.

yazid.delenda@gmail.com

1977

U NIV
ERSI T E BATN A

https://theorique05.wordpress.com/mqr0/

XELATEX )(ArabXETEX

1

3 1
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minkowski . Lorentz 2.1
11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lorentz . . . . . . . . 3.1
16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1
17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maxwell 5.1
20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1
23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1

27 Klein-Gordan 2
29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Klein-Gordan . . 1.2
30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2
31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2
34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Klein 4.2

37 Dirac 3
37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dirac 1.3
43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3
44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3
46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3
51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dirac 5.3
56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dirac 6.3
58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dirac 7.3
71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3
75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 9.3

2
 1


) Pauli - ( .
.
:
T = E mc2 < mc2 :T = p2 /2m

. )
( . .
:T > mc2 / .
) (
.

1.1
- ) (contravariant :x
( )
x x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 = (ct, x, y, z) = (ct,r ) , )(1

- . - x y
:x y

3
xy x g y , , = 0, 1, 2, 3 , )(2
,=0

:Minkowski g

1 0 0 0

0 1 0 0
g =

,
)(3
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1

g00 = 1 , g11 = g22 = g33 = 1 , )(4

. .g = g : Einstein
:
x y x g y , )(5

3
 :

1 0 0 0 y0
1
( ) 0 1 0 0
x y = x ,x ,x ,x
0 1 2 3 y
2
0 0 1 0 y
0 0 0 1 y3

y0

( 0 1 2 3 ) y 1
= x ,x ,x ,x = x0 y 0 x1 y 1 x2 y 2 x3 y 3 , )(6
2
y
y 3

x :x x x2
)x x x2 = (x0 )2 (x1 )2 (x2 )2 (x3 )2 = (ct)2 (x)2 (y)2 (z)2 = (ct)2 r 2 s2 . (7

. Lorentz
) (covariant :
x g x , )(8

- .
:
( )
x = (x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 ) = x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 = (ct, x, y, z) = (ct, r ) . )(9

x = x x0 = x0 :
) xi = xi : .(i = 1, 2, 3
x y:
( )
) x y = x (g y ) = x y = x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 (y0 , y1 , y2 , y3
( ( ) )
= x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 y 0 , y 1 , y 2 , y 3
= x0 y 0 x1 y 1 x2 y 2 x3 y 3 = x0 y 0 x y , )(10

:
( )
x y = (x g ) y = x y = x y = (x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 ) y 0 , y 1 , y 2 , y 3
( ( ) )
= x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 y 0 , y 1 , y 2 , y 3
= x0 y 0 x1 y 1 x2 y 2 x3 y 3 = x0 y 0 x y , )(11

:
x2 = x x = (x0 )2 (x1 )2 (x2 )2 (x3 )2 = (ct)2 (x)2 (y)2 (z)2 = (ct)2 r 2 . )(12

4
 :
g (g 1 ) , )(13

g :
g g = g , )(14

g :
= g = 1 , )(15a
= g = 0 , )(15b

.:

1 0 0 0

0 1 0 0
g
=
0 0 1 0
,
)(16

0 0 0 1
:

1 0 0 0

0 1 0 0
g = =
0 0 1 0
,
)(17

0 0 0 1

.g = g :x = g x
g x = g g x = g x = x = x , )(18

:
x = g x . )(19

:Lorentz Lorentz
, , , . . . = 0, 1, 2, 3 .i, j, k, . . . = 1, 2, 3
Lorentz - :
( )
x x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 (ct, x, y, z) . )(20

5
 g - .g
. :
x = g x , )(21

:
( )
x (x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 ) = g x = x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 = (ct, x, y, z) . )(22

:
x = (ct, x, y, z) , x = (ct, x, y, z) . )(23

x = x ) (
:
x = g x , )(24

:
x = g x , )(25

:
g (g 1 ) = g . )(26

- Lorentz
- . x y : Lorentz
x y x g y = x y = x y = x g x , , , , = 0, 1, 2, 3 . )(27

g g : Lorentz
x = g x , x = g x , )(28

:
g g g = g , )(29

:
g g = g , )(30

: .
g g g = g , )(31

Lorentz ) .(g = g x y
x y .
6
 Minkowski Lorentz 2.1
Lorentz :

00 01 02 03 0 0
1
0 11 12 13 0 0
=
2 2 2 2
=

,
)(32
0 1 2 3 0 0 1 0
30 31 32 33 0 0 0 1

= v/c:
1
= . )(33
1 2

v x Lorentz - x
:

x = y = z = 0 , t = 0 x = y = z = 0,t = 0, )(34

x = x . )(35

ct = x0 = 0 x
= 00 x0 + 01 x1 + 02 x2 + 03 x3
= x0 x1 + 0 + 0 = (ct x) , )(36a
x = x1 = 1 x
= 10 x0 + 11 x1 + 12 x2 + 13 x3
= x0 + x1 + 0 + 0 = (x vt) , )(36b
y = y , )(36c
z = z . )(36d

= , )(37

) = : ( . ) (35 Lorentz
) (32
.
.
7
 (32) Lorentz :
x
= . )(38
x

A Lorentz : -
A = A )(39

Lorentz : Lorentz
- :
x = g x , )(40

x - Lorentz x = x :
:
x = g x . )(41

- x x = g x : :
x = g g x . )(42

g g
:
x = (1 ) x . )(43

Lorentz :
|
g || g = | g = || , )(44

:
g g = = (1 ) . )(45

:

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0
=

,
(1 ) =

,
)(46
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

:
= g g . )(47

8
 - Lorentz:
x = x , x = x , )(48

:
x = x , x = x , )(49

. :

= . )(50

:
x x x x
= = , = = . )(51
x x x x

Lorentz .
Lorentz - :
A = A , A = A . )(52

A B . :
A B = A B = A B , )(53

:
= g , )(54

:
A B = A B = A B = A B , )(55

.A A
. Lorentz s2 = x x = x x
Lorentz .
: :
B
A B = A B = A B = g A B = g A B = A0 B 0 A )(56

: :
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
= , 1, 2, 3 = , , , = , . )(57
x 0
x x x x c t x y z c t

9
 Lorentz -
Lorentz ) (x ) = (ct, x, y, z . (x ) = (x) : Lorentz
x x
. Lorentz .
x x + x:

= x , )(58
x
. x - Lorentz
/x . :
x
= , )(59
x x x
.:
x0 x1 x2 x3
= + + + . )(60
x0 x0 x0 x1 x0 x2 x0 x3 x0
) (51:
x
= , )(61
x
:


= . )(62
x x
:


= . )(63
x x
/x A . :
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
) = (0 , 1 , 2 , 3 = , 1, 2, 3 = , , , = , ,
x 0
x x x x c t x y z c t
)(64
. :
= . )(65

-
) x = (ct, x, y, z :
( )
1
= , , , . )(66
c t x y z

10
 - :

) = ( 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ) g = (0 , 1 , 2 , 3
( ( ) )
1
= = , 1 , 2 , 3 ,
, )(67
x0 x x x c t

- :

= . )(68

xi = xi - .
:
( ) ( )


= 0
, 1, 2, 3 = , , , . )(69
x x x x x0 x1 x2 x3

:

= . )(70
x

) : - (.

1 2
= 2 2 , )(71
c2 t2
. Lorentz
::

(x) = 0 , )(72

. Lorentz Lorentz
:

(x ) = 0 . )(73

) (x ) = (x . =

Lorentz 3.1
Lorentz - Lorentz -
A Lorentz A = A .A A = A A
Lorentz - x :x

dx = (cdt, dx ) , dx = (cdt, dx ) . )(74

11
 :
ds2 = dx dx = c2 dt2 (dx )2 = c2 dt2 dx2 dy 2 dz 2 , )(75

. Lorentz :
( )2
1 1 1 1 dx u 2
= d ds = dx dx dt2 2 (dx )2 = dt 1 2 = dt 1 = dt/(u) ,
c c c c dt c2
)(76
. Lorentz (ds)2 ) - ( d
.
Lorentz -:
( )
dx dx dx
u

)= (u = )(u)c, (u = ((u)c, (u)u ) , )(77
d dt dt
:
u = g u = ((u)c, (u)u ) , )(78

:
( )
u u = 2
c2 u 2
= c2 , )(79

. Lorentz
Lorentz - :
( )
E
) p mu = ((u)mc, (u)mu

, p , )(80
c
E p :
E = (u)mc2 , p = (u)mu , )(81

u ) (.
:
( )
E
= p = g p
, p , )(82
c
:
2
E 1 2
= p p p
2
= (E p 2 c2 ) , )(83
c2 c2
p u = 0 = 0 Lorentz
(u) = 1 E = mc2 :
p p = m2 c2 , )(84

:
E 2 p 2 c2 = m2 c4 . )(85

E 2 p 2 c2 . Lorentz
: p 2 .p2 .p2 = p p = E 2 /c2 p 2 = E 2 /c2 p2 .p2 = p2
12
 1.3.1

.
:
) (x = ) (t,r
:

= Q (x) dV , )(86

. Lorentz
Lorentz ) (.
) (
:
j = v . )(87

. .
:

+ j = 0, )(88
t
.
) dV :(
( )

dV = j dV .
)(89
t

:

Q
= j ds , )(90
t S

S ds dV = Q
.
. ):( j = 0
Q
= 0. )(91
t

:

+ j = 0, )(92
t

13
 .
Lorentz :
j = 0 .

+ )(93
t
- :
( )
j c,j , )(94

- . :
1 0
j + i ji = 0 j = 0, )(95
c t x x
:
j = 0 . )(96

Lorentz ) - Einstein (:
j = 0 , )(97

:
= , j = j , )(98

. : Lorentz
j j = j j = c2 2 j2 , )(99

.

: Maxwell
M1: = ,
E )(100a
0
M2:
B
= 0, )(100b

M3:
E = B , )(100c
t

M4:
B = 0 j + 0 0 E , )(100d
t
M2
:

B A . )(101

14
 :
( )

B
=
= 0.
A )(102

A . M2
:
=
E . )(103

A M3
:

E A ,
= )(104a
t

B = A , )(104b

M2 M3 M1 M4 .M3
)
(.
:
A
A =A +
, )(105a

= , )(105b
t
) .(t, x
) (gauge transformations .
) ( Coulomb
:
= 0.
A )(106

Lorentz :

+ 1 = 0 .
A )(107
c2 t

: -
( )

A

,A , )(108
c
(107) Lorentz :
i 1 0
A + A = 0, )(109
xi c t

15
 :

A = 0 A = 0 , )(110
x
. Lorentz :
A A = 2 /c2 A2 , )(111

.
Lorentz x A A j : .

4.1
) (104 ) :(c
Ei 1 i 0 i
= i A =+ A A = i A0 0 Ai F i0 . )(112
c x c c t xi x0
:
A3 A2
= B1 2
3
= 2 A3 3 A2 = 3 A2 2 A3 F 32 , )(113a
x x
A1 A3
= B2 = 3 A1 1 A3 = 1 A3 3 A1 F 13 , )(113b
x3 x1
A2 A1
= B3 1
2
= 1 A2 2 A1 = 2 A1 1 A2 F 21 . )(113c
x x
:
A A
= F A A = F , )(114
x x
:

F 00 F 01 F 02 F 03 0 E1 /c E2 /c E3 /c
10
F F 11 F 12 F 13 E1 /c 0 B3 B2
F
=
F 20 F 21 F 22 F 23
=
E /c
.
)(115
2 B3 0 B1
F 30 F 31 F 32 F 33 E3 /c B2 B1 0

:
F ij = ijk Bk , F i0 = F 0i = Ei /c , )(116

- : ijk



+1 123 , 231 , 312 ,
= ijk 1 321 , 213 , 132 , )(117


0
16
 ) (
- .
F Lorentz :

F = A A
( )
) = A ( A
( )
= A A
F = F . )(118

F :

F = A A = g g F , )(119

F :

F = F . )(120

F = A A = g F , )(121

F :

F = F . )(122

:
. Lorentz:

A A = A (x) , )(123

) .(x

5.1 Maxwell
M1 Maxwell M4 :

F = 0 j , )(124

A A = 0 j . )(125

17
 : = 0
F 0 = 0 j 0 , (126)

: F 00 = 0
i F i0 = 0 j 0 = 0 c . (127)

: c F i0 = Ei /c

i Ei = 0 c2 = , (128)
0
:M1 Gauss
= .
E (129)
0

: = i = 1, 2, 3 -
F i = 0 j i , (130)

:
0 F 0i + k F ki = 0 j i , (131)

: F ki = ki B F 0i = Ei /c
1 Ei
ki k B = 0 j i . (132)
c t c
:
) (
ki k B = ik k B = B .
(133)
i

:
( ) 1

B = 0 j i + Ei , (134)
i c2 t
:Ampre

B = 0 j + 0 0 E
. (135)
t

: M3 M2
F + F + F = 0 , (136)

18
 .
:
A A + A A + A A = 0 . )(137

M2 } {, , } = {1, 2, 3 :
1 F 23 + 3 F 12 + 2 F 31 = 0 . )(138

F ij:

(Bx ) (Bz ) (By ) = 0 , )(139
x z y
:M2

B
= 0. )(140

= 0 = i : = k M3 Faraday
0 F ik + k F 0i + i F k0 = 0 , )(141

F ik = ikj Bj F 0i = Ei /c :F k0 = Ek /c
1 1 1
ikj Bj k Ei + i Ek = 0 , )(142
c t c c
:

i Ek k Ei = ikj Bj , )(143
t
} {i, k} = {1, 2:
( )
Ey Ex = Bz = Bz .
E )(144
x y t z t
} {i, k} = {2, 3:
( )
Ez Ey = Bx E = Bx .
)(145
y z t x t
} {i, k} = {3, 1:
( )
Ex Ez = By = By ,
E )(146
z x t y t
:


E = B . )(147
t

19
 6.1
) ( :
L(qi , qi ) = T V , )(148

qi z y x r
. . . qi qi T V .
.i
Hamilton :
t1 .t2 ) qi (t1 ) qi (t2
:
t2
=S L(qi , qi ) dt , )(149
t1

.
:Euler-Lagrange ) qi (t S
) qi (t) qi (t) + qi (t .qi (t1 ) = qi (t2 ) = 0 .1

)qi (t
b

qi
b

qi + qi t
t1 t2

) qi (t . :1
) qi (t
1 Hamilton .:
t2
0 = S = L(qi , qi ) dt
t1
( t2 )
L L
= qi + qi dt
t1 qi qi
( t2 )
L L d
= qi + qi dt
t1 qi qi dt
( t2 ) [ ]t2
L d L L
= qi dt + qi , )(150
t1 qi dt qi qi t1

)limx0 fx(x x0 = 0 x 1 ) f (x x0 f (x) = 0

x0 .

20
 . qi (t1 ) = qi (t2 ) = 0
qi ) (S:
L d L
= 0, )(151
qi dt qi

.Euler-Lagrange
: )
( ) (.
: ) .V (x :
1
L = mx2 V (x) . )(152
2
Euler-Lagrange:
dV
mx = = Fx . )(153
dx
.
: :
)( L : )(
qi qi :
dL(qi , qi ) L L
= qi + qi
dt q i qi
) ( d L
i i
L
= qi + qi
dt qi qi
i
( ) i

d L
= qi . )(154
dt i
qi

:
( )
d L
qi L = 0. )(155
dt i
qi

:
L
=H qi L , )(156
i
qi

:
1
H = mx2 + V (x) , )(157
2
. .
21
) L(ri , r i )( : .ri
ri ri + ) :(r i = 0
L ) ( d L
= L = 0 = ri ri . )(158
r
i dt i
r
i i

ri :
d L
= 0, )(159
dt r i

:
L
= pi , )(160
r i
.
:x
L
= px = mx , )(161
x
. ) V (x
: )(:
L
= pi , )(162
qi

:

=H pi qi L(qi , qi ) , )(163
i

H pi ) qi qi qi( .
: ) :L(qi , qi
L L d L L
= L qi + = qi qi + = qi pi qi + pi qi . )(164
i
qi i
qi i
dt q i i
q i i i

:
( )

H = pi qi = L = ] [qi pi + pi qi pi qi pi qi [qi pi pi qi ] . )(165
i i i

pi qi ) .H(pi , qi :
H H
= ) H(pi , qi pi + qi , )(166
i
pi i
qi

22
 Hamilton :
H
= qi , )(167a
pi
H
pi = . )(167b
qi
) H = p2 /(2m) + V (x :
H p
= x = , )(168a
p m
H dV
p = = = F (x) . )(168b
x dx
.
) O(qi , pi :
dO O dqi O dpi O H O H
= + = , )(169
dt i
qi dt i
pi dt i
qi pi i
pi qi

:Poisson
( )
dO O H O H
= . )(170
dt i
qi pi pi qi

7.1
1.7.1

. :
~ = i
.
~E = H = i , p )(171
t
-:
( ) ( )
1 H
~p = i~ = i ,
= , p . )(172
c t c

: .H = i~t Schrdinger
H = i~t . )(173

Schrdinger
:
1 p 2
= T = mv2 , )(174
2 2m

23
 :
2
p ~2 2
= H
+ V (r ) =
+ V (r ) . )(175
2m 2m
Schrdinger

.
Schrdinger
) ( . :
(x, t) d3x = |(x, t)|2 d3x , )(176

x ) t
( . :

3
= (x, t) d x |(x, t)|2 d3x = 1 . )(177
space space

:


(x, t) d3x = 0 . )(178
t space

.
( )
:

+ j = 0, )(179
t

. : Schrdinger j = ||2

~2 2
~i (x, t) = (x, t) + V (x, t) (x, t) . )(180
t 2m
:
~2 2
i~ (x, t) = (x, t) + V (x, t) (x, t) . )(181
t 2m
) (180 ) (181 :
( )
~2 ( 2 )
i~ + = 2 , )(182
t t 2m

:
) ( i~ ( 2 ) ( ~i )
= = 2 .
. )(183
t 2m 2m

24
 :

+ j = 0, )(184
t
:
( )
= |(x, t)| ,
2 j = i~

, )(185
2m
:


dV = 0 , )(186
t space

2.7.1

)(, A m q ) x = (x1 , x2 , x3

A x t .
:
( 1
)2
=H p q A + q , )(187
2m
) ( . Hamilton ):(167a p
[ ( ]) [ ( ]
H 1 (
)
= 1 )
= 1 (pi q Ai ) .
= xi = 2 p q A p q A p p q A
pi 2m pi m pi m
)(188
.pi = m xi + q Ai :
p = m x + q A
. )(189

. p m x
):(167b
[ ( ]) [ ]
H 1 (
) q ) (
pi = = 2 p q A p q A q = A m x q ), (190
xi 2m xi xi m xi xi

) (189 pi = m xi + q Ai Ai ) .(189
x t :
d Ai dx Ai dt Ai Ai i + Ai .
= Ai = )Ai (x, t + = x + = x A )(191
dt x dt t dt x t t
):(190
( )
Ai
A
A
m xi = q q q x A
i + q x = q Ei + q x x A
i . )(192
xi t xi xi

25
 ) .(104a :

A [ ( ]) [ ]
x x A
i = x
A = x B
, )(193
xi i i

) (104b :
= qE
m x + q x B
, )(194

. Lorentz
: ) (189 :
1
H = m x 2 + q = T + V , )(195
2

.
: Schrdinger
( )
H x (x, t) = i~ (x, t) ,
, p )(196
t

~ .p = i :

( )2 ( )
~2 iq iq
~ A (x, t) = i
+ (x, t) . )(197
2m ~ t ~

Schrdinger :
~2 2
(x, t) = i~ (x, t) , )(198
2m t
:

iq A
, )(199a
~
iq
+ , )(199b
t t ~
:
iq iq
+ A , + A , p p q A . )(200
~ ~
.

3.7.1

:
~ = c = 1. )(201

26
 ) (:
~ = 6.58 1022 MeV.s , ~c = 1.97 1013 eV.m . )(202

:
]1 .[ = ]1[ = ][ = ][ )(203

mc2 Compton .m/~c

:
me = 0.511 MeV . )(204

2 Klein-Gordan
: Schrdinger

H(x, t) = i , )(205
t
(V ) H = p 2 /(2m = 0
)
.p = i

) E = p 2 /(2m
:

= E 2 = m2 + p 2 E p 2 + m2 . )(206

:

2 + m2 = 2 + m2 ,
H = p )(207

2 + m2
.
: H
Schrdinger:
2
H = i H 2 = i H = i i = 2 , )(208
t t t t t
) .(Klein-Gordan
:
E 2 = p 2 + m2 , )(209

27
 p p = i p 2 2 (E H :
)

H 2 = 2 + m2 . )(210

:
( ) 2
2 + m2 = 2 , )(211
t
:
( )
2
+ m = 0.
2 2
)(212
t2

:
2
2 = 2 = , )(213
t2
: Klein-Gordan
( )
+ m2 (x, t) = 0 , )(214

:
( )
2 + m2 (x, t) = 0 . )(215

Lorentz Einstein
Lorentz : Lorentz
(x, t) (x
, t ) = (x, t) . )(216

.
. Dirac
: ) V (x, t :

2 + m2 + V (x, t) i V (x, t) = 2 + m2 ,
H = p )(217
t
:
( )2
( )
i V (x, t) (x, t) = 2 + m2 (x, t) . )(218
t

: V
( [ ] )
2 )V (x, t
V (x, t) + i
2 2 2
+ 2 i V (x, t) + m (x, t) = 0 . )(219
t2 t t

28
 ) V (x, t) V (x :
(x, t) = (x) ei E t , )(220

Klein-Gordan ) (:
( )
(E V (x))2 2 + m2 (x) = 0 . )(221

Klein-Gordan 1.2
) ~ :(c Klein-Gordan
( { })
(x, t) = exp {i (x p E t) /~} = exp i k x t , )(222

:
= E/~ , k = p/~ . )(223

k
:p
( )
k = p /~ = (E/c, p) /~ = /c, k , )(224

:
{ ( })
(x) = exp i ct k x = exp (i k x ) = ei k x , )(225
c
p = i~ p = ~k : .k x = k x
p ei k x = ~k ei k x . )(226

) Klein-Gordan (~ = c = 1:
( ) 2 ( )
)2 + m2 (x) = 2 ei(pxEt) 2 ei(pxEt) + m2 ei(pxEt) = E 2 + p 2 + m2 (x) . (227
t
Klein-Gordan :

E 2 = p 2 + m2 E = p 2 + m2 , )(228

: Klein-Gordan

(x, t) = ei(pxEt) , )(229

29
 E

+m

. :2

:

E = p2 + m2 . )(230

2
) ( . E > m E < m
.
) (
.

2 .E =

2.2
: Klein-Gordan
2 ( 2 )
2
= m2 , )(231
t
:
2 ( 2 )
2
= m2 . )(232
t
) (231 ) (232 ) (:

+ j = 0, )(233
t
2
. .

30
 :
( )

=i , )(234a
t t
( )
j = i ,
)(234b

j i j
. ) j = i ( . j = 0
. = |(x, t)|2 Born
.
.
.

3.2

) A = (A0 , A : Klein-Gordan

+ i q A , )(235

q :A m Klein-Gordan
[ ]
( + i q A ) ( + i q A ) + m2 (x, t) = 0 , )(236a
+ i q ( A ) + i q A + i q A q 2 A A + m2 = 0 . )(236b

= 0
A ) V (x) = q A0 (x
:
)A0 (x
= A = 0, q A = q A0 =V , )(237
t t t
= 0
A ) (236b :
( )
2
+ 2iV
2
V + m (x, t) = 0 .
2 2
)(238
t2 t

(x, t) = (x) ei E t , )(239

: )V (x Klein-Gordan
( ) ( ) ( )
E 2 2 + 2 V E V 2 + m2 (x) = 0 2 V 2 + 2 E V (x) = E 2 m2 (x) .
)(240

31
 ) (240 :Coulomb
Z~c Z
V (x) = = , )(241
r r
) (r, , | r = |x Z
) ( :
e2 1
= , )(242
40 ~c 137
) ( .: e

1 2 L2
= 2 )(r , )(243
r r2 r2
L2 . L2 2 ) V (r
Klein-Gordan :
u(r) m
= )(r, , Y (, ) , )(244
r
) Ym (, L2 Ym = ( + 1)Ym .

Klein-Gordan :
( )
d2 ( + 1) Z 2 2 2Z ( 2 )
2+ E )u(r = E m 2
u(r) . )(245
dr r2 r
:
m = E , )(246a
E 2 m2
= E , )(246b
2E
( )2
1 1
= + + Z 2 2 , )(246c
2 2
:
E = m , )(247a
E 2 m2 = 2 m E , )(247b
( + 1) Z 2 2 = ( + 1) , )(247c

Klein-Gordan :
( )
d2 ( + 1) 2m Z
2+ u(r) = 2m E u(r) . )(248
dr r2 r
) Schrdinger
(:
( )
2 Z
(x) = E (x) , )(249
2m r

32
 Schrdinger :
( )
d2 ( + 1) 2m Z
2+ u(r) = 2m E u(r) , )(250
dr r 2 r
Laguerre :
Z 2 2 m ER
En = 2 = 2 , )(251
)2 (nr + + 1 n
nr ) ( ER Rydberg n )
( . ) (250 ) (248
: Klein-Gordan
E 2 m2 Z 2 2 m Z 2 2 E
= E = = , )(252
2E 2 (nr + + 1)2 2 (nr + + 1)2
:
( )1/2
E 2 m2 m2 Z 2 2 Z 2 2
=1 2 = E =m 1+ , )(253
E2 E (nr + + 1)2 (nr + + 1)2
Klein-Gordan ) ( Schrdinger
) .(246c :
.Z 137 : :Z 1
( )1/2 ( [ ] )
Z 2 2 2 Z 2 4 Z 4 n 3
E =m 1+ =m 1 + O( ) ,
6
(nr + + 1)2 2n 2 2n 4 + 1
2
4
)(254
n = nr + + 1 ) (
. m :
2 Z 2 ER
m 2
= 2 , )(255
2n n
) Schrdinger .(Bohr
Klein-Gordan Schrdinger
. :
[ ] [ ]
4 Z 4 n 3 2 2 ER n 3
m 4 1 = Z 4 1 , )(256
2n + 2
4 n + 2
4

- Klein-Gordan
.
-
:
( )
ER n 3
EFS (n, j) = Z 2
2 4 1 , )(257
n j+ 2
4

33
 j .j = 1/2
. ) (256 ) (257 j =
Klein-Gordan
Klein-Gordan .
) s = 0 (
. )(256 j = )(256
Coulomb .
) ( .
Klein-Gordan
.
:Z > + 1/2 Z > 69 = 0 .
. Klein-Gordan
:

4.2 Klein
z m ) E( ) E m (
) ( z = 0 :

z<0 V (z) = 0 , )(258a

z>0 V (z) = V0 , )(258b

V0 > 0 .3
)V (z

V0
z

. :3

( :
z < 0 ) Klein-Gordan r z /z
( )
2 2
2
+ m (z, t) = 0 . )(259
t2 z 2

Klein-Gordan ) ): ((z, t) = ei E t (z
( )
d2
E 2 + m (z) = 0 ,
2 2
)(260
dz

34
 :
1 (z) = A ei z pz + B ei z pz , )(261

:
p2z = E 2 m2 , )(262

) ):((221 z > 0 Klein-Gordan

( )
d2
(E V0 ) 2 + m (z) = 0 ,
2 2
)(263
dz

:

2 (z) = Cei z pz , )(264

:
p2
z = (E V0 ) m .
2 2
)(265

E m )
(E m > V0 E V0 > m p2z > 0 pz .
z > 0
E = E V0 .E m > 0
E m ) (E m < V0
) (
. pz
.z > 0 E m > V0 ) (
.E m < V0 .
.
:
pz pz 2pz
=B A, =C A. )(266
pz + pz pz + pz
: Klein-Gordan
( )
j = i ,
)(267

):(z, t) = ei E t (z
r z /z
( )
d d
jz = i , )(268
dz dz

35
 jI I = A ei z p :jR R = B ei z p
z z

jI = 2 pz |A|2 , jR = 2 pz |B|2 , )(269

T = C ei z p ) p2z < 0 pz
z

( jT = 2 pz |C|2 .p2z > 0 :

jI + jR = jT , )(270

= (pz pz E 2 m2 . pz )
.
:
:V0 < E z > 0
E V0 > m E m > V0 .
E m < V0 < E
.
:V0 > E
z > 0 .
. V0 > E + m :
p2
z = (V0 E) m > 0 ,
2 2
)(271

.z > 0
) (Klein .4

V0

E+m

b

Em

b 0

:4 .Klein V0 < E m V0 > E + m

.

V0 > E + m :
p2
z = (V0 E) m .
2 2
)(272

36
 pz:
dE
)2pz = 2(V0 E , )(273
dpz

:
dE pz
= vg = . )(274
dpz V0 E

vg z pz > 0
:

pz = (V0 E)2 m2 , )(275

.
:z < 0
 2
 
| |jR ||B2
|pz pz |2   E 2 m2 + (E V0 )2 m2
= =  = 2 , )(276
| |jI ||A2 |pz + pz |2  
  E m (E V0 ) m
2 2 2 2

.R = |B|2 /|A|2
:
|jR | > |jI | R > 1 , )(277

.
z > 0 .jT < 0 )(
) ( .

V .V0 > E + m
.

/ )
( .

3 Dirac

1.3 Dirac
.:

H = i , )(278
t

37

.H = 2 + m2
. Klein-Gordan
:
2
H H = H 2 = . )(279
t2

. Dirac

(278) Schrdinger
m:

H = i

+ m, )(280

: Dirac
( )
i + m (x) = i (x) ,
)(281
t

. H )
) = (1 , 2 , 3
( Klein-Gordan H:
( () )

3
3
2
= H H i i i + m i j j + m = 2 , )(282
i=1
x j=1
x t

: Klein-Gordan
( ) 2
2 + m2 = 2 . )(283
t

:
( () )

3

3

i i i + m i j j + m = 2 + m2 . )(284
i=1
x j=1
x

i ) (
. )
(:
2
i j i j + 2 m2 i m i i i m j j = 2 + m2 , )(285
x x x x

:
2
i j i j
+ 2 m2 i m (i + i ) i = 2 + m2 . )(286
x x x

38
 :
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
12 2 3 (
1 2 +
2 1 ) (
1 3 +
3 1 ) +
x2 y 2 z 2 x y x z
2
) (2 3 + 3 2 + 2 m2 i m (i + i ) i = 2 + m2 . )(287
y z x

:
2 = 1 , )(288a
i + i = 0 = {i , } , )(288b
i j + j i = 2 ij = {i , j } . )(288c

i .

i :

( : i .
: :1 (
{i , j } = 2 ij i2 = 1 , )(289

:
i2 = i2 = 1 , )(290

. i
:
i = i2 = 2 . )(291

i2 = 1 2 = 1 : i ) (
. = 1
( :
:

= tr A Aii , )(292
i

:
= )tr(ABC . . . XY Z) = tr(ZABC . . . XY ) = tr(Y ZABC . . . X
= tr(BC . . . XY ZA) = tr(C . . . XY ZAB) = , )(293

39
 :

= )tr(ABC = (ABC)ii = Aij Bjk Cki = Cki Aij Bjk (CAB)kk = tr(CAB) .
i ijk ijk k
)(294
:
i + i = 0 i = i i i = i i = , )(295

i i2 = 1 :
)tr(i i ) = tr() tr(i i ) = tr(
) tr() = tr(
2 tr() = 0 tr() = 0 . )(296

. :
i = i i = i = i , )(297

2 = 1 :
) tr(i ) = tr(i ) tr(i ) = tr(i
) tr(i ) = tr(i
2 tr(i ) = 0 tri = 0 . )(298

i 1
- ) ( )
(.
n n M ( :
|ui n:
Mij = ui |M |uj . )(299

|i M i
.M |i = i |i M n
|ui |i :

= | |i i |ui ui | = 1. )(300
i i

:

= ) tr(M = Mii = ui |M 1|ui = ui |M |j j |ui j |ui ui |j |j
i i ij ij

= = j j |1|j j . )(301
j j

40
 ) M
3
(.
i 1 n
+1 m .1 n(+1) + m(1) = n m
. m = n 1 +1
m + n = n + n = 2n i .
2 4 6 . . . 3 5
i .
:
- +1 .1
:
( )
a3 a1 ia2
=M , )(302
a1 + ia2 a3

ai . :
( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 0 i 1 0
M = a1 + a2 + a3 , )(303
1 0 i 0 0 1

M = a1 x + a2 y + a3 z , )(304

:
( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 0 i 1 0
= x = 1 , = y = 2 , = z = 3 ,
1 0 i 0 0 1
)(305
) Pauli ( . Pauli
+1 1
- :

{i , j } = 2 ij . )(306

) (i Dirac
) (
i . Dirac
M . . 3

41
 i = i
:i

= a1 1 + a2 2 + a3 3 . )(307

{, 1 } = a1 {1 , 1 } + a2 {2 , 1 } + a3 {3 , 1 } = 2 a1 , )(308a
{, 2 } = 2 a2 , )(308b
{, 2 } = 2 a3 . )(308c

a1 = a2 = a3 = 0 -
) 2 = 1 .(a21 + a22 + a23 = 1

.
: .
:
( ) ( )
12 0 0 i
= , = i , )(309
0 12 i 0

:
( )
1 0
= 12 , )(310
0 1

Pauli .2 2 : i

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
= 0 0 1
, 1 =
0 1 0 0 ,
0

0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
)(311
0 0 0 i 0 0 1 0

0 0 i 0 0 0 0 1
2 =
0 i 0
,
3 = .
0 1 0 0 0

i 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

Dirac .
.

.
42
 Weyl ) (chiral :
( ) ( )
0 12 i 0
= , = i . )(312
12 0 0 i

: Dirac

i
) (x
+ m (x) = i (x) . )(313
t
)(x x .x
:

)1 (x

) 2 (x
(x) =

.
)(314
) 3 (x
)4 (x

:
( )
+ i + m = i ,
)(315
t
:
( )
= ) (x )1 (x) 2 (x) 3 (x) 4 (x , )(316

i ) ( = .

2.3
(315) Dirac (313) Dirac
(313) (315) : ) (:

+ j = 0, )(317
t
:
= , )(318a
j =
, )(318b

(: dV )

) = = (1 2 3 4 1

2
)(319
.
3
4

43
 :

4
= |i (x)|2 0 , )(320
i=1

3.3
1/2 . Dirac
:
= x
L ,
p )(321

:
Li = ijk xj pk . )(322

:
[ ]
H, Li = 0 , )(323

:
H = i
+ m.
p
+m= )(324

Dirac
.
[xi , pj ] = i ij :
[ ]
H, Li = [n pn + m, ijk xj pk ] = ijk n [pn , xj pk ] = ijk n [pn , xj ] pk

( = ijk n (i nj ) pk = i ijk j pk = i
p)i
[ ]
= i
H, L p . )(325

.
.
:
i i 1 2 3 i , )(326

:
i
1 i 1 2 3 1 = i 2 3 = (2 3 3 2 ) , )(327a
2
i
2 i 1 2 3 2 = +i 1 3 = (3 1 1 3 ) , )(327b
2
i
3 i 1 2 3 3 = i 1 2 = (1 2 2 1 ) , )(327c
2

44
 :
i = i
i = ijk j k ,
. (328)
2 2
: Dirac
( )
i 0
i = . (329)
0 i

:
[ ]
i i
[i , j ] = i , jkm k m = jkm (i k m k m i ) . (330)
2 2

:
i k = k i + 2 ik , m i = i m + 2 im , (331)

:
i
[i , j ] = jkm (k i m + 2 ik m + k i m 2 k mi )
2
= i jkm mi k i jkm ik m = i jki k i jim m . (332)

: ijk k m
[i , j ] = i ijk k i jik k = i ijk k + i ijk k = 2 i ijk k . (333)

:
i i
[, j ] = jkm [, k m ] = jkm ( k m k m ) . (334)
2 2
: i -
i
[, j ] = jkm (k m k m ) = 0 . (335)
2
:
[i , j ] = 2 i ijk k , [, j ] = 0 . (336)

:
( )
[i pi , j ] = 2 i ijk k pi = 2 i jki k pi = 2 i
p , [ m, j ] = 0 . (337)
j

:
[ ]
+ m,
p .
p
= 2i (338)

45
 :
[ ] [ ]
1 , .
p
H, = i H, L = i
p )(339
2
:
[ ]
1
H, + L = 0 . )(340
2

:
J = 1 = L
+L
+ S , )(341
2
:
1
S = . )(342
2

) Li
Si 12
( Dirac
.

4.3
Dirac ) (
) .p = (E, p :p = i = p
)(x
)= i p x ln = i p x + f (p) (x) = A(p) ei p x , (343

i )= p (x
x

) f (p ) A(p ) p p E = p 2 + m2
(p x .t :

)u1 (p

u2 (p)
(x) = ei p x u(p) , u(p) = N
u (p) , )(344
3
)u4 (p

.: N )u(p
( ) ( ) ( )
i p x )(p )u1 (p )u3 (p
(x) = N e , = )(p , = )(p , )(345
)(p )u2 (p )u4 (p

.
46
 (281) Dirac (309) Dirac
:
[ ( ) ( ]) ( ) ( )
0
m 0 )(p )(p
i + N ei p x = i N ei p x ), (346

0 0 m )(p t )(p

N ei p x:
( () ) ( )
m p

=E , )(347
p
m

:
i
exp {i x p iEt} = p exp {i x p iEt} , )(348a

i exp {i x p iEt} = E exp {i x p iEt} . )(348b
t
:
( = (E m)
p) , )(349a
p) .
( = (E + m) )(349b

1.4.3

.p = 0 )(349
:
E = m, )(350a
E = m . )(350b

) (350a ) E = m (
= 0 ) (350b :
( )

(+) (x) = ei m t u(0) , u(0) = N , )(351
0

.ei p x = ei m t :
( )
)u1 (p
= )(p = u1 (p) + u2 (p) , )(352
)u2 (p

(s = {, }) s :
( ) ( )
1 0
= , = . )(353
0 1

47
 s .Pauli
Pauli } .{u1 , u2 s z
1 Sz . 21 s
) + 12 ( = ) 12 ( =
.
) (350b ) E = m (
. = 0 :
( )
0
() (x) = e+i m t v(0) , v(0) = N . )(354

:p = 0

1 0

0 1
)(+
) (x =
)(+ ,
N ei m t
)(+
) (x =
)(+
N i m t
e ,
0 0

0 0
)(355
0 0

0 0
(x) = N e+i m t e+i m t
)( )( )( )(
, (x) = N ,

1
0
0 1

.
.
Klein-Gordan . )
( p = 0 .

2.4.3

) (349b :
p

= , )(356
E+m
. ) (349a:
p
( )
( = (E m)
) p p)2 .
( = E 2 m2 )(357
E+m
) Pauli- ({i , j } = 2 ij
:
p)2 = (x px + y py + z pz )2
(
= x2 p2x + y2 p2y + z2 p2z + (x y + y x )px py + (y z + z y )py pz + (z x + x z )pz px
= p2x + p2y + p2z = p 2 . )(358

48
 :
( )
E 2 m2 = p 2 E 2 = p 2 + m2 E = p 2 + m2 . )(359

) ( Klein-Gordan .

3.4.3

.E(p) = p 2 + m2 ) (359
4 Pauli ).(352
s . )) (356

( . E = + p 2 + m2
:
( ) ( )
s s
us (p) = Ns = Ns
p
. )(360
s E+m
s

s u u = 0 .
:
( )
( ) s
us us = |Ns |2
s s E+m
p

p
E+m
s
( ( )
) ( )
p)2
( p 2 E 2 m2
| = |Ns 2
+ s s s
s = |Ns | 1 +
2
= |Ns | 1 +
2
(E + m)2 (E + m)2 (E + m)2
( )
Em 2E
= |Ns | 1 +
2
= |Ns |2 . )(361
E+m E+m

s s = 1 Pauli Pauli i = i
) .(358 ) s (x V :

2E 2E
s (x)s (x) d3x ==1 us (p)us (p) d3x | = |Ns 2
d3x = |Ns |2 V, )(362
V V E+m V E+m
:

E+m
= Ns , )(363
2EV
(V: ) V
( )
E+m s
p,s (x) = ei x p us (p) ,
)(+
= )us (p
p
. )(364
2EV s
E+m

) p = E ) p ( s p 2 + m2

( . .
. p
4 s
z s z ).(353

49
 4.4.3

E = p 2 + m2
) ( .
:

dE d p 2 + m2 ||p
= vg = = , )(365
|d|p |d|p p 2 + m2

) p .( Klein-Gordan
) p = 0 (
):(349a
p

= , )(366
Em

):(349b
p
( )
) p
( = (E + m) ( = E 2 m2
p)2 = p 2 , )(367
Em

. :
( )

p
s
p,s (x) = ei p x Ns
)( Em
. )(368
s

:

Em E + m
= Ns = . )(369
2EV 2(E)V

:

ei p x = ei(E tp x) = ei(|E| tp x) = ei (|E| t+p x) = ei p x
, )(370

= E = E .p = p : ) p = (E , p p 2 + m2
(
)
p

)( +i p x E + m E +m
s
p ,s (x) = e , )(371
2E V s

:
p
) (p
p

= = . )(372
Em E + m E +m

.(p ) p s E < m p s
50
 Dirac 5.3
Dirac .
Dirac

. Pauli
.
.

.5
E E

E>0

+m +m b

0 0
m b b m b b

b b b b

b b b b
E<0
b b b b

|0 |e

Dirac. :5

pv = 0

) E = p 2 + m2
( .
.
) ( . )
(
.
) Pauli (
:

E = + p 2 + m2 . )(373

e p

) p 2 + m2 (.
51
 )(
) ( .

) (p ) E = + p 2 + m2
( 5 ) ( +e .6
E E

E>0

+m +m
0 0

m b b m b b

b b b

b b b b
E<0
b b b b

|0
|e+

. :6

m = E 2 p 2 .
.
Dirac Dirac
Klein-Gordan
Pauli .
) ( .

1.5.3

Dirac
.7
. )(
- ) ( .
) ( .
.8
5 ) ( .
2 GeV 2 GeV .0 (2 GeV) = +2 GeV

52
 b b

b b b b b b b b

b b b b b b

b b b b b b b b

b b b b b b b b

e + e+ e + e+
e+ + e )( : )( : e+ + e

) :7( e+ e )( .e+ e

e+ e

e e+
t t
e+ + e e+ e

. :8

. )
(
Ee .
E = 2Ee E2 = p2 .

.m = E2 p2 = E
) ( .
) ( )
( . .
. 8
Heisenberg
) E (m
t :
~
E t . )(374
2

53
 ) (m t ~/E
) ( :
e+ e e+ e , )(375

) ( .
.

Feynman 2.5.3

Feynman Klein-Gordan Dirac

.

E = p 2 + m2 p p

E = + p 2 + m2 p .p
.
.

x . .
Feynman
Klein-Gordan
. Dirac
Dirac :
( )
E+m s
= ei x p us (p) ,
)(+
)p,s (x = )us (p
p
, )(376
2EV s
E+m

.p : ) ( m s
( )

p
E+m s
p,s (x) = e+i x p vs (p) ,
)( E+m
= )vs (p . )(377
2EV s

) (371 E E p p

E = + p 2 + m2 - ) ( m s
.p :
)( )(
i p,s (x) = p p,s (x) , )(378

p ) E ( p s
p Feynman +p ) +E (
+p s .p Feynman
Klein-Gordan . Dirac
Dirac
: ) ) ((355
54
 )(
. us vs .
p = 0 z ) ) p = (0, 0, pz .(pz > 0
:

E+m 0

1 0

, 1
E+m
,
= u = u1 = u = u2 )(379
2EV
Em

2EV
0


0 Em

p = z pz z .(353) Pauli :

pz E 2 m2
E+m = E+m = E m. )(380
E+m E+m
us Sz ) (342 :
1 1
Sz u = + u , Sz u = u , )(381
2 2
z ) ( .
v p = (0, 0, pz ) :z
pz > 0:

0 Em

Em 1
= v = v1
1 , = v = v2 0 , )(382
2EV
2EV 0 E+m

E+m 0

:
1 1
Sz v = v , Sz = + v . )(383
2 2

v .
Sz .1/2
v .
: z
.Pauli x s .x
u v .Sx s
:
1 p
= H , )(384
|2 |p
) (Helicity .p
55
 6.3 Dirac
: Dirac

i
) (x
+ m (x) = i (x) . )(385
t
. Dirac:
0 , i i . )(386

:
( ( ) )
(,
= 0, 1, 2, 3 = 0, ). )(387

Dirac:

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0
=
0
0 0 1
, =
1 ,
0

0
1 0 0

0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
)(388
0 0 0 i 0 0 1 0

0 0 i 0 0 0 0 1
2 =
0 i 0
, 3 = .
0
1
0 0 0
i 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

:
( ) ( )
12 0 0 i
= 0 , = i , )(389
0 12 i 0

:Weyl
( ) ( )
0 12 0 i
= 0 , = i . )(390
12 0 i 0

Dirac = 0 2 = 1 Dirac:

i
) (x
+ m (x) = i 0 (x) . )(391
x0
:
( )
0 i
i + i m (x) = 0 . )(392
x0 xi

:
(i m) (x) = 0 . )(393

56
 = g :
( )
= (0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ) = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 = (,
) = (,
) , )(394

:
(i m) (x) = 0 . )(395

= / : : Dirac
( )
i / m (x) = 0 . )(396

:
( )
( p m) (x) = 0 , p/ m (x) = 0 . )(397

Dirac )( .
. Lorentz
Dirac :
{ , } = + = 2 g , )(398

: = = 0
{ 0 , 0 } = {, } = 2 2 = 2 = 2 g 00 , )(399

= 0 = i = i : : = 0
{ i , 0 } = { 0 , i } = {, i } = 2 i + i = 2 i 2 i = 0 = g 0i = g i0 , )(400

= i : = j
{ i , j } = i j + j i = i j + j i = 2 i j 2 j i = {i , j } = 2 ij = 2 g ij .
)(401
( 0 )2 = 1 .( i )2 = 1
:
= 0 0 . )(402

:
0 = = = 0 1 = 0 0 0 , )(403

:
i = ( ) = = 1 = 2 = 0 0 = 0 i 0 . )(404

57
 :
0 = 0 , i = i . )(405

:
i = = = i . )(406

0 i .
:
j =
= 2
= 0
, )(407a
= = 2 = 0 0 , )(407b

. 2 = 1 Dirac :
= 0 , )(408

. :

j =
, )(409a
= 0 . )(409b

:
j = . )(410

:
j = 0 . )(411

Lorentz j -.
v u :
( ) ( )
p/ + m us (p) = 0 , p/ m vs (p) = 0 . )(412

) Dirac
ei p x . (e+i p x

7.3 Dirac
Lorentz 1.7.3

: Dirac
(i m) (x) = 0 , )(413

58

. Lorentz O O x .v
Lorentz :
x = x . )(414

: O O Dirac
(i m) (x) = 0 , )(415a
( )
i m (x ) = 0 , )(415b

:
= . )(416

Dirac ) (x
Lorentz
: . Lorentz Klein-Gordan
( ( ) )
+ m2 = + m2 , )(417

: (x ) = (x) : Lorentz Dirac

( )
= i m (i m) , )(418

) .(x) = (x
) x (x .
Dirac O Dirac O
. ) (355
z ) (379) (0, 0, pz ) (382
) (x .
O O .
Lorentz ) (416 ) (415a :
( )
i m (x) = 0 . )(419

(v ) v
. :
= = 0 0 = 0 0 . )(420

- (398) :
{ , } = 2 g . )(421

59
 :
{ , } = { , } = { , } = 2 g , )(422

- .
= g g :
{ , } = 2 g g g = 2 g g = 2 g = 2 g g = 2 g , )(423

. = g
) Dirac
- ) (398 -
( . :
= M 1 M , )(424

M ) ei (
:
{ , } = + = M 1 M M 1 M + M 1 M M 1 M
= M 1 ( + ) M = M 1 2 g M = 2 g , )(425

.Pauli ) (420:
= M M 1 0 0 = M 0 0 M 1
= 0 M 0 0 M 1 0
M 1 M = 0 M 0 0 M 1 0 , )(426

.( 0 )2 = 1 :
M 1 = 0 M 0 M , )(427

Dirac Pauli :A
A 0 A 0 . )(428

M M 1 = M .M M = 1
U U U = 1 U 1 = U . Dirac
M ) - Dirac ( . Dirac . =
Dirac ) ):((408
A + B = A + B , )(429a
ABC = C B A , )(429b
A = A , )(429c
(A) = A , )(429d

60
 B A C .
= M 1 M ):(419
( ) ( ) ( )
iM 1 M m (x) = 0 iM M 1 M M m (x) = 0 i m M (x) = 0
)(430
: M .M M 1 = 1 )(415b

(x ) = M (x) , )(431

Lorentz Dirac Lorentz .

) (431 M 44 v
) (x ) .(x Lorentz
:

(x ) (x) = M 1 (v) (x ) = M (v) (x ) , )(432

M 1 M Lorentz v.

M 2.7.3

M :

= = M 1 M , )(433

Lorentz x v :

cosh w sinh w 0 0

sinh w cosh w 0 0
=

, )(434
0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1

)(435
1 1 1+
= cosh w = , = sinh w = , w = ln , tanh w = .
1 2 1 2 2 1

) .(rapidity M : w

cosh w2 0 0 sinh w2

w w 0 cosh w2 sinh w2 0
M = 14 cosh 1 sinh =

.
)(436
2 2 0 sinh w2 cosh w2 0
sinh w2 0 0 cosh w2

61
 : M = M ( ) M

cosh w2 0 0 sinh w2

w w 0 cosh w2 sinh w2 0
M 1
= 14 cosh + 1 sinh =

,
(437)
2 2 0 sinh w2 cosh w2 0
sinh w2 0 0 cosh w2

. Lorentz (w w ) v v
:M 1 = M = 0 M 0

1 0 0 0 cosh w2 0 0 sinh w2

0 1 0 0 0 cosh w
sinh w
0
M = M =
0 0
0 0 1 0
2 2

0 sinh w2 cosh w2 0
0 0 0 1 sinh 2
w
0 0 cosh 2w

1 0 0 0 cosh w2 0 0 sinh w2

0 1 0 0 0 cosh w2 sinh w2 0

= = M 1 . (438)

0 0 1 0
w w
0 sinh 2 cosh 2 0
0 0 0 1 w
sinh 2 0 0 cosh 2w

.M = M 1 M = M 1 - Dirac M
: . (433) M

0 = 0 = 00 0 + 01 1 = cosh w 0 sinh w 1 . (439)

:

cosh w2 0 0 sinh w2 1 0 0 0

0 cosh w2 sinh w2 0 0 1 0 0
M M =
1 0


0 0 1 0

0 sinh w2 cosh w2 0
sinh w2 0 0 w
cosh 2 0 0 0 1

cosh w2 0 0 sinh w2 cosh w 0 0 sinh w

0 cosh w2 sinh 2w
0 0 cosh w sinh w 0

=

=

0 sinh w2 cosh w2 0 0 sinh w cosh w 0
sinh w2 0 0 cosh 2w
sinh w 0 0 cosh w
= cosh w 0 sinh w 1 , (440)

0 = M 1 0 M . (441)

. .( 433) :
62
 : M :
M = e1 w/2 , )(442

: . Lorentz 12n = 1 12n+1 = 1 n

M = e n w/2 , )(443

n . Lorentz
M ei )(433
:
M = ei e n w/2 , )(444

. Lorentz O1 v1
O O2 v2 ) O1 v1 v2 w1 (w2
Lorentz v O O2 :
v1 + v2
=v , )(445
1 + v1 v2 /c2

) ( v :
w = w1 + w2 , )(446

:
M (w1 )M (w2 ) = M (w1 + w2 ) = M (w) . )(447

:
M (w1 )M (w2 ) = ei e n w1 /2 ei e n w2 /2 = e2i e n (w1 +w2 )/2 = e2i e n w/2 . )(448

n
6 . :
M (w1 )M (w2 ) = M (w) e2i e n w/2 = ei e n w/2 e2 i = ei , )(449

.ei = 1 .

3.7.3

j = ) (410 -.
Dirac . ) ):((429c
(x ) = M (x) (x ) = (x)M (x ) 0 = (x) 0 0 M 0 (x ) = (x)M ,
)(450

eA eB = eA+B : A B . 6

63
 :

(x ) (x ) = (x)M M (x) = (x)M 1 M (x) = (x) (x) = (x) (x) ,

)(451

j = j , )(452

.j = j j = 0
. Lorentz :

(x ) (x ) = (x)M M (x) = (x)(x) , )(453

.M M = 1
Dirac :
( ) ( )
(i m) (x) = 0 (x) i m = 0 (x) i 0 0 0 0 m = 0 ,
)(454

: )(x

) . (x) = (x :
( ) ( ) ( )
(x) i m 0 = 0 (x) i m = 0 (x) i / m = 0 , )(455

0 .( 0 )2 = 1 :
( )
p/ m = 0 , )(456

) .(p = p )p (x) = i (x
).p (x) = +i (x
v u :
( ) ( )
us (p) p/ + m = 0 , vs (p) p/ m = 0 . )(457

4.7.3

) (
Lorentz Dirac . Dirac
:

t t = t , x x = x . )(458

64
 - :
x x = P x , )(459

:

1 0 0 0

0 1 0 0
P =
0 0 1 0
.
)(460

0 0 0 1

:
P P = = g . )(461

.P = g :
( ) ( )

= , , , =
, , , = P . )(462
t x y z t x y z

Dirac
:
(i m) (x) = 0 , )(463a
( )
i m (x ) = 0 . )(463b

Dirac
(x) (x ) . )(462
) (463a :
( )
i P m (x) = 0 . )(464

: = P
P = ( 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ) = ( 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ) = = 0 0 . )(465

= P 1 P P = 0
. Lorentz P ) - Dirac ( .

ei . P = ei 0 .P 1 = ei 0 = P = P
P = P 1 P ) (464 :
(x) (x ) = P(x) = ei 0 (x) . )(466

65
 :

(x ) (x) = ei 0 (x ) . )(467

P 2 (x) = (x) P 2 = 1 e2i ( 0 )2 = 1 e2i = 1 ei = 1 , )(468

(x) (x ) = 0 (x) = 0 (x) , )(469

. = 1
Dirac ):(355
( ) ( )
1 s 1 0
s(+) (x) = ei m t , s() (x) = e+i m t . )(470
V 0 V s

:
( ) ( )
1 s 1 i m t s
s(+) (x ) = 0 s(+) (x) = ei m t 0 = e )= s(+) (x) , (471a
V 0 V 0
( ) ( )
1 0 1 0
s() (x ) = 0 s() (x) = e+i m t 0 = e+i m t = s() (x),
V s V s
)(471b

Dirac:
( )
1 0
= 0 . )(472
0 1

= 1 ) s(+) (x ) = +s(+) (x ) s() (x ) = s() (x = 1

) s(+) (x ) = s(+) (x ) .s() (x ) = +s() (x
) ( ) (
: .
.
. = 1
.e e+
) (qq
. .(1)+1
66
 p = 0 :(376)
( )
)(+ E + m i x p s
= )p,s (x e
p
, )(473
2EV s
E+m

Dirac:
( () )
)(+ E + m iEt+i p x 1 0 s
) 0 p,s (x = e
p
2EV 0 1
E+m
s
( )
E + m iEt+i p x s
= e .
p
)(474
2EV s E+m

p = p E = p 2 + m2 = p 2 + m2 = E x = x t = t:
( )
E +m
eiE t +i p x = p ,s (x ) .
)(+ s )(+
= ) 0 p,s (x p
)(475
2E V

s
E +m

p p = p E E = E
.p = P p
.
) (.
:
j = P j . )(476

5.7.3

Dirac :
t t = t , x x = x , )(477

:

1 0 0 0

0 1 0 0
= x x

T x , T =
0
, )(478
0 1 0

0 0 0 1

.T T = g :
= T . )(479

Dirac :
(i m) (x) = 0 , )(480a
( )
i m (x ) = 0 . )(480b

67
 ) (480a: )(479
( )
i T m (x) = 0 . )(481

:
T = ( 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ) = T 1 T , )(482

: Dirac

0 0 i 0
( )
0 0 0 i 0 1
T = T 1 = =
1 2 3
i 0
=i . )(483
0 0 1 0
0 i 0 0
T:
T 1 = T = T = T , )(484

- Dirac- . .T 2 = 1
T = T 1 T ) (481
:
(x) (x ) = T (x) = 1 2 3 (x) . )(485

:
(x ) (x) = 1 2 3 (x ) . )(486

ei 1 2 3
T 2 = 1 ei
1 . .
: Dirac
( )
)(+ E + m i x p s
= )p,s (x e
p
, )(487a
2EV s
E+m
( )

p
)( E + m +i x p E+m
s
)p,s (x = e . )(487b
2EV s
:
( () )
)(+ E + m iEt+i p x 0 1 s
T )p,s (x =i e
p
2EV 1 0
E+m
s
( )

p
E + m iEt+i p x E+m

s
=i e . )(488
2EV s

68

= E x = x t = t: p = p p 2 + m2 = p 2 + m2 = E
( )
p


E + m +iE t i p x
= i p ,s (x ) .
)(+ s )(
T p,s (x) = i
e E +m
)(489
2E V s

p p Feynman
.
.
z ) ) (0, 0, pz ) .((379:

0 0 1 0 1

0 0 0 1
T
)(+
)p, (x =e i x p
T u (p) = i
E + m iEt+izpz
e 0
2EV 1 0 0 pz
0 E+m
0 1 0 0 0
p
E+m
pz z
E +m

E + m iEt+izpz 0 0
=i e = i E + m e+iE t iz pz
2EV 2E V
1 1
0 0
p
v (p ) = ip , (x ) ,
)(
= i e+i x )(490

pz = pz .E = E
p = 0 ) )((355
:

0 0 1 0 1

1 0 0 0 1 0
T
)(+
)0, (x = i eimt
1 0 0 0
V 0
0 1 0 0 0

0

1 0
= i e+imt
= i () (x ) .
0, )(491
V 1
0

6.7.3

A m q
Dirac : + iqA
(i q A m) (x) = 0 . )(492

69
 :

(i q A m) (x) = 0 , )(493

= ( 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ) = ( 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ) = ( 2 0 2 , 2 1 2 , 2 2 2 , 2 3 2 ) = 2 2 ,
)(494
Dirac Weyl
2

.{ , } = 2 g ) (493 :
( )
i 2 2 q 2 2 A m (x) = 0 . )(495

ei 2 ( 2 )2 = 1:
( )
ei i 2 + q 2 A 2 m (x) = 0 (i + q A m) ei 2 (x) = 0 . )(496

c (x) = ei 2 (x) , )(497

ei :

(i + q A m) c (x) = 0 . )(498

) (492 q q .c
Dirac m q .A
) (492 q ) (498 q
Dirac (x) +q Dirac .c (x) = ei 2 (x) q
Dirac
:

(x) c (x) = C (x) = ei 2 (x) . )(499

q

q .
c :

Cc (x) = C(C (x)) = CC (x) = ei 2 ei 2 (x) = 2 ( 2 )(x) = (x) , )(500

.ei C :

C = i 2 . )(501

70
 :
C 1 = C = C = C , )(502

.C 2 = 1 : - Dirac-

0 0 0 1

0 0 1 0

C = i = 2 . )(503
1
0 0 0
1 0 0 0

:
(x) c (x) = C (x) = i 2 (x) . )(504

Dirac E
) ) p = (0, 0, pz ):((379

0 0 0 1 1

E + m +i x p 0 0 1 0 0
= )c (x
)(+
)Cp, (x =e +i x p
= )Cu (p e
2EV 0 1 0 0 pz
E+m
1 0 0 0 0

0

E + m +i x p E+m
pz
= e = e+i x p v (p) = () (x) . )(505
2EV p,

0
1

m p
m ) p (.

8.3
Dirac Dirac
j = . = 1
- Lorentz .
Lorentz
) (Bilinear covariants :
B , )(506

B - 4 4
Lorentz . ) (
Lorentz Dirac.
71
 B 4 4 16 ) (
) 32 ( .
B - ) B
( .16 16 .
:

a b + ic d + ie f + ig 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

b ic h j + ik + im
= a 0 0 0 0 + b 1 0 0 0 ) + , (507
d ie j ik 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
n o + ip
f ig im o ip q 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7
- .
Dirac 16
) (- 4 4
) 2 2
Pauli (.
:
5 = 5 i 0 1 2 3 , )(508

:
5 = 5 , 5 = 5 , ( 5 )2 = 1 , { 5 , } = 0 . )(509

Dirac:
( )
0 1
= 5 . )(510
1 0

:Weyl
( )
1 0
= 5 . )(511
0 1

:
i i
= [ , ] = ( ) , )(512
2 2
:
= 0 0 = , = . )(513
7 B- iB . -
).(507

72
 :B

{1, , 5 , 5 , } . )(514

= ) (514 <
. 6 .
B :
: .1 = Lorentz
Lorentz:

= . )(515

= 0 : = 0 ) (429c:

= 0 0 = . )(516

Lorentz ).(scalar
: . - Lorentz
Lorentz:

= . )(517

= 0 0 = P , )(518

) P = 0 0 ).((465
Lorentz ).(vector
: . 5 Lorentz = M : . = M :

5 5 = M 5 M . )(519

M 5 5 2 1 3

) ( M Lorentz n
:
w w
M = 1 cosh n sinh = e n w/2 ,
)(520
2 2
. 5 M = M 5 : Lorentz

5 5 = M 5 M = M M 5 = 5 . )(521

73
 . : 5 Lorentz

5 5 = 0 5 0 = 5 0 0 = 5 , )(522

- 5 . 0
5 Lorentz
).(pseudo scalar
) ( : . 5 Lorentz:
5 5 = M 5 M = M M 5 = 5 , )(523

) (433 M = M 1.M M = :
:
5 5 = 0 5 0 = 0 0 5 = P 5 . )(524

).(465
5 Lorentz
) (pseudo vector ).(axial vector
: . Lorentz:
i i
= M ( )M = (M M M M M M M M )
2 2
i
= ( ) = , )(525
2
M M = 1 ) .(433
) .(F
:
= 0 0 = P P . )(526

Lorentz ).(tensor
: Lorentz
= , (S) )(527a
= , )( V )(527b
5 5 = 5 , ) ( P )(527c
5 5 = 5 , ) ( A )(527d
= , ) ( T )(527e

:1
74

+ 1 S
)(+, , , 4 V
1 5 P
)(, +, +, + 4 5 A
6 T
. :1

9.3

) A (x) = (A0 , A : Dirac
+ iqA , )(528

q = e .
:
m m + S(x) . )(529

Dirac - Lorentz :
[i ( + iqA ) m S] (x) = 0 . )(530

:
( [ ) ]
+ m + S + qA0 (x) = 0 .
i i q A
= )(531
t

Dirac 1.9.3

(A .S = 0 )
.
Dirac :
( )
)(x
= )(x eiEt , )(532
)(x

) ( . Dirac
:
( ) ( )

i q A (x) + qA0 + m (x) = E (x) , )(533a
( ) ( )
i
qA (x) + qA0 m (x) = E (x) , )(533b

75
 . Dirac

:
E = E m m, |qA | m . )(534

) (533b: .E m
1 ( )
= i .
qA )(535
2m
qA0 m m .E m ) (533a qA0 E
:
( ) ( )
qA0 (E m) = qA0 E , )(536

qA0 ) E .(m
) ) ((535 .1/m )(533a
:
( [ 1
)]2
i q A
+ qA0 = E . )(537
2m
- Pauli:
{i , j } = 2 ij i j + j i = 2 ij , )(538a
[i , j ] = 2 i ijk k i j j i = 2 i ijk k , )(538b

:Pauli
i j = ij + i ijk k , )(539

:
( )

( a) b = i ai j bj = ij ai bj + i ijk ai bj k = ai bi + i kij k ai bj

( )
= a b + i a b , )(540

.
) (537 ) (540 :
( [ )]2 ( )2 ([ ( ) ] )
i
qA = i + i i
qA i
qA .
qA )(541

A
A ) = 0
(:

=0
([ ( ) ] ) [ ]
i
i q A i q A = q

(A) + A

( )
=q = 2q S B
A , )(542

76
 :
) (
( ) ( )
=
) (A +
A =
A A
A
, )(543

A S .S = /2 B =
A
) (537:
[ ]
( 1
)2 q
i q A S B + qA = E .
0
)(544
2m m
Pauli- Schrdinger
q ) A ( Schrdinger

B
.
Dirac
( )
. Dirac:
q q
= s
S = gs S, )(545
m 2m
. Dirac q = e gs = 2
.gs = 2
:
s
B
q q
Us =
s BS B = S B
= gs . )(546
2m m
):(544
( ( ) ) ) (
i i
qA = 2 + iq
qA
A
+ iq A + q2A 2

= 2 + iq + 2iq A
A 2 .
+ q2A )(547

Coulomb = 0
A

= 1B
A x , )(548
2
=
.B : A Coulomb
B.
( )

2i q A = i q B x = i q B x = q B
L.

= x p = ix
L , )(549

. ) (544 :
[ ]
1 2 ( q
) q2 2
L + 2 S B + qA +
0
A = E . )(550
2m 2m 2m
:
( q )
=
+= s g L + gs S , )(551
2m
.gs = 2 g = 1
77