝑟 2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃]2𝜋
0 𝑑𝑟 = 0
2
0 0 0
𝑎 2𝜋 𝑐 𝑎 2𝜋
𝐼2 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑟𝑑𝑧𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟 = ∫ ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃[𝑧]𝑐0 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟

0 0 0 0 0
𝑎 2𝜋 𝑎
= 𝑐 ∫ ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟 = 𝑐 ∫ 𝑟 2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃]2𝜋
0 𝑑𝑟 = 0
0 0 0
𝑎 2𝜋 𝑐 𝑎 2𝜋
𝐼3 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑟𝑑𝑧𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟 = ∫ ∫ 𝑟 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃[𝑧]𝑐0 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟

0 0 0 0 0
𝑎 2𝜋
= 𝑐 ∫ ∫ 𝑟 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟
0 0
𝑎 2𝜋
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
= 𝑐 ∫ ∫ 𝑟3 ( ) 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟
2
0 0
Page 42 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
𝑎
𝑐 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 2𝜋
= ∫ 𝑟 [𝜃 − ] 𝑑𝑟
2 2 0
0
𝑎 𝑎
𝑐 𝑟4 𝑎4 𝑐𝜋
= ∫ 𝑟 3 2𝜋𝑑𝑟 = 𝑐𝜋 [ ] =
2 4 0 4
0
𝑎4 𝑐𝜋
⃗⃗ 𝐼3 =
∭ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = = 𝑖⃗𝐼1 − 𝑗⃗𝐼2 + 𝑘 ⃗⃗
𝑘
4
𝑉
Gauss divergence theorem:
If V is the volume of a closed surface S and 𝐴⃗, a vector point function with continuous
derivatives in V, then ∬𝑆 𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = ∭𝑉 ∇. 𝐴⃗𝑑𝑉 where 𝑛̂ is the unit normal to the surface S
outwardly.
Problem 1:
Show that, if S is the surface of the parallelepiped formed by the planes

x=0,x=a,y=0,y=b,z=0,z=c, then ∬𝑆 𝑟⃗. 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = 3𝑎𝑏𝑐
Solution:
Gauss divergence theorem is ∬𝑆 𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = ∭𝑉 ∇. 𝐴⃗𝑑𝑉
Using this we have ∬𝑆 𝑟⃗. 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = ∭𝑉 ∇. 𝑟⃗𝑑𝑉
⃗⃗ )𝑑𝑉
= ∭ ∇. (𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
𝑉
= ∭(1 + 1 + 1)𝑑𝑉 = 3 ∭ 𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝑉
= 3𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑑 = 3𝑎𝑏𝑐
Problem 2:
3
⃗⃗ and S is the surface of the cube bounded
Show that ∬𝑆 𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑆 = 2 𝑖𝑓 𝐴⃗ = 4𝑥𝑧𝑖⃗ − 𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘
by x=0,x=1,y=0,y=1,z=0,z=1.
Solution:
Page 43 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
⃗⃗ )𝑑𝑉
Using this ∬𝑆 𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑆 = ∭𝑉 ∇. (4𝑥𝑧𝑖⃗ − 𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘
= ∭(4z − 2y + y)𝑑𝑉
𝑉
= ∭(4z − y)𝑑𝑉
𝑉
1 1 1
= ∫ ∫ ∫(4𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0 0
1 1 1
4𝑧 2
= ∫∫[ − 𝑦𝑧] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 0
0 0
1 1
= ∫ ∫[2 − 𝑦]10 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

0 0
1 1
𝑦2
= ∫ [2𝑦 − ] 𝑑𝑥
2 0
0
1
1
= ∫ (2 − ) 𝑑𝑥
2
0
1
3
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2
0
3 1 3
= [𝑥] =
2 0 2
Problem 3:
⃗⃗ and S is the surface of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 , show that

If 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 3 𝑖⃗ + 𝑦 3 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 3 𝑘
12𝜋𝑎 5
∬𝑆 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑆 = 5 .
Solution:
Using this theorem ∬𝑆 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑆 = ∭𝑉 ∇. 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉
Page 44 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
⃗⃗ )𝑑𝑉
= ∭ ∇. (𝑥 3 𝑖⃗ + 𝑦 3 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 3 𝑘
𝑉
= ∭(3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑉
𝑉
𝑎 𝜋 2𝜋
= 3 ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜑𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟
𝑟=0 𝜃=0 𝜑=0
𝑎 𝜋 2𝜋
= 3 ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑟 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜑𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟
𝑟=0 𝜃=0 𝜑=0
𝑎 𝜋
= 3 ∫ ∫ 𝑟 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃[𝜑]2𝜋
0 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟
0 0
= 6𝜋 ∫ 𝑟 4 [−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]𝜋0 𝑑𝑟
0
𝑎 𝑎
4
𝑟5 12𝜋𝑎5
= 12𝜋 ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 12𝜋 [ ] =
5 0 5
0
Problem 4:
⃗⃗ and S is the surface of the cylindrical solid bounded by 𝑦 =

If𝐴⃗ = 6𝑧𝑖⃗ + (2𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑗⃗ − 𝑥𝑘
0, 𝑦 = 8, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9 then show that ∬𝑆 𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = 18𝜋
Solution:
⃗⃗ )𝑑𝑉
Using this theorem ∬𝑆 𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = ∭𝑉 ∇. (6𝑧𝑖⃗ + (2𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑗⃗ − 𝑥𝑘
= ∭(0 + 1 − 0)𝑑𝑉
𝑉
= ∭ 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑

𝑉
Page 45 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
1 2 1
= 𝜋𝑟 ℎ = 𝜋32 8 = 18𝜋
4 4
Problem 5:
⃗⃗ taken over the region

Verify gauss divergence theorem for 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
bounded by the planes x=0,x=1,y=0,y=1,z=0,z=1.
Solution:
Gauss divergence theorem is ∬𝑆 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = ∭𝑉 ∇. 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉
To find L.H.S:
Suppose the faces whose equations are x=0,x=1,y=0,y=1,z=0,z=1 are respectively named
𝑆1 , 𝑆2 , 𝑆3 , 𝑆4 , 𝑆5 , 𝑆6 and 𝑛⃗⃗ denotes the unit vector normal to them.
⃗⃗ , 𝑛⃗⃗ = −𝑖⃗
Now on 𝑆1 , 𝑥 = 0, 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
1 1
−1
⃗⃗ ). − 𝑖⃗𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = ∫ ∫ −𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 =
∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ (𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
𝑆1 𝑆1 2
0 0
⃗⃗ , 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑖⃗
Now on 𝑆2 , 𝑥 = 1, 𝐹⃗ = (1 + 𝑦)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
⃗⃗ ) . 𝑖⃗𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ ((1 + 𝑦)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
𝑆2 𝑆2
1 1
= ∫ ∫(1 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0
1 1
𝑦2 3
= ∫ [𝑦 + ] 𝑑𝑧 =
2 0 2
0
⃗⃗ , 𝑛⃗⃗ = −𝑗⃗
Now on 𝑆3 , 𝑦 = 0, 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
1 1
−1
⃗⃗ ). − 𝑗⃗𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 = ∫ ∫ −𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 =
∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ (𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
𝑆3 𝑆3 2
0 0
⃗⃗ , 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑗⃗
Now on 𝑆4 , 𝑦 = 1, 𝐹⃗ = (1 + 𝑥)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
⃗⃗ ) . 𝑗⃗𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ ((1 + 𝑥)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
𝑆4 𝑆4
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VECTOR CALCULUS
1 1
1
= ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 =
2
0 0
⃗⃗
Now on 𝑆5 , 𝑧 = 0, 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗, 𝑛⃗⃗ = −𝑘
1 1
⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 0𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ ((𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗). − 𝑘
𝑆5 𝑆5
0 0
⃗⃗ , 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑘
Now on 𝑆6 , 𝑧 = 1, 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ ) . 𝑘
∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ ((𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑆6 𝑆6
1 1
= ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 1
0 0
∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 + ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 + ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 + ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 + ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆

𝑆 𝑆1 𝑆2 𝑆3 𝑆4 𝑆5
−1 3 1 1
+ ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = + − + +0+1=2
𝑆6 2 2 2 2
To find R.H.S:
⃗⃗ ) 𝑑𝑉
∭ ∇. 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ ∇. ((𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
𝑉 𝑉
= ∭(1 + 1)𝑑𝑉
𝑉
= 2 ∭ 𝑑𝑉
𝑉
= 2. 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑑
= 2(1.1.1) = 2
Hence gauss theorem is verified.
Problem 6:
⃗⃗ taken
Verify gauss divergence theorem for 𝐴⃗ = 4𝑥𝑖⃗ − 2𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 2 𝑘 over the cylindrical
region bounded by the surfaces 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 3
Page 47 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
Solution:
To find L.H.S:
Let us have the following assumptions:
1. 𝑆1: bottom circular face of the plane z=0.

2. 𝑆2 : top circular face of the plane z=3.
3. Curved surface.
⃗⃗
On 𝑆1: 𝑧 = 0, 𝑛̂ = −𝑘
⃗⃗ ). −𝑘
𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂ = (4𝑥𝑖⃗ − 2𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 2 𝑘 ⃗⃗ = −𝑧 2 = 0.
∬ 𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = 0
𝑆1
⃗⃗
On 𝑆2 : 𝑧 = 3, 𝑛̂ = 𝑘
⃗⃗ ). 𝑘
𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂ = (4𝑥𝑖⃗ − 2𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 2 𝑘 ⃗⃗ = −𝑧 2 = 9
∬ 𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = 9 ∬ 𝑑𝑆 = 9𝜋𝑟 2 = 9𝜋4 = 36𝜋

𝑆2 𝑆2
On 𝑆3 :
∇(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4)
𝑛̂ =
|∇(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4)|
2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗
=
|2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗|
2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗
=
√4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2
2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗
=
2√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ 𝑥 𝑦
= = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗
2.2 2 2
𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂ = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 3
Page 48 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
∬ 𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = ∬( 2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑆

𝑆3 𝑆3
Using cylindrical coordinates, 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑧 = 𝑧, 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧
Limits are 𝑟 = 2, 𝜃 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋, 𝑧 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 3

3 2𝜋
∬ 𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ (2𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑟 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃)𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧

𝑆3 0 0
3 2𝜋
= ∫ ∫ (2.4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 8𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃)2𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧

0 0
3 2𝜋
= 16 ∫ ∫ (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃)𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧

0 0
3 2𝜋
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 1
= 16 ∫ ∫ ( − (3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃)) 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧
2 4
0 0
3
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 2𝜋
= 16 ∫ [ (𝜃 + ) − (−3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + )] 𝑑𝑧
2 2 4 3 0
0
3
1 1 1 1
= 16 ∫ ( 2𝜋 − (−3 + + 3 − )) 𝑑𝑧
2 4 3 3
0
= 16 ∫ 𝜋𝑑𝑧 = 16𝜋[𝑧]30 = 48𝜋

0
∬ 𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 + ∬ 𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 + ∬ 𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = 0 + 36𝜋 + 48𝜋 = 84𝜋
𝑆 𝑆1 𝑆2 𝑆3
To find R.H.S:
⃗⃗ )𝑑𝑉
∭ ∇. 𝐴⃗𝑑𝑉 = ∭ ∇. (4𝑥𝑖⃗ − 2𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 2 𝑘
𝑉 𝑉
= ∭(4 − 4y + 2z)𝑑𝑉
𝑉
Page 49 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
2 √4−𝑥 2 3
= ∫ ∫ ∫(4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧)𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
−2 −√4−𝑥2 0
2 √4−𝑥 2 3
2𝑧 2
= ∫ ∫ {4𝑧 − 4𝑦𝑧 + } 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 0
−2 −√4−𝑥2
2 √4−𝑥 2
= ∫ ∫ (12 − 12𝑦 + 9)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

−2 −√4−𝑥2
2 √4−𝑥 2
= ∫ ∫ (21 − 12𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
−2 −√4−𝑥2
2 3
12𝑦 2
= ∫ [21𝑦 − ] 𝑑𝑥
2 0
−2
= ∫ [21√4 − 𝑥 2 − 6(4 − 𝑥 2 ) + 21√4 − 𝑥 2 + 6(4 − 𝑥 2 )] 𝑑𝑥

−2
= ∫ (42√4 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−2
𝑥 4 −1
𝑥 2
= 42 [ √4 − 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 ]
2 2 2 −2
= 42[0 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 − 1]
2𝜋 2𝜋
= 42 [ + ] = 84𝜋
2 2
Hence gauss theorem is verified.
Problem 7:
Verify Gauss divergence theorem for 𝐴⃗ = 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑖⃗ + 𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 2 𝑘⃗⃗ taken over the
region V bounded by the upper hemisphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 and the plane z=0.
Solution:
To find L.H.S:
Page 50 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
Let 𝑆1 be the curved surface and 𝑆1be the circular plane surface of the hemisphere.
On 𝑆1:
∇(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 )
𝑛̂ =
|∇(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 )|
⃗⃗
2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘
=
⃗⃗ |
|2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘
⃗⃗
2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘
=
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
⃗⃗ 𝑥
2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘 𝑦 𝑧
= = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑧3
⃗⃗ ). ( 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘
𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂ = (𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑖⃗ + 𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 2 𝑘 ⃗⃗ ) = 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑦(𝑦 − 𝑥) +
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
If R is the projection of 𝑆1 on the XOY plane, then 𝑑𝑆 = ⃗⃗ |
|𝑛̂.𝑘
= 𝑧⁄ =
𝑎 𝑧
𝑧 3 𝑎𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∬ 𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = ∬ (𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑦(𝑦 − 𝑥) + )
𝑎 𝑧
𝑆1 𝑅
2
𝑧 3 𝑎𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2
= ∬ (𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 + )
𝑎 𝑧
𝑅
𝑎(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
= ∬( + 𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑧
𝑅
𝑎(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
= ∬( + 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 2
√𝑎 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 2
𝑅
Using polar coordinates 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Then the limits are 𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋

𝑎 2𝜋
𝑎𝑟 2
∬ 𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = ∫ ∫ ( + 𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 )𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟
√𝑎2 − 𝑟2
𝑆1 0 0
Page 51 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
𝑎
𝑎𝑟 2
= ∫( + 𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 ) 𝑟[𝜃]2𝜋
0 𝑑𝑟
√𝑎2 − 𝑟 2
0
𝑎
𝑎𝑟 2
= 2𝜋 ∫ ( + 𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 ) 𝑟𝑑𝑟
√𝑎2 − 𝑟2
0
Put 𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 = 𝑡 2 , −𝑟𝑑𝑟 = 𝑡𝑑𝑡
Limits of t varies from a to 0.

0
𝑎(𝑎2 − 𝑡 2 )
⃗
∬ 𝐴. 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ ( + 𝑡 2 ) (−𝑡𝑑𝑡)
𝑡
𝑆1 𝑎
= 2𝜋 ∫(−𝑎3 + 𝑎𝑡 2 − 𝑡 3 )𝑑𝑡
𝑎
0
𝑎𝑡 3 𝑡 4
3
= 2𝜋 [−𝑎 𝑡 + − ]
3 4 𝑎
𝑎4 𝑎4 4
11𝑎4 11𝑎4
= 2𝜋 (0 + 𝑎 − + ) = 2𝜋 =
3 4 12 6
On 𝑆2 :
⃗⃗
𝑧 = 0, 𝑛̂ = −𝑘
𝐴⃗ = 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑖⃗ + 𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑗⃗
𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂ = 0
∬ 𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = 0
𝑆2
11𝑎 4
Hence ∬𝑆 𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = ∬𝑆 𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 + ∬𝑆 𝐴⃗. 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = 6
1 2
To find R.H.S:
⃗⃗ )𝑑𝑉
∭ ∇. 𝐴⃗𝑑𝑉 = ∭ ∇. (𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑖⃗ + 𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 2 𝑘
𝑉 𝑉
Page 52 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
= ∭(𝑎 + 𝑎 + 2𝑧)𝑑𝑉
𝑉
= ∭(2𝑎 + 2𝑧)𝑑𝑉
𝑉
2 2 2
𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 √𝑎 −𝑥 −𝑦
=∫ ∫ ∫ (2𝑎 + 2𝑧)𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0 0
𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2
√𝑎2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
=∫ ∫ [2𝑎𝑧 + 2𝑧 2 ]0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2
=∫ ∫ (2𝑎√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑎 2𝜋
= ∫ ∫ (2𝑎 √𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 + 𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 ) 𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠

0 0
= 2𝜋 ∫ (2𝑎 √𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 + 𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 ) 𝑟𝑑𝑟

0
0 0 0
2 )(−𝑡𝑑𝑡) 2 3 )(𝑑𝑡)
𝑡3 𝑡4
= 2𝜋 ∫(2𝑎𝑡 + 𝑡 = −2𝜋 ∫(2𝑎𝑡 + 𝑡 = −2𝜋 [2𝑎 + ]
3 4 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
2𝑎4 𝑎4 11𝑎4
= 2𝜋 ( + )=
3 4 6
Hence gauss divergence theorem is verified.
Page 53 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
UNIT - V
GREENS THEOREM IN A PLANE
Greens theorem in a plane:
If C is a simple closed curve in the XOY plane bounding an area R and M(x,y) and N(x,y) are
continuous functions of x and y having continuous derivatives in R, then ∮ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 =
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
∬𝑅 ( 𝜕𝑥 − 𝜕𝑦
) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Problem 1:
Using greens theorem, show that ∫𝐶 (3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 20, where C is the
boundary of the rectangular area enclosed by the lines x=0,x=1,y=0,y=2 in the XOY plane.
Solution:
Let R be the region enclosed by C.
We have 𝑀 = (3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
Then 𝜕𝑥 = −6𝑦, 𝜕𝑦 = −16𝑦
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
By greens theorem, ∮ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = ∬𝑅 ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
1 2
= ∬(−6𝑦 + 16𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ 10𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑅 0 0
1 2
𝑦2
= 10 ∫ [ ] 𝑑𝑥 = 20[𝑥]10 = 20
2 0
0
Problem 2:
Evaluate ∫𝐶 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 by converting it into double integral. It is given that C is the

boundary of the region bounded by the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑥 2 = 𝑦
Solution:
We have 𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = −𝑥 2
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
Then 𝜕𝑥 = −2𝑥, 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑥
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝜕𝑦
Page 54 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
1 𝑥
= ∬(−2𝑥 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = −3 ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑅 0 𝑥2
= −3 ∫ 𝑥[𝑦]𝑥𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
0
1 1
= −3 ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = −3 ∫(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥

0 0
1
𝑥3 𝑥4 1 1 1
= −3 [ − ] = −3 ( − ) = −
3 4 0 3 4 4
Problem 3:
Using by greens theorem, show that ∫𝐶 (3𝑥 + 4𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 − 3𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = −8𝜋 where C is the
circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4.
Solution:
We have 𝑀 = 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 2𝑥 − 3𝑦
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
Then 𝜕𝑥 = 2, 𝜕𝑦 = 4
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝜕𝑦
= ∬(2 − 4)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = −2 ∬ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = −2(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒) = −2𝜋22 = −8𝜋

𝑅 𝑅
Problem 4:
Evaluate ∫𝐶 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥, where C is the cardioid 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃).
Solution:
We have 𝑀 = −𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 𝑥𝑦 2
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
Then 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑦 2 , 𝜕𝑦 = −𝑥 2
Page 55 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝜕𝑦
= ∬(𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑅
= ∬ 𝑟 2 𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟
𝑅
2𝜋 𝑎(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
=∫ ∫ 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
0 0
2𝜋 𝑎(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝑟4
=∫ [ ] 𝑑𝜃
4 0
0
2𝜋
1
= ∫ 𝑎4 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)4 𝑑𝜃
4
0
2𝜋 4
𝑎4 𝜃
= ∫ (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( )) 𝑑𝜃
4 2
0
2𝜋
𝜃
= 4𝑎4 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 ( ) 𝑑𝜃
2
0
𝜋
𝜃
= 8𝑎4 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 ( ) 𝑑𝜃
2
0
𝜋
2
= 16𝑎4 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝑡𝑑𝑡

0
7.5.3.1 𝜋 35𝜋𝑎4
= 16𝑎4 =
8.6.4.2 2 16
Problem 5:
Verify greens theorem in the plane for the integral
∫𝐶 (3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 20 where C is the boundary of the region enclosed
by the parabolas 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑦 2
Solution:
Page 56 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
Greens theorem, ∮ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = ∬𝑅 ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
To find L.H.S:
The parabolas intersect at (1,1) besides (0,0).
Then C is the composition of two arcs.
The parametric equation of first arc𝑥 2 = 𝑦 is 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 1

1
∫ (3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫(3𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 4 )𝑑𝑡 + (4𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 3 )2𝑡𝑑𝑡

𝐶1 0
1 1
2 4 3 4 )𝑑𝑡
3𝑡 3 8𝑡 5 8𝑡 4 12𝑡 5
= ∫(3𝑡 − 8𝑡 + 8𝑡 − 12𝑡 =[ − + − ]
3 5 4 5 0
0
8 12
=1− +2− = −1
5 5
The parametric equation of second arc 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 is 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 1 𝑡𝑜 0
0
∫ (3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥
+ (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫(3𝑡 4 − 8𝑡 2 )2𝑡𝑑𝑡 + (4𝑡 − 6𝑡 3 )𝑑𝑡
𝐶2 1
0 0
5 3 3 )𝑑𝑡
6𝑡 6 16𝑡 4 4𝑡 2 6𝑡 4 3 5
= ∫(6𝑡 − 16𝑡 + 4𝑡 − 6𝑡 =[ − + − ] = −1 + 4 − 2 + =
6 4 2 4 1 2 2
1
5 3
∫ (3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = −1 + =
2 2
𝐶2
To find R.H.S:

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
Then 𝜕𝑥 = −6𝑦, 𝜕𝑦 = −16𝑦
1 √𝑥
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
∮∬( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∬(−6𝑦 + 16𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ 10𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅 𝑅 0 𝑥2
1 √𝑥 1 1
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑥5 1 1 3
= 10 ∫ [ ] 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫(𝑥 − 𝑥 4 )𝑑𝑥 = 5 [ − ] = 5 ( − ) =
2 𝑥2 2 5 0 2 5 2
0 0
Page 57 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
Hence greens theorem is verified.
Problem 6:
Verify greens theorem for ∫𝐶 (3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 where C is the boundary of
the triangular area region R enclosed by the straight lines 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 = 0.
Solution:
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
greens theorem, ∮ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = ∬𝑅 ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
To find L.H.S:
R is the triangle whose vertices are 𝑂(0,0), 𝐴(1,0), 𝐵(0,1)
Hence C=OA+AB+BO
On OA: x varies from 0 to 1, y=0 a constant, dy=0

1 1
𝑥3
∫ (3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥
+ (4𝑦 2
− 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 [ ] = 1.
3 0
𝑂𝐴 0
On AB: x=t, y=1-t, tvaries from 1 to 0
∫ (3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦

𝐴𝐵
0
= ∫(3𝑡 2 − 8(1 − 𝑡)2 )𝑑𝑡 + (4(1 − 𝑡) − 6𝑡(1 − 𝑡))(−𝑑𝑡)

1
0 0
= ∫(3𝑡 2 − 8 − 8𝑡 2 + 16𝑡 − 4 + 4𝑡 + 6𝑡 − 6𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡 = ∫(−11𝑡 2 − 12 + 26𝑡)𝑑𝑡

1 1
3 2 0
−11𝑡 𝑡 11 8
=[ − 12𝑡 + 26 ] = + 12 − 13 =
3 2 1 3 3
On BO: y varies from 1 to 0, x=0 a constant, dx=0

0 0
𝑦2
∫ (3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥
+ (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 4𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 4 [ ] = −2.
2 1
𝐵𝑂 1
8 5
∫ (3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 1 + −2=
3 3
𝐶
Page 58 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
To find R.H.S:∬𝑅 ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
Then 𝜕𝑥 = −6𝑦, 𝜕𝑦 = −16𝑦
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 1 1−𝑥
By greens theorem, ∬𝑅 ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∬𝑅 (−6𝑦 + 16𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 ∫0 10𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑦
1 1−𝑥 1 1 1
𝑦2 2 2
𝑥3 𝑥2
= 10 ∫ [ ] 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫(1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫(1 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 5 (𝑥 + − 2 )
2 0 3 2 0
0 0 0
1 5
= 5 (1 + − 1) =
3 3
Hence greens theorem is verified.
Stokes theorem:
If S is the surface bounded by a simple closed curve C, then
∮𝐶 𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∬𝑆 (∇ × 𝐴⃗). 𝑑𝑆 = ∬𝑆 (∇ × 𝐴⃗). 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 where A has continues derivatives on S and
𝑛̂ is the unit normal vector to S.
Problem 1:
⃗⃗ where over the upper half surface

Verify stokes theorem for 𝐴⃗ = (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑖⃗ − 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗⃗ − 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘
2 2 2
of the sphere 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1, 𝑧 ≥ 0 and the boundary curve C, the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, 𝑧 = 0
Solution:
Stokes theorem is ∮𝐶 𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∬𝑆 (∇ × 𝐴⃗). 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆
To find L.H.S:
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑧 = 0, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
⃗⃗ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑖⃗ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑗⃗
Then 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
Also 𝑑𝑟⃗ = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖⃗𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑗⃗𝑑𝑡
⃗⃗ = (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)𝑖⃗
𝐴⃗ = (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑖⃗ − 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗⃗ − 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘
Page 59 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
2𝜋 2𝜋
∮ 𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)𝑖⃗. (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖⃗ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑗⃗)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ (−2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡)𝑑𝑡

𝐶
0 0
2𝜋
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 2𝜋
= ∫ (−𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 + ) 𝑑𝑡 = [ + (𝑡 − )] = 𝜋
2 2 2 2 0
0
To find R.H.S:
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 ⃗⃗ (0 + 1) = 𝑘
⃗⃗
∇ × 𝐴⃗ = = 𝑖⃗(−2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧) − 𝑗⃗(0 − 0) + 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
[2𝑥 − 𝑦 −𝑦𝑧 2 −𝑦 2 𝑧]
∇(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 1) ⃗⃗
2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘 ⃗⃗
2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘 ⃗⃗
2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘
𝑛̂ = = = =
|∇(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 1)| |2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘
⃗⃗ | √4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 4𝑧 2 2
⃗⃗
= 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
(∇ × 𝐴⃗). 𝑛̂ = 𝑧
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑆 = =
⃗⃗
𝑛̂. 𝑘 𝑧
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∬(∇ × 𝐴⃗). 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 𝑧 = ∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝜋(1)2 = 𝜋
𝑧
𝑆 𝑆 𝑆
Hence stokes theorem is verified.
Problem 2:
⃗⃗ for the surface S of the upper half of the sphere

Verify stokes theorem for 𝐴⃗ = 𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑘
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 and for the boundary circle C.
Solution:
To find L.H.S:
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑧 = 0, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
⃗⃗ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖⃗ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑘
𝐴⃗ = 𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑘 ⃗⃗
Page 60 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
⃗⃗ ). (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖⃗𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑗⃗𝑑𝑡) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡𝑑𝑡

𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖⃗ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑘
2𝜋 2𝜋
(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡) 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 2𝜋 −1
∮ 𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = − ∫
2
𝑑𝑡 = − [𝑡 − ] = 2𝜋 = −𝜋
𝐶 2 2 2 0 2
0 0
To find R.H.S:
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
∇ × 𝐴⃗ = 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 = 𝑖⃗(0 − 1) − 𝑗⃗(1 − 0) + 𝑘
⃗⃗ (0 − 1) = −(𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘
⃗⃗ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
[𝑦 𝑧 𝑥]
∇(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 1) ⃗⃗
2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘 ⃗⃗
2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘 ⃗⃗
2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘
𝑛̂ = = = =
|∇(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 1)| |2𝑥𝑖⃗ + 2𝑦𝑗⃗ + 2𝑧𝑘
⃗⃗ | √4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 4𝑧 2 2
⃗⃗
= 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘
(∇ × 𝐴⃗). 𝑛̂ = −(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
𝑑𝑆 = =
⃗⃗
𝑛̂. 𝑘 𝑧
∬(∇ × 𝐴⃗). 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = − ∬(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) = − ∬(𝑥 + 𝑦 + √1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
𝑧 √1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
𝑆 𝑆 𝑆
We use polar coordinates 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Here r varies from 0 to 1 and θ varies from 0 to 2π

1 2𝜋
𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟
∬(∇ × 𝐴⃗). 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = − ∫ ∫ (𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + √1 − 𝑟 2 )
√1 − 𝑟 2
𝑆 0 0
1 1
2𝜋 𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑟𝑑𝑟
= − ∫ [𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + √1 − 𝑟 2 𝜃] = − ∫ (2𝜋√1 − 𝑟 2 )
0 √1 − 𝑟2 √1 − 𝑟 2
0 0
1 1
𝑟2
= −2𝜋 ∫ 𝑟𝑑𝑟 = −2𝜋 [ ] = −𝜋
2 0
0
Problem 3:
⃗⃗ taken over the triangular surface S in the

Verify stokes theorem for 𝐴⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑧𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑧𝑘
plane 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 bounded by the planes x=0, y=0, z=0 and over its boundary.
Page 61 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
Solution:
To find L.H.S:
The vertices of the given triangular surface are A(1,0,0), B(0,1,0) and C(0,0,1).
⃗⃗ , 𝑟⃗ =
The equations of the sides AB,BC,CA are 𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)𝑖⃗ + 𝑡𝑗⃗, 𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)𝑗⃗ + 𝑡𝑘
⃗⃗ + 𝑡𝑖⃗, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
(1 − 𝑡)𝑘
On AB: 𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)𝑖⃗ + 𝑡𝑗⃗ , 𝑑𝑟⃗ = −𝑖⃗𝑑𝑡 + 𝑗⃗𝑑𝑡
⃗⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)𝑡𝑖⃗
𝐴⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑧𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑧𝑘
𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = −(1 − 𝑡)𝑡𝑑𝑡

1 1
𝑡2 𝑡3 1 1 1
∮ 𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = − ∫(𝑡 − 𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡
= −[ − ] = −( − ) = −
𝐶 2 3 0 2 3 6
0
⃗⃗ , 𝑑𝑟⃗ = −𝑗⃗𝑑𝑡 + 𝑘
On BC: 𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)𝑗⃗ + 𝑡𝑘 ⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑡
⃗⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)𝑡𝑗⃗
𝐴⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑧𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑧𝑘
𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = −(1 − 𝑡)𝑡𝑑𝑡

1 1
𝑡2 𝑡3 1 1 1
∮ 𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = − ∫(𝑡 − 𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡 = − [ − ] = −( − ) = −
𝐶 2 3 0 2 3 6
0
On CA: 𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)𝑘⃗⃗ + 𝑡𝑖⃗ , 𝑑𝑟⃗ = −𝑘

⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑖⃗𝑑𝑡
⃗⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)𝑡𝑘
𝐴⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑧𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑧𝑘 ⃗⃗
𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = −(1 − 𝑡)𝑡𝑑𝑡

1 1
𝑡2 𝑡3 1 1 1
∮ 𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = − ∫(𝑡 − 𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡
= −[ − ] = −( − ) = −
𝐶 2 3 0 2 3 6
0
1 1 1 1
Hence ∮𝐶 𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = − 6 − 6 − 6 = − 2
To find R.H.S:
Page 62 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
∇ × 𝐴⃗ = 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 = 𝑖⃗(0 − 𝑦) − 𝑗⃗(𝑧 − 0) + 𝑘
⃗⃗ (0 − 𝑥) = −(𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑘
⃗⃗ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
[𝑥𝑦 𝑦𝑧 𝑧𝑥]
∇(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 1) ⃗⃗
𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗
𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗
𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘
𝑛̂ = = = =
|∇(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 1)| |𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘
⃗⃗ | √1 + 1 + 1 3
−(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
(∇ × 𝐴⃗). 𝑛̂ =
3
𝑑𝑆 = = = 3𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
⃗⃗
𝑛̂. 𝑘 1⁄
3
−(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
∬(∇ × 𝐴⃗). 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 3𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = − ∬(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 − 𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
3
𝑆 𝑆 𝑅
1 1−𝑥 1 1
= − ∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = − ∫[𝑦]1−𝑥

0 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫(1 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑅 0 0 0 0
2 1
𝑥 1 1
= − [𝑥 − ] = − (1 − ) = −
2 0 2 2
Problem 4:
⃗⃗ where S is the paraboloidal surface 𝑥 2 +

Evaluate ∬𝑆 (∇ × 𝐴⃗). 𝑑𝑆 , 𝑖𝑓 𝐴⃗ = 𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑘
𝑦 2 = 1, 𝑧 ≥ 0
Solution:
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑧 = 0, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
⃗⃗ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖⃗ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑘
𝐴⃗ = 𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑧𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑘 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ ). (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖⃗𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑗⃗𝑑𝑡) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡𝑑𝑡

𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖⃗ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑘
∬(∇ × 𝐴⃗). 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = ∮ 𝐴⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗

𝐶
𝑆
Page 63 of 64
VECTOR CALCULUS
2𝜋
= ∫ −𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡𝑑𝑡
0
2𝜋
(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡) 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 2𝜋 −1
= −∫ 𝑑𝑡 = − [𝑡 − ] = 2𝜋 = −𝜋
2 2 2 0 2
0
Page 64 of 64

005 Skill Based Core - Vector Calculus - III Sem

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005 Skill Based Core - Vector Calculus - III Sem

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STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.SC.

UNIT CONTENT PAGE Nr

III INTEGRATION OF POINT FUNCTION 26

V GREENS THEOREM IN A PLANE 54

⃗⃗ can be represented by its three components𝐴⃗ =

(𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 ) . The magnitude of 𝐴⃗ = √𝐴1 2 + 𝐴2 2 + 𝐴3 2 . The direction of vector is

A vector whose magnitude is constant and whose direction is in a fixed direction is a

Limit of a vector function:

lim 𝑓⃗ (𝑢) = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

Derivative of a vector functions:

A vector function 𝑓⃗(𝑢)is said to be derivable or differentiable with respect to u if

𝑓⃗(𝑢 + ∆𝑢) − 𝑓⃗(𝑢) = 0

(𝐴⃗. 𝐵 ⃗⃗) . (j⃗ − uk

Let 𝑓⃗ = 𝑓𝑓̂ where f is a magnitude and𝑓̂ is a vector function f.

Assume f(u) is of constant magnitude

𝑓⃗ has constant direction 𝑓̂ = constant

𝑓̂ = constant, 𝑓⃗ has a constant direction.

𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 where 𝜃 is the angle between a and b.

Let 𝑓⃗ = f1⃗i + f2⃗j + f3 k

𝑑𝑓⃗ 𝑑f1 𝑑f2 𝑑f3

f1 , f2 , f3 are constants, 𝑓⃗ is a constant vector.

Given 𝑒⃗ is a unit vector, |𝑒⃗| = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒⃗. 𝑒⃗ = 1

⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑑𝑒⃗ | = |𝑑𝑒⃗ |

⃗⃗ is a unit vector then solve that 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑧=0

Given 𝑟⃗is a unit vector, 𝑟⃗. 𝑟⃗ = 1

Scalar and Vector Point Functions:

If for every point p in a domain D of space, there corresponds a scalar𝜑 then 𝜑 is

The value of 𝜑 and p is denoted by 𝜑(𝑝)or 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)if p is (x,y,z)

The function 𝜑 is said to define a scalar field in D.

Directional derivative of scalar point function:

ii) in the direction from P to P’ the directional derivative is a scalar.

Gradient of a scalar point function:

1) Find ∇𝜑 for the following

2) Find the directional derivative of 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 3 at the point (0,1,1) in the direction

∇𝜑 = (1 + 𝑦 2 )i⃗ + (2xy + 𝑧 3 )j⃗ + 3y𝑧 2 ⃗⃗

function point direction

i) xy +yz +zx (1,1,3) ⃗⃗

ii) xyz (2,1,1) ⃗⃗

i) Directional derivative = ∇𝜑. 𝑒̂

ii) Directional derivative = ∇𝜑. 𝑒̂

Directional derivative = 2√2.

4) Prove that the directional derivative of 𝜑 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑧 at (1,2,3) is a maximum along the

∇𝜑(1,2,3) = 4(9i⃗ + 3j⃗ + ⃗⃗

In the direction 4(9i⃗ + 3j⃗ + ⃗⃗

Maximum value of d.d is |∇𝜑|

|∇𝜑| = √42 (92 + 32 + 12 )

Maximum directional derivative = 4√91

5) Find the directional derivative of 𝜑 = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 at the point in the direction

Directional derivative = ∇𝜑. 𝑒̂

Maximum value of d.d is |∇𝜑|

Maximum directional derivative = 7

𝑑V1 𝑑V2 𝑑V3

If ∇. 𝑟⃗ = 0. Then the vector is said to be solenoidal or zero divergence or

If 𝑎⃗is a constant then∇. 𝑎⃗ = 0 i.e) constant vector is solenoidal.

If ∇ × 𝑉⃗⃗ = 0 then the vector 𝑉

1. If 𝑎⃗is a constant, ∇ × 𝑎⃗ = 0 i.e) Any constant vector is irrotational

2. Curl of a vector field is a bivector field.

3. Since∇ × (∇𝜑) = 0 every conservative vector field is an irrational vector field.

In the above case ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = ∇ × ∇𝜑 = ⃗0⃗ ie) 𝐹⃗ is irrotational

Summation notation for divergence and curl:

If A and B are vector point functions, 𝜑 a scalar point function, then

⃗⃗ and 𝑟̅ = 𝑟𝑟̂ show that

i) ∇. (𝑓(𝑟)𝑟⃗) = 𝑟𝑓 ′ (𝑟) + 3𝑓(𝑟)

We know that ∇. (𝜑𝐴) = (∇𝜑). 𝐴 + 𝜑(∇. 𝐴) and ∇𝑓(𝑟) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)𝑟̂