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4233r 96 PDF
4233r 96 PDF
3R-96
This report is resented as a guide for the design of f l e xural structural mem- tensioning; prestressed concrete; prestressing; prestressing steels; shear
bers in buildings with unbonded tendons. Suggestions are presented for properties; stresses; structural analysis; structural design; unbonded pre-
needed revisions and additions to the ACI 318 Building Code regard his stressing
subject. Consideration is given to determination of fire endurancedesign
for seismic forces, and catastrophic loadings, in addition to design for rav- CONTENTS
ity and lateral loads. Recommendations are presented concerning details
and properties of tendons, protection against crosion, and constuction
Chapter 1Introduction, p. 423.3R-2
p rocedures.
1.1General
Keywords: anchorage (structural); beams (supports); bond (concrete to 1.2Objective
reinforcement); concrete construction; concrete slabs; cover; 1.3Scope
cracking (fracturing); earthquake-resistant structures; fire resistance; at 1.4Notations and definitions
concrete plates; at concrete slabs; joints (junctions); loads (forces); post-
Chapter 2Design consideration,, p. 423.3R-2
ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Standard Practices, Design 2.1General
Handbooks, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in
2.2Continuous members
planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction.
This document is intended for the use of individuals who are 2.3Corrosion protection
competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its con- 2.4Fire resistance
tent and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for 2.5Earthquake loading
the application of the material it contains. The American Con-
crete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the appli- Chapter 3Design
, , p. 423.3R-6
cation of the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for 3.1General
any loss or damage arising therefrom.
Reference to this document shall not be made in contract docu-
ments. If items found in this document are desired by the Archi- ACI 4823.3R-96 supersedes ACI 423.3R-89 and became effect ive February 1, 1996.
Cop yright 1996, American Concrete Institute.
tect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any
means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or
be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Ar- mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction
chitect/Engineer. or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing
is obtained from the copyright proprietors.
423.3R-1
423.3R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT
Table 2.3Suggested cover thickness for beams prestressed with post-tensioned reinforcement8
Cover thickness, mm, for fire endurance of:
Restrained or Beam width,
Steel type Concrete type* 1 hr 11/2 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr
unrestrained mm
Unrestrained Cold-drawn NW 200 45 50 65 120
Unrestrained Cold-drawn LW 200 40 45 50 95
Unrestrained H.S.A. bars NW 200 40 40 40 65
Unrestrained H.S.A. bars LW 200 40 40 40 60
Restrained Cold-drawn NW 200 40 40 40 50 65
Restrained Cold-drawn LW 200 40 40 40 45 50
Restrained H.S.A bars NW 200 40 40 40 40 40
Restrained H.S.A. bars LW 200 40 40 40 40 40
Unrestrained Cold-drawn NW > 300 40 45 50 65 75
Unrestrained Cold-drawn LW > 300 40 40 45 50 65
Unrestrained H.S.A. bars NW > 300 40 40 40 40 50
Unrestrained H.S.A LW > 300 40 40 40 40 50
Restrained Cold-drawn NW > 300 40 40 40 45 50
Restrained Cold-drawn LW > 300 40 40 40 40 45
Restrained H.S.A. bars NW > 300 40 40 40 40 40
Restrained H.S.A. bars LW > 300 40 40 40 40 40
* NW = normal weight; LW = lightweight
For beams with widths between 8 and 12 in., cover thickness can be determined by interpolation.
1 in. = 25.4 mm.
HSA = High strength alloy.
2.4.1 Minimum dimensions for various fire resistive lizing strand tendons, ACI 216R can be used. Beams or joists
classifications8 that are narrower than 8 in. (200 mm) with post-tensioned
2.4.1.1 SlabsTo meet minimum heat-transmission re- high-strength alloy steel bars should have the same cover as
quirements, i.e., temperature rise of 250 F (140 C) of the un- reinforced concrete joists of the same size and fire endur-
exposed surface, the thicknesses requirements for concrete ance.
slabs should be the same whether the concrete is plain, rein- 2.4.1.3 Anchor protectionThe cover to the prestress-
forced, or prestressed. Table 2.1 gives slab thickness recom- ing steel at the anchor should be at least 1/4 in. (6 mm) greater
mended for this purpose. Cover thicknesses for post- than that required away from the anchor. Minimum cover to
tensioning tendons in unrestrained slabs are determined by the steel bearing plate or anchor casting should be at least 1
the elapsed time during a fire test until the tendons each a in. (25 mm) in beams and 3/4 in. (20 mm) in slabs.
critical temperature. For cold-drawn prestressing steel, that 2.4.2 Rational design for fire enduranceRational ana-
temperature is 800 F (430 C). For restrained slabs, there are lytical procedures for the determination of the fire endurance
no steel temperature limitations, but the heat transmission of post-tensioned prestressed concrete structures have been
end-point temperature limitation [250 F (140 C)] is the same developed from analyses of results of fire tests conducted in
as for unrestrained slabs. Fire tests of restrained slabs indi- accordance with the criteria for standard fire tests, ASTM E
cate that slabs with post-tensioned reinforcement behave 119. Basic data on the strength-temperature relationships for
about the same as reinforced concrete slabs of the same di- steel and concrete are utilized together with information on
mensions. Accordingly, the cover for post-tensioning ten- temperatures within concrete beams and slabs during stan-
dons in slabs could be essentially the same as the cover for dard fire tests. Rational design procedures for concrete
reinforcing steel in slabs. Applying these criteria to post-ten- beams and slabs which are post-tensioned with unbonded
sioned slabs, cover thicknesses are as recommended in Table tendons are essentially the same as those for pretensioned
2.2. prestressed concrete elements.9 Curved tendons, rather than
2.4.1.2 BeamsMinimum dimensions for beams with straight or deflected tendons, introduce only minor differ-
post-tensioned reinforcement for various fire endurances are ences that do not change the design procedures. Tests of
functions of the types of steel and concrete, beam width, and post-tensioned elements indicate that the temperatures of the
cover. For very wide beams, the cover requirements should tendons in positive moment regions at the end of a fire test
be about the same as those for slabs. For restrained beams can be considered essentially the same regardless of whether
spaced more than 4 ft (1200 mm) on centers, the temperature the tendons are bonded or unbonded. Further, these tests in-
of 800 F (430 C) for cold-drawn prestressing steel must not dicate that the prestressing steel stress fps at failure during
be exceeded to achieve a fire-endurance classification of 1 hr fire tests can be estimated as a function of the ultimate steel
or less; for classifications longer than 1 hr, this temperature strength at temperature by the relationship
must not be exceeded for the first half of the classification
period or 1 hr, whichever is longer. The recommended cover
f ps f ps
thicknesses in Table 2.3 are based on these criteria. For post- -----------
- = --------
tensioned beams or joists less than 8 in. (200 mm) wide uti- f pu f pu
CONCRETE MEMBERS PRESTRESSED WITH UNBONDED TENDONS 423.3R-5
where fps = stress in post-tensioning tendons at nominal so either an undercoat or a ceiling might be most appropriate.
strength, psi (MPa). This stress may be calculated for un- Very often the best solution at the design stage is the addition
bonded tendons by Eq. (18-4) or Eq. (18-5) in ACI 318 (see of some reinforcing steel that improves not only the fire en-
also Section 3.4). durance but also the overall strength and ductility of the
floor.
fpu = specified tensile strength of tendons, psi (MPa)
fps = stress in post-tensioned tendons at nominal strength 2.5Earthquake loading
at high temperatures, psi (MPa) Most concrete structures located in areas subject to seis-
fpu = tensile strength of tendons at high temperatures, psi mic disturbances that include post-tensioned elements in the
(MPa) gravity load-carrying structural system are provided with
shearwalls, braced frames, or reinforced concrete ductile
For continuous beams or slabs utilizing continuous draped moment-resisting space frames for resisting lateral forces
unbonded tendons exposed to fire from below, the value of due to wind and earthquakes. Most model building codes in
fps in the negative moment regions should be taken the same the U.S. currently contain minimum seismic design criteria
as those in the positive moment region. The capacity at any based upon the requirements and commentary published by
point along the length of an unbonded tendon is limited by the Seismology Committee of the Structural Engineers As-
the capacity at the point where the steel temperature is high- sociation of California11 and/or the NEHRP Recommended
est. Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for
On this basis, it is possible to determine the retained theo- New Buildings.
retical moment strength at a specified period of fire endur- While all the model codes permit the use of unbonded
ance (say 2 hr) in the positive moment region and in both post-tensioning tendons in the structural elements carrying
negative moment regions of a given panel in a building. The gravity or vertical loads, acting as horizontal diaphragms be-
maximum moment capacity at exterior columns should not tween energy dissipating elements under earthquake load-
exceed that which can be transmitted to the column. To eval- ing, there are some differences when it comes to how much
uate the retained theoretical moment strength, it may be as- of the post-tensioning force can be utilized to resist seismic
sumed that if a fire occurs beneath the floor, a redistribution forces. NEHRP (1991),12 BOCA (1993),13 and the Standard
of moments will occur, yielding the negative moment bond- Building Code (1994)14 permit a limited amount of post-ten-
ed reinforcement. If the applied midspan moment is less than sioning to be considered in resisting earthquake induced
the retained moment capacity after redistribution, the fire en- forces. Specifically, these provisions are as follows in NE-
durance will be adequate. This is HRP (1991):
Section 11.1.1.4: Post-tensioning tendons shall be per-
M = Mt+ + 1/2 (Mt1
- + Mt2
-) mitted in flexural members of frames provided the average
2 prestress fpc, calculated for an area equal to the members
wL
M = total static moment (unfactored) = ---------- shortest cross-sectional dimension multiplied by the perpen-
8
dicular dimension, does not exceed 350 psi. (See Fig. 2.1
where for applicable cross-sectional area.)
Section 11.1.1.5: For members in which prestressing ten-
Mt+ = retained midspan moment dons are used together with ASTM A 706 or with A 615
- = retained negative moment at Column 1
Mt1 (Grades 40 or 60) reinforcement to resist earthquake-in-
Mt2 = retained negative moment at Column 2 duced forces, prestressing tendons shall not provide more
than one quarter of the strength for both positive moments
If, however, the applied midspan moment is greater than and negative moments at the joint face. Anchorages for ten-
the retained moment capacity, changes should be made in the dons must be demonstrated to perform satisfactorily for seis-
design. Several options for improving the fire endurance are mic loadings. Anchorage assemblies shall withstand,
available, including: without failure, a minimum of 50 cycles of loading ranging
between 40 and 85 percent of the minimum specified
1. Increase the concrete cover in the positive moment re- strength of the tendon. Tendons shall extend through exterior
gion. joints and be anchored at the exterior face of the joint or be-
2. Increase the number of prestressing tendons. yond.
3. Add positive moment reinforcing steel. The Uniform Building Code (for zones 3 and 4) has not
4. Add negative moment reinforcing steel. explicitly addressed these provisions in this area; bonded
5. Of course, there are other solutions, such as the use of a nonprestressed reinforcement must be used, which conforms
thicker slab, lightweight concrete, or the addition of a fire-re- to special limitations on the maximum yield strength and the
sistant ceiling. Also, combinations of the options just listed minimum tensile strength.
can be used. The most appropriate solution depends on in- The model codes also contain a provision that all framing
place cost, architectural acceptability, and perhaps other elements not required by design to be part of the lateral force
considerations. For example, to upgrade the fire endurance resisting system, must be capable of resisting moments in-
of an existing floor, Options 1 through 4 are not applicable, duced by the distortions of the structure resulting from later-
423.3R-6 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT
provides an alternate load-carrying system in the event of a 3.2.2 Tendon spacingThe minimum bonded reinforce-
catastrophic failure or abnormal loading in one span of a ment requirements for one-way slabs under current code pro-
continuous one-way post-tensioned element with unbonded visions, as discussed previously, typically result in the use of
tendons. For this reason, it is recommended that bonded re- No. 4 bars (No. 15) at 21 in. (500 mm) centers for both pos-
inforcement used as part of the design moment strength or itive and negative moments for a 41/2 in. (115 mm) thick slab.
intended to provide an alternate load path in one-way sys- For an 8 in. (200 mm) deep one-way slab, No. 4 bars (No. 15)
tems be detailed in accordance with the provisions of Chap- are required at about 12 in. (300 mm) centers; larger bars are
ter 12 of ACI 318. Slab reinforcement spacing requirements required at somewhat wider spacings. In consideration of
specified in Section 7.6.5 of ACI 318 are not applicable to this amount and spacing of bonded reinforcement, a maxi-
bonded reinforcement in unbonded post-tensioned slabs. mum tendon spacing of eight times the slab thickness [five
In one-way slabs, economical use of the minimum bonded feet (1500 mm) maximum] is recommended for one-way
reinforcement specified in Section 18.9.2 of ACI 318 leads slabs with normal live loads and uniformly distributed loads,
to the use of design tensile stresses in the range of 9 f c psi without the additional restriction of a minimum prestress
(0.8 f c MPa) to l2 f c psi (1.0 f c MPa). Tests have level of 125 psi (0.9 MPa) specified for two-way slabs in
shown satisfactory performance of slabs with this level of Section 3.3.5. Special tendon spacing considerations may be
design tensile stress in conjunction with the bonded rein- required for slabs with significantly concentrated loads.
forcement requirements of Section 18.9.2.27 However, the In certain cases, such as external tendon retrofits, tendon
use of lower design tensile stresses may be preferable from spacings greater than eight times the slab thickness or 5 ft
the durability standpoint for applications such as parking (1500 mm) may be beneficial. In such cases these limits may
structure decks in severe climates.30 be exceeded provided it can be shown by rational analysis
Section 18.8.3 of ACI 318 requires a total amount of bond- that the slab system can adequately carry the design loads.
ed and unbonded tendons adequate to develop a factored 3.2.3 Minimum stirrupsA minimum amount of stirrup
load at least 1.2 times the cracking load based on the modu- reinforcement is necessary in all post-tensioned joists, waf-
lus of rupture fr of 7.5 f c psi (0.7 f c MPa) specified in fle slabs, and T-beams to provide a means of supporting ten-
Section 9.5.2.3 of ACI 318. This provision is included to dons in the tendon design profile. When tendons are not
guard against an abrupt flexural failure at cracking due to adequately supported by stirrups, local deviations of the ten-
rupture of the reinforcement. In contrast to this brittle failure dons from the smooth parabolic curvature assumed in design
mode, tests of one-way slabs and beams have demonstrated may result during placement of the concrete. When the ten-
that unbonded tendons do not rupture and generally do not dons in such cases are stressed, the deviations from the in-
even yield at the time of flexural cracking.27-29 Further, the tended curvature tend to straighten out, and this process may
minimum amount of bonded reinforcement required by Sec- impose large tensile stresses in webs of post-tensioned
tion 18.9.2 of ACI 318 for one-way post-tensioned members beams, joists, or waffle slabs.
equals or exceeds the minimum reinforcement requirements Severe cracking has been observed in several instances
for conventionally reinforced members. Since all one-way where no stirrups were provided. Unintended curvature of
post-tensioned members will have some unbonded post-ten- the tendons may be avoided by securely tying tendons to stir-
sioned reinforcement in addition to the minimum bonded re- rups that are rigidly held in place by other elements of the re-
inforcement, the total minimum reinforcement will in all inforcing cage. For bundles of two to four monostrand
cases exceed the minimum for conventionally reinforced tendons, ties to a minimum of No. 3 (No. 10 mm diameter)
one-way members by a substantial margin. stirrups at 2 ft 6 in. (760 mm) centers are suggested, and for
For this reason, and considering the fact that unbonded bundles of five or more monostrand tendons, ties to a mini-
tendons do not yield or rupture at cracking, it is recommend- mum of No. 4 stirrups (No. 15) at 3 ft 6 in. (1070 mm) cen-
ed that Committee 318 waive the minimum reinforcement ters are recommended. This amount and spacing of stirrups
requirement of Section 18.8.3 (1.2 times the cracking load) is recommended even when the magnitude of the shear stress
for one-way beams and slabs with unbonded tendons, and is such that no stirrups are required under the provisions of
that Section 18.8.3 be revised to exclude application to one- Section 11.5.5 of ACI 318. In most cases, closer stirrup spac-
way beams and slabs with unbonded tendons. Section 18.8.3 ings will be required to satisfy the shear reinforcement re-
usually does not control reinforcement requirements in post- quirements of ACI 318.
tensioned T-beams and one-way joists. 3.2.4 Prestressed shrinkage and temperature reinforce-
For applications of Eq. (18-6) of ACI 318 to negative mo- mentIn Section 7.12 of ACI 318, prestressed shrinkage
ment areas in T-beam and joist construction, the flange width and temperature reinforcement may be used that has a mini-
should be the minimum width that will provide section prop- mum average compressive stress of at least 100 psi (0.7
erties that will satisfy the 0.45 f c service load compres- MPa) on the gross concrete area using the effective stress in
sive stress limitation at the bottom of the beam or stem. The the prestressing steel, after losses, in conformance with Sec-
top fiber tensile stress limitation should also be checked. The tion 18.6 of ACI 318.
total bonded and unbonded reinforcement supplied should In monolithic cast-in-place post-tensioned beam and slab
also satisfy flexural design strength requirements without construction, the portion of a slab that is used as a beam
exceeding the limiting ratio of prestressed and nonpre- flange should satisfy the minimum reinforcement require-
stressed reinforcement of ACI 318, Section 18.8.1. ments of Chapter 18 of ACI 318 applicable to the beam. In
423.3R-8 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT
nections is also controlled by details of the lift-slab collar-to- The limited test data available35,37 do not show beneficial
column connection. effects on shear strength due to use of shear reinforcement
The procedures of Sections 11.12.6 and 13.3.3 of ACI 318 with conventional anchorage details in post-tensioned flat
are also applicable to calculations of the moment transfer plates. The use of stud shear reinforcement with special an-
from prestressed concrete slabs to exterior column connec- chorage details and stirrups with special anchorage details
tions for moments normal to a discontinuous edge. However, has been shown to increase shear strength substantially.38-41
bonded reinforcement, detailed as closed ties or hooks so 3.3.5 Tendon and bonded reinforcement distribution and
that it can act as torsional reinforcement, should be provided spacingWithin the limits of tendon distributions that have
when the calculated upward factored shear stress vu at the been tested, research indicates that the moment and shear
strength of two-way prestressed slabs is controlled by total
discontinuous edge exceeds 2 f c psi (0.17 f c MPa),
tendon strength and by the amount and location of nonpre-
and, until further research data become available, the maxi-
stressed reinforcement, rather than by tendon distribution.3-
mum calculated shear stress at such exterior columns should 6,15,32 While it is important that some tendons pass within the
be limited to 4 f c psi (0.33 f c MPa). However, tests
shear perimeter over columns, distribution elsewhere is not
completed in 1982 of four edge column specimens of a post- critical, and any rational method which satisfies statics may
tensioned flat plate with banded tendon details, support the be used. For uniform loading, the maximum spacing of sin-
use of Eq. (11-39) of ACI 318 for shear design.36 gle tendons or groups of tendons in one direction should not
exceed 8 times the slab thickness, with a maximum spacing
of 5 ft (1500 mm). In addition, tendons should be spaced to
provide a minimum average prestress of 125 psi (0.9 MPa)
on the local slab section tributary to the tendon or tendon
group (the section one-half of the spacing on either side of
the center of the tendon or tendon group). The spacing of sin-
gle strand tendons is usually governed by the minimum av-
erage prestress requirements. For groups of two or more
tendons, the 8h criterion usually controls maximum tendon
spacing. Special consideration of tendon spacing may be re-
quired to accommodate concentrated loads.
When more than two strands are bundled in a group, addi-
tional cover may be necessary to assure proper concrete
placement under the tendon group. Horizontal curvature of
bundled monostrand tendons should be avoided. If this is not
possible, additional transverse reinforcement and accesso-
ries may be required at points of horizontal curvature to
maintain the horizontal plane of tendon bundles during
stressing.
Fig. 3.3Two-way post-tensioned flat plate shear test data Transverse reinforcement may also be required to control
versus Eq. (11-39) of ACI 31835 horizontal splitting cracking that may occur due to in-plane
forces from horizontally curved banded tendons.
230 mm 270 mm 300 mm The predominant and recommended method of placing
510 mm
tendons in two-way slab systems is the banded distribution
illustrated in Fig. 3.4. The use of a banded tendon distribu-
tion greatly simplifies the process of placing tendons, and
therefore provides a significant reduction in field labor cost.
Recommended details of reinforcement for banded tendon
distribution are given in the following paragraphs.
The number of tendons required in the design strip (center-
to-center of adjacent panels) may be banded close to the col-
umn in one direction and distributed in the other direction.
At least two tendons should be placed inside the design shear
section at columns in each direction.
For lift-slab construction, the same general details of ten-
don distribution apply, and provision should be made for ten-
dons to pass through or over the lifting heads.
The maximum spacing of tendons or bundles of tendons
6.5 mm 1660
that are distributed should be 8h but not to exceed the spac-
ing that provides a minimum average prestress of 125 psi
Fig. 3.4Banded tendon distribution6 (0.9 MPa). Even though no tendons are provided in one di-
CONCRETE MEMBERS PRESTRESSED WITH UNBONDED TENDONS 423.3R-11
the strip is closed with concrete. These strips should prefer- described in Reference 50 ranged from 2460 psi (17 MPa) to
ably be left open for a sufficient length of time to help mini- 2960 psi (20 MPa) to be representative of typical concrete
mize the effects of slab shortening. The design of strengths at the time of stressing tendons. Similar reinforce-
reinforcement should be based on the amount of reinforce- ment should also be provided for anchorages located within
ment required to achieve continuity, taking into consider- 12 in. (300 mm) of slab corners. A minimum of two tendons
ation the deflection or camber that is expected to occur prior at the slab edge perpendicular to the banded tendons at both
to casting the closure strip. Temporary shoring may be used the stressing end and dead end should be stressed preferably
to assure full continuity for both dead and live loads. before the banded tendons are stressed.
c. Detail the connection between the flexural elements and The tests described in Reference 49 were limited to an-
columns to permit movement. chorages of 1/2 in. (13 mm) diameter, 270 ksi (1860 MPa)
d. Add or improve the layout of reinforcement. Bonded re- strand unbonded tendons in normal weight concrete. For an-
inforcement placed parallel to restraining walls is highly ef- chorage of 0.6-in. (15 mm) diameter, 270 ksi (1860 MPa)
fective in distributing potential restraint cracks. A rein- strand tendons, or for anchorages used in lightweight con-
forcement ratio of 0.15 percent with bars placed half at the crete slabs, the amount and spacing of reinforcement should
top and half at the bottom over a width of about one-third of be conservatively adjusted to provide for the larger anchor-
the span normal to the wall can be considered adequate for age force and for the smaller splitting tensile strength of
this purpose. The effect of potential diagonal cracks at slab lightweight concrete. References 51 and 52 present studies
corners, reentrant slab corners, and corners of walls can be of the behavior of post-tensioned anchorage zones.
similarly reduced by providing either diagonal or orthogonal For anchorage zones of groups of unbonded tendons in
bonded reinforcement. Diversion of prestress into support- beams, the splitting tensile force may be taken as10
ing elements can be counteracted by overlapping tendons in d
these areas. Overlapping of tendons is recommended around Fst (kips) = 0.30 1 ------a- Pj
d sp
openings to counteract potential diagonal cracks at the cor-
ners of the openings in accordance with Fig. 5.1. d
In two-way flat plates, the average prestress is often on the Fst (kN) = 1.33 1 ------a- Pj
d sp
order of 125 psi (0.9 MPa). Stresses of this magnitude do not
usually produce large dimensional changes due to elastic in which
shortening or concrete creep. However, even in these appli-
cations, care should be exercised when the building dimen- da = depth of anchor casting (for a single line of anchors)
sions, or the dimensions between joints, become large, or or depth of section covered by a group of anchors
when the flexural elements are supported by rigid elements dsp = total depth of symmetric concrete prism above and
that could produce substantial restraint forces if not properly below a single anchor or group of anchors
detailed. Pj = tendon jacking force for all tendons anchored in a
group
3.8Serviceability requirements
Design for performance at service load should consider Reinforcement required for splitting tensile forces calcu-
the factors included in Sections 9.5.4 and 18.10.2 of ACI lated in accordance with the previous equation should be
318. Serviceability limitations, including specified limits on proportioned with fs = 0.6 fy, where fy should not exceed 60
deflections should be satisfied. ksi (400 MPa). Splitting reinforcement may not be required
It is important that the deflection limits of Section 9.5.4 re- for tendon groups anchored in columns where confinement
fer to computed deflections only and not to measurements is provided by column loads and column reinforcement, or
made on the actual structure. Field surveys of apparent de- for anchorages where lateral confinement is provided by a
flections can be influenced by many construction factors beam perpendicular to the trajectory of the tendons which is
which are beyond the control of the designer and impossible monolithic with the slab and increases the depth of the sec-
to isolate from true deflections caused by applied loads. tion by at least the slab thickness above or below the slab.
Reinforcement may be in the form of spirals, stirrups, or-
3.9Design strength thogonal reinforcement, or combinations of these. Groups of
The strength of prestressed systems should be at least anchorages should be restrained with reinforcement (direc-
equal to the required strength provisions contained in Sec- tion perpendicular to tendons) extending through the entire
tions 9.2, 9.3, 18.10.3, and 18.10.4 of ACI 318. group of anchorages. All orthogonal reinforcement should
be mechanically anchored around reinforcement running
3.10Anchorage zone reinforcement parallel to the tendons. Spirals, stirrups, or orthogonal rein-
Anchorage zones in normal weight concrete slabs for forcement should have sufficient extra length to develop full
groups of six or more 1/2 in. (13 mm) diameter single strand bond with the concrete, or should be mechanically anchored
unbonded tendons with horizontal anchor spacing of 12 in. by 135 deg bends around reinforcement. The clear distance
(300 mm) or less should be reinforced in accordance with between bars or pitch of spirals used as anchorage zone rein-
Fig. 3.549 or with a similar detail using closed stirrups. The forcement should be at least the maximum size of the aggre-
concrete strengths for the specimens tested in the research gate plus 1/2 in. (12 mm) but not less than 11/2 in. (40 mm).
423.3R-14 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT
Although research50,53-55 and experience30,56 have demon- For larger openings where it is necessary to terminate
strated the durability of structures with unbonded tendons some tendons at the opening, the crack inhibiting layout of
exposed to seawater and other aggressive environments, it is tendons shown in Fig. 5.146 is recommended rather than the
not recommended that unbonded tendons be utilized in ap- crack promoting layout. In some cases, it may be prefera-
plications directly exposed to seawater or other severe corro- ble to isolate small slab sections adjacent to openings with
sive environments unless special corrosion-protection slab joints, as shown in Fig. 5.2.46 The isolated slab sections
measures are taken. There are proprietary protection systems should be reinforced as required with conventional bonded
available that provide enhanced corrosion protection to the reinforcement.
total tendon assembly for highly corrosive environ- For larger openings, it is always desirable to reinforce the
ments.57,58 top and bottom of the slab at openings with diagonal bars to
control cracking initiated at the corners of the opening. In
CHAPTER 5CONSTRUCTION some cases, additional structural reinforcement may be nec-
essary around the slab perimeter to distribute any loads ap-
5.1Construction joints plied at the opening to the slab. Loads at openings can
Construction joints may be used to divide the floor system normally be accommodated by use of tendons and additional
into segments of suitable size for placement of concrete. In- bonded reinforcement around the perimeter. However, addi-
termediate stressing anchors may be used at construction tional beams may sometimes be required to carry the loads
joints, or the tendons may run through the joint without an- at perimeters of openings, and a structural analysis should be
chors. made to determine whether these loads can be carried by use
Special care should be taken to insure a watertight joint to of additional tendons and additional bonded reinforcement
prevent leaks and subsequent corrosion of tendon compo- or whether beams are required. It is generally preferable to
nents and reinforcement in the joint vicinity. locate openings in the midspan areas of one-way slabs and
two-way flat plates to minimize the effect of the opening on
5.2Closure strips the shear capacity of the slab at walls or columns. When
Open strips may temporarily separate adjacent slabs dur- openings are located where they may reduce shear capacity,
ing construction as discussed in Section 3.7. a more exact analysis of the capacity of the actual slab con-
figuration is essential. In flat plates, Section 18.12.4 of ACI
5.3Placement of tendons 318 requires that: A minimum of two tendons shall be pro-
5.3.1 Tendon profileThe placement of tendons should vided in each direction through the critical shear section over
closely follow the specified profile within the tolerances rec- columns, as discussed in Section 3.3.5.
ommended in Section 5.3.2. Any inadvertent local reversed
curvature should be corrected prior to concreting. Tendon
5.4Concrete placement and curing
profiles are maintained by tying to reinforcing steel, chairs,
Concrete should be placed in such a manner that tendon
or other supports with wire ties. Ties should be installed so
alignment and reinforcing steel positions remain unchanged.
that they do not visibly imprint or dent the polyethylene or
Special attention must be given to vibration of concrete at
polypropylene sheathing. Recommendations for spacing of
tendon anchorages to insure uniform compaction at these
ties for bundles of unbonded tendons are presented in Sec-
points. Voids behind the bearing plate, or insufficient con-
tion 3.2.3.
crete strength, will cause concrete failure. Careful vibration
5.3.2 TolerancesVertical deviations in tendon location
and proper curing will eliminate most of these difficulties.
should be kept to 1/4 in. (6 mm) for slab thickness dimen-
sions less than 8 in. (20 mm), 3/8 in. (10 mm) in concrete Voids behind the bearing plate should be repaired prior to the
with dimensions between 8 in. (20 mm) and 2 ft (600 mm), stressing operation.
and 1/2 in. (12 mm) in concrete with dimensions over 2 ft Curing in accordance with the recommendations in ACI
(600 mm). These tolerances should be considered in estab- 308 and ACI 517.2R should be followed to avoid various
lishing minimum tendon cover dimensions, particularly in types of shrinkage-related cracking and to insure proper
applications exposed to deicer chemicals or saltwater envi- quality concrete. Calcium chloride or additives containing
ronments where use of additional cover is recommended to
compensate for placing tolerances. Slab behavior is relative-
ly insensitive to horizontal location of tendons.
5.3.3 OpeningsDeviations of tendons in the horizontal
plane that may be necessary to avoid interferences such as
openings, ducts, chases, inserts, etc., should be considered in
view of potential cracking due to lateral forces. Appropriate
means to avoid or control cracking include an adequately
large radius of curvature, sufficient clearance of the tendons
from the edge of an opening, a straight tendon extension be-
yond the opening corners, and hairpin reinforcement to Fig. 5.1Tendon layouts(a) Crack inhibiting layout; and
transfer the lateral forces to the surrounding concrete.59 (b) crack promoting layout
423.3R-16 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT
5.6Form removal and reshoring E 119 Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Con-
Shoring must be left in place until the stressing operation struction and Materials
is completed. Edge or pocket forms and bulkheads should be
removed well ahead of the stressing operation. Beam or side International Conference of Building Officials
forms may be removed prior to stressing with permission Uniform Building Code
from the engineer.
Removal of shoring and forms may follow immediately These publications may be obtained from the following
after the stressing operation. After stressing, reshoring may organizations:
be required to prevent overloading during additional con-
struction. Usually, reshoring practices are a precaution American Concrete Institute
against overloading. Do not wedge shoring beyond a snug fit 38800 Country Club Drive
against prestressed members. P. O. Box 9094
Farmington Hills, MI 48333
5.7Welding and burning
When welding or burning near tendons, care must be ex- ASTM
ercised to prevent the prestressing steel from overheating, to 100 Barr Harbor Drive
keep electric arc jumps from occurring, and to keep molten West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
slag from coming in contact with the prestressing steel.
Grounding of welding equipment to the prestressing steel International Conference of Building Officials
should not be allowed. 5360 South Workman Mill Road
Whittier, CA 90601
5.8General procedures
Guidance for the protection of tendons during storage, 6.2Cited references
transit, and installation can be found in Reference 8. 1. Design and Construction of Post-Tensioned Slabs-on-
Ground, Post-Tensioning Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 1980, 89
CHAPTER 6REFERENCES pp.
2. Design of Post-Tensioned Slabs, Post-Tensioning In-
6.1Recommended references stitute, Phoenix, 1977, 52 pp.
The documents of the various standards-producing organi- 3. Ritz, Peter; Marti, Peter; and Thurlimann, Bruno, Ex-
zations referred to in this document follow with their serial periments on Flexure of Unbonded Prestressed Plates (Ver-
designation, including year of adoption or revision. Since suche ber das Biegeverhalten von vorgespanntgen Platten
some of these documents are revised frequently, generally in Ohne Verbund), Institut fr Baustatik und Konstruktion,
minor detail only, the user of this document should check di- Zrich, 1975, 114 pp.
rectly with the sponsoring group if it is desired to refer to the 4. Burns, Ned H., and Hemakom, Roongroj, Test of Scale
latest revision. Model Post-Tensioned Flat Plate, Proceedings, ASCE, V.
103, ST6, June 1977, pp. 1237-1255. Also, see Reference 5.
American Concrete Institute 5. Hemakom, R., Strength and Behavior of Post-Ten-
116R Cement and Concrete Terminology sioned Flat Plates with Unbonded Tendons, PhD disserta-
201.2R Guide to Durable Concrete tion, University of Texas, Austin, 1975, 272 pp. Also, see
216R Guide for Determining the Fire Endurance of Con- Reference 4 and Burns, Ned H., and Hemakom, Roongroj,
crete Elements Test of Flat Plate with Banded Tendons, Proceedings,
308 Standard Practice for Curing Concrete ASCE, V. 111, No. 9, Sept. 1985, pp. 1899-1915.
318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Con- 6. Winter, C. Victor, Test of Four Panel Post-Tensioned
crete and Commentary Flat Plate with Unbonded Tendons, thesis, University of
423.2R Tentative Recommendations for Prestressed Con- Texas, Austin, 1977. Also;, Kosut, Gary M.; Burns, Ned H.;
crete Flat Plates and Winter, C. Victor, Test of Four-Panel Post-Tensioned
517.2R Accelerated Curing of Concrete at Atmospheric Flat Plate, Proceedings, ASCE, V. 111, No. 9, Sept. 1985,
Pressure State of the Art pp. 1916-1929.
7. Specification for Unbonded Single Strand Tendons,
ASTM Revised 1993, Post-Tensioning Institute, Phoenix, 1993, 20
pp.
A 123 Standard Specifications for Zinc (Hot-Galvanized) 8. Field Procedures Manual for Unbonded Single Strand
Coatings on Products Fabricated from Rolled, Tendons, Second Edition, Post-Tensioning Institute, Phoe-
Pressed, and Forced Steel Shapes, Plates, Bars, and nix, AZ, 1994, 62 pp.
Strip 9. Design for Fire Resistance of Precast, Prestressed Con-
B 633 Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coat- crete, Second Edition, Publication No. MNL-124-89, Pre-
ings of Zinc on Iron and Steel cast-Prestressed Concrete Institute, Chicago, 1989, 96 pp.
423.3R-18 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT
10. Post-Tensioning Manual, 5th Edition, Post-Tension- 26. Hawkins, Neil M., and Ishizuka, Takayuki, Concrete
ing Institute, Phoenix, 1985, 406 pp. Ductile Moment Resistant Frames, Proceedings, Ninth
11. Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo, Ja-
Commentary, Seismology Committee, Structural Engi- pan, 1988.
neers Association of California, San Francisco, 1974 (Re- 27. Burns, Ned H.; Charney, Finley A.; and Vines, Wen-
vised 1990), 203 pp. 12. NEHRP, Recommended dell R., Tests of One-Way Post-Tensioned Slabs with Un-
Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for bonded Tendons, Journal, Prestressed Concrete Institute,
New Buildings, Federal Emergency Management Agency, V. 23, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1978, pp. 66-83. Also, Charney, Fin-
1991. ley Allen, Strength and Behavior of a Partially Prestressed
13. BOCA, National Building Code, Building Officials Concrete Slab with Unbonded Tendons, MSc thesis, Uni-
and Code Administrators International, Inc., Country CLub versity of Texas, Austin, 1976, 179 pp., and Vines, Wendell
Hills, IL, 1993, 342 pp. R., Strength and Behavior of a Post-Tensioned Concrete
14. SBC, Standard Building Code, Southern Building Slab with Unbonded Tendons, MSc thesis, University of
Code Congress International, Inc., Birmingham, AL, 1994, Texas, Austin, 1976, 176 pp.
762 pp. 28. Yamazaki, Jun; Kattula, Basil T.; and Mattock, Alan
15. Parme, Alfred L., American Practice in Seismic De- H., Comparison of the Behavior of Post-Tensioned Pre-
sign, Journal, Prestressed Concrete Institute, V. 17, No. 4, stressed Concrete Beams With and Without Bond, Struc-
July-Aug. 1972, pp. 31-44. tures and Mechanics Report No. SM69-3, University of
16. Hawkins, Neil M., Lateral Load Resistance of Un- Washington, Seattle, 1969, 92 pp.
bonded Post-Tensioned Flat Plate Construction, Journal, 29. Burns, Ned H., and Pierce, David M., Strength and
Prestressed Concrete Institute, V. 26, No. 1, Jan-Feb. 1981, Behavior of Prestressed Concrete Members with Unbonded
pp. 94-116. Tendons, Journal, Prestressed Concrete Institute, V. 12,
No. 5, Oct. 1967, pp. 15-29.
17. Chung, H. W., Unbonded Tendons in Post-Tensioned
30. Walker, H. Carl, Durability of Parking Structure
Concrete Beams Under Repeated Loading, ACI JOURNAL,
Floors, Concrete International: Design and Construction,
Proceedings V. 70, No. 12, Dec. 1973, pp. 814-816.
V. 2, No. 3, Mar. 1980, pp. 47-50.
18. Miyamoto, Y., et al., Bending Fatigue Strength of
31. Scordelis, A. C.; Lin, T. Y.; and Itaya, R., Behavior
Unbonded Prestressed Concrete Beams, Railway Technical
of a Continuous Slab Prestressed in Two Directions, ACI
Research Report No. 844, Japan National Railway, 1973. (in
JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 56, No. 6, Dec. 1959, pp. 441-460.
Japanese)
32. Cleland, D. J.; Franklin, Y.; and Long, A. E., The
19. Inomata, Shunji, Comparative Study on Behavior of
Punching Strength of Unbonded Post-Tensioned Slabs at the
Prestressed and Reinforced Concrete Beams Subject to
Columns, International Conference on Concrete Slabs,
Loading Reversals, Journal, Prestressed Concrete Institute,
University of Dundee, 1979, 14 pp.
V. 16, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 1971, pp. 21-37.
33. Gerber, Loris L., and Burns, Ned H., Ultimate
20. Blakeley, Roger W. G., and Park, Robert, Seismic Strength Tests of Post-Tensioned Flat Plates, Journal, Pre-
Resistance of Prestressed Concrete Beam-Column Assem- stressed Concrete Institute, V. 16, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 1971,
blies, ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 68, No. 9, Sept. 1971, pp. 40-58.
pp. 677-692. 34. Smith, Stephen W., and Burns, Ned H., Post-Ten-
21. Thompson, Kevin H., and Park, Robert, Cyclic Load sioned Flat Plate to Column Connection Behavior, Journal,
Tests on Prestressed and Reinforced Concrete Beam-Col- Prestressed Concrete Institute, V. 19, No. 3, May-June 1974,
umn Joints, Journal, Prestressed Concrete Institute, V. 22, pp. 74-91.
No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1977, pp. 84-110. 35. Kosut, Gary M., Shear Strength of a Post-Tensioned
22. Priestley, M. J. N., and Tao, J., (1993) Seismic Re- Flat Plate at the Column Connections, MS Research Report,
sponse of Precast Concrete Frames with Partially Debonded University of Texas at Austin, 1977, 104 pp. Also, see Ref-
Tendons, Journal, Prestressed Concrete Institute, Jan.-Feb. erence 4.
1993. 36. Sunidja, Harianto; Foutch, Douglas A.; and Gamble,
23. Priestley, M. J. N., and MacRae, G. A., Precast Seis- William A., Response of Prestressed Concrete Plate-Edge
mic Resisting Frames Using Unbonded Prestressing Teno- Column Connections, Structural Research Series No. 498,
dns, FIP 1994 XII Congress, Proceedings, pp. E10-E15, Report No. UILU-ENG-82-2006, University of Illinois, Ur-
1994. bana, Mar. 1982.
24. ACI Northern California and Western Nevada Chap- 37. Pillai, S. Unnikrishna; Kirk, Wayne; and Scavuzzo,
ter, The Performance of Reinforced Concrete Structures Leonard, Shear Reinforcement at Slab-Column Connec-
during the Northridge Earthquake, Mar. 1994, 18 pp. tions in a Reinforced Concrete Flat Plate Structure, ACI
25. Suarez, Mario G., and Schupack, Morris, Evaluation JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 79, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 1982, pp. 36-
of the Performance of Single Strand Unbonded Tendons in 42.
the Collapse of the LAmbiance Plaza Lift-Slab Building, 38. Dilger, W.H., and Ghali, A., Shear Reinforcement for
Project Report, Post-Tensioning Institute, Phoenix, Apr. Concrete Slabs, Proceedings, ASCE, V. 107, ST12, Dec.
1988, 4 pp. 1981, pp. 2403-2420.
CONCRETE MEMBERS PRESTRESSED WITH UNBONDED TENDONS 423.3R-19
39. Mokhtar, Abdel-Salam; Ghali, Amin; and Dilger, sioned Monostrand Anchorages, Post-Tensioning Institute,
Walter H., Stud Shear Reinforcement for Flat Concrete Phoenix, Dec. 1987.
Plates, ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 82, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 50. Tanaka, Yoshito; Kurauchi, Makoto; and Masuda,
1985, pp. 676-683. Yoji, Ten Year Marine Atmosphere Exposure Test of Un-
40. Muller, Franz-Xaver; Muttoni, Aurelio; and Thurli- bonded Prestressed Concrete Prisms, Post-Tensioning In-
mann, Bruno, Durchstanzversuche an Flachdeken mit stitute, Phoenix, May 1988, 58 pp.
Aussparungen, Institut fr Baustatik und Konstrucktion 51. Breen, J. E.; Burdet, O. L.; Roberts, C. L.; Sanders, D.
ETH, Zrich, Dec. 1984. H.; and Wollmann, G., Anchorage Zone Reinforcement for
41. Brandli, Werner; Muller, Franz-Xavier; and Thurli- Post-Tensioned Concrete Girders, NCHRP Report #356,
mann, Bruno, Bruchversuch an Stahlbeton und Spannbe- 1994, 205 pp.
tonplatten bei Randund Eckstutzen, Institut fr Baustatik 52. Sanders, D. H., and Breen, J. E., Generalized Ap-
und Konstrucktion ETH, Zrich, May 1982. proach to Design of Post-Tensioned Concrete Anchorage
Zones, Transportation Research Record, No. 1371, Mar.
42. Mojtahedi, Soussan, and Gamble, William L., Ulti-
1993, pp. 83-91.
mate Steel Stresses in Unbonded Prestressed Concrete,
53. Schupack, M., Behavior of 20 Post-Tensioned Test
Proceedings, ASCE, V. 104, ST7, July 1978, pp. 1159-1165.
Beams Subject to up to 2200 Cycles of Freezing and Thaw-
43. Burns, Ned; Helwig, Todd; and Tsujimoto, Tetsuya,
ing in the Tidal Zone at Treat Island, Maine, Performance
Effective Prestress Force in Continuous Post-Tensioned of Concrete in Marine Environment, SP-65, American Con-
Beams with Unbonded Tendons, ACI Structural Journal, crete Institute, Detroit, 1980, pp. 133-152.
V. 88, No. 1, Han.-Feb. 1991, pp. 84-90. 54. O'Neil, Edward F., Durability and Behavior of Pre-
44. Bondy, Kenneth B., Variable Prestress Force in Un- stressed Concrete Beams: Report 4, Post-Tensioned Con-
bonded Post-Tensioned Concrete Members, Concrete In- crete Beam Investigation with Laboratory Tests from June
ternational, American Concrete Institute, Jan. 1992, pp. 27- 1961 to September 1975, Technical Report No. 6-570, U.S.
33. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg,
45. Zia, Paul; Preston, H. Kent; Scott, Norman L.; and Feb. 1977, 172 pp.
Workman, Edwin B., Estimating Prestress Losses, Con- 55. Poston, Randall W.; Carrasquillo, Ramon L.; and
crete International: Design & Construction, V. 1, No. 6, Breen, John E., Durability of Post-Tensioned Bridge
June 1979, pp. 32-38. Decks, ACI Materials Journal, V. 84, No. 4, July-Aug.
46. Aalami, Bijan, and Barth, Florian, Restraint Cracks 1987, pp. 315-326.
and their Mitigation in Unbonded Post-Tensioned Building 56. Schupack, Morris, Survey of the Durability Perfor-
Structures, Cracking of Prestressed Concrete Structures, mance of Post-Tensioning Tendons, Post-Tensioning Insti-
SP-113, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1989, pp. tute, Phoenix, Jan. 1978, 10 pp. Also, ACI JOURNAL,
157-202. Also, Separate Publication, Post-Tensioning Insti- Proceedings V. 75, No. 10, Oct. 1978, pp. 501-510.
tute, Phoenix. 57. Schupack, Morris, Protection of Post-Tensioning
47. Branson, D. E., and Christiason, M. L., Time Depen- Tendons in Concrete Structures, Civil Engineering
dent Concrete Properties Related to DesignStrength and ASCE, V. 52, No. 12, Dec. 1982, pp. 43-45.
Elastic Properties, Creep, and Shrinkage, Designing for Ef- 58. Schupack, M., Corrosion Protection for Unbonded
fects of Creep, Shrinkage, Temperature in Concrete Struc- Tendons, Concrete International, Feb. 1991, pp. 51-57.
tures, SP-27, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1971, pp. 59. Falconer, Daniel W., and Wilson, Philip W., Inspec-
257-277. tion of Unbonded Tendons, Concrete International: Design
and Construction, V. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1988, pp. 53-56.
48. Ghali, Amin; Dilger, Walter; and Neville, Adam M.,
60. Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Con-
Time-Dependent Forces Induced by Settlement of Supports
crete (ACI 318-95) and Commentary (ACI 318R-95),
in Continuous Reinforced Concrete Beams, ACI JOURNAL,
American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1995, 347 pp.
Proceedings V. 66, No. 11, Nov. 1969, pp. 907-915.
49. Sanders, David H.; Breen, John E.; and Duncan, Roy
These revisions were submitted to letter ballot of the Committee and approved in
R. III, Strength and Behavior of Closely Spaced Post-Ten- accordance with ACI balloting procedures.