25.09.

2017 British Indian Ocean Territory - Wikipedia

British Indian Ocean Territory

Coordinates: 718S 7224E

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) is a British

overseas territory of the United Kingdom situated in the Indian British Indian Ocean Territory
Ocean halfway between Tanzania and Indonesia. The territory
comprises the seven atolls of the Chagos Archipelago with
over 1,000 individual islands many very small amounting
to a total land area of 60 square kilometres (23 sq mi).[5] The
largest and most southerly island is Diego Garcia, 27 km2 Flag
(10 sq mi), the site of a joint military facility of the United Coat of arms
Kingdom and the United States. Motto: "In tutela nostra Limuria" (Latin)
"Limuria is in our charge"
The only inhabitants are US and British military personnel and
associated contractors, who collectively number around 2,500 Anthem: "God Save the Queen"
(2012 figures).[3] The removal of Chagossians from the 0:00 MENU

Chagos Archipelago occurred between 1968 and 1973. The

Chagossians, then numbering about 2,000 people, were
expelled by the British government to Mauritius and
Seychelles to allow the United States to build a military base
there. Today, the exiled Chagossians are still trying to return,
arguing that the forced expulsion and dispossession was
illegal.[8][9] The islands are off-limits to Chagossians, casual
tourists, and the media.
Status British Overseas Territory
Mauritius has sought to gain control over the Chagos
Archipelago, which was separated from its territory by the Capital Camp Justice
U.K. in 1965 to form the British Indian Ocean Territory Largest Camp Justice
settlement 718S 7224E
On 23 June 2017, the United Nations General Assembly Official languages English
(UNGA) voted in favour of referring the territorial dispute
Ethnic groups 95.88% British /
between Mauritius and the UK to the International Court of
(2001[1]) American
Justice (ICJ) in order to clarify the legal status of the Chagos 4.12% other
Islands archipelago in the Indian Ocean. The motion was
approved by a majority vote with 94 voting for and 15 Government Dependency under a
constitutional monarchy
against.[10][11]
Monarch Elizabeth II
The British Indian Ocean Territory is one of only two British Commissioner Ben Merrick
territories where traffic drives on the right, the other being Administrator Linsey Billing[2]
Gibraltar. Responsible Mark Field MP
Ministera (UK)
Established in 1965

Contents Area
Total 54,400 km2 (21,000 sq mi)
1 History Water (%) 99.89
2 Population Land 60 km2
3 Government, politics and law 23 sq mi
3.1 Government Population
3.2 Politics and law 2012 estimate c.2,500[3]
4 Geography Density 58.3/km2 (151.0/sq mi)
5 Conservation
6 Demographics Currency United States Dollar
7 Economy (USD; de facto)[4][5]
Pound sterling
8 Communications
(GBP; de jure)[6][7]
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9 See also Time zone (UTC+6)

10 References
11 External links Drives on the right
Calling code +246
ISO 3166 code IO
History Internet TLD .io

Maldivian mariners knew the Chagos Islands well.[12] In

a. For the Overseas Territories.
Maldivian lore, they are known as Flhavahi or Hollhavai (the
latter name in the closer Southern Maldives). According to
Southern Maldivian oral tradition, traders and fishermen were occasionally lost at sea and got stranded on one
of the islands of the Chagos. Eventually they were rescued and brought back home. However, these islands
were judged to be too far away from the Maldives to be settled permanently by them. Thus, for many centuries
the Chagos were ignored by their northern neighbours.

The islands of Chagos Archipelago were charted by Vasco da Gama in the early sixteenth century, then claimed
in the eighteenth century by France as a possession of Mauritius. They were first settled in the 18th century by
African slaves and Indian contractors brought by Franco-Mauritians to found coconut plantations.[13] In 1810,
Mauritius was captured by the United Kingdom, and France ceded the territory in the Treaty of Paris.

In 1965, the United Kingdom split the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius and the islands of Aldabra,
Farquhar and Desroches (Des Roches) from the Seychelles to form the British Indian Ocean Territory. The
purpose was to allow the construction of military facilities for the mutual benefit of the United Kingdom and
the United States. The islands were formally established as an overseas territory of the United Kingdom on 8
November 1965.[14] On 23 June 1976, Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches were returned to Seychelles as a result
of its attaining independence. Subsequently, BIOT has consisted only of the six main island groups comprising
the Chagos Archipelago.

In 1990, the first BIOT flag was unfurled. This flag, as well as containing the flag of the United Kingdom, has
depictions of the Indian Ocean, where the islands are located, in the form of white and blue wavy lines and also
a palm tree rising above the British crown.[15]

Population
In 1966, the British government purchased the privately owned copra plantations and closed them. Over the
next five years, the British authorities forcibly and clandestinely removed the entire population of about 2,000
people, known as Chagossians (or Ilois), from Diego Garcia and two other Chagos atolls, Peros Banhos and
Salomon Islands, to Mauritius.[16] In 1971, the United Kingdom and the United States signed a treaty, leasing
the island of Diego Garcia to the US military for the purposes of building a large air and naval base on the
island. The deal was important to the UK government, as the United States granted it a substantial discount on
the purchase of Polaris nuclear missiles in return for the use of the islands as a base.[17] The strategic location
of the island was also significant at the centre of the Indian Ocean, and to counter any Soviet threat in the
region.

Work on the military base commenced in 1971, with a large airbase with several long range runways
constructed, as well as a harbour suitable for large naval vessels. Although classed as a joint UK/US base, in
practice it is primarily staffed by the US military, although the British maintain a garrison at all times, and
Royal Air Force long range patrol aircraft are deployed there. The United States Air Force used the base during
the 1991 Gulf War and the 2001 war in Afghanistan, as well as the 2003 Iraq War.

During the 1980s, Mauritius asserted a claim to sovereignty for the territory, citing the 1965 separation as
illegal under international law, despite their apparent agreement at the time. The UK does not recognise
Mauritius' claim, but has agreed to cede the territory to Mauritius when it is no longer required for defence
purposes.[18] The Seychelles also made a sovereignty claim on the islands.[19]
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The islanders, who now reside in Mauritius and the Seychelles, have
continually asserted their right to return to Diego Garcia, winning
important legal victories in the English High Court in 2000, 2006 and
2007. However, in the High Court and Court of Appeal in 2003 and
2004, the islanders' application for further compensation on top of the
14.5 million value package of compensation they had already received
was dismissed by the court.

On 11 May 2006, the High Court ruled that a 2004 Order in Council
preventing the Chagossians' resettlement of the islands was unlawful,
and consequently that the Chagossians were entitled to return to the
outer islands of the Chagos Archipelago.[20] On 23 May 2007, this was
confirmed by the Court of Appeal.[21] In a visit sponsored by the British
government, the islanders visited Diego Garcia and other islands on 3
April 2006 for humanitarian purposes, including the tending of the
graves of their ancestors.[22] On 22 October 2008, the British
government won an appeal to the House of Lords regarding the royal British diplomatic cable signed by D.A.
prerogative used to continue excluding the Chagossians from their Greenhill, 1966, relating to the
homeland.[23][24] depopulation of the Chagos
Archipelago stating "Unfortunately
According to a WikiLeaks disclosure document,[25] in a calculated along with the birds go some few
move in 2009 to prevent re-settlement of the BIOT by native Tarzans or Men Fridays."
Chagossians, the UK proposed that the BIOT become a "marine
reserve" with the aim of preventing the former inhabitants from
returning to their lands. The summary of the diplomatic cable is as
follows:

HMG would like to establish a "marine park" or

"reserve" providing comprehensive environmental
protection to the reefs and waters of the British Indian
Ocean Territory (BIOT), a senior Foreign and
Commonwealth Office (FCO) official informed
Polcouns on 12 May. The official insisted that the
establishment of a marine park the world's largest
would in no way impinge on USG use of the BIOT, View of Diego Garcia, showing military base.
including Diego Garcia, for military purposes. He
agreed that the UK and U.S. should carefully negotiate
the details of the marine reserve to assure that U.S.
interests were safeguarded and the strategic value of
BIOT was upheld. He said that the BIOTs former
inhabitants would find it difficult, if not impossible, to
pursue their claim for resettlement on the islands if the
entire Chagos Archipelago were a marine reserve.

The UK government established a marine reserve in April 2010 to mixed reactions from Chagossians. While
the UK Foreign Office claimed that it was an environmental move as well as a necessary move to improve the
coral populations off east Africa and therefore sub-saharan marine supplies, some Chagossians claimed that the
reserve would prevent any resettlement due to the inability to fish in protected areas. The Chagossian UK-based
Diego Garcian Society stated that it welcomed the marine reserve, noting that it was in the interest of
Chagossians to have the area protected while they were exiled and that it could be renegotiated upon
resettlement. The Foreign Office claimed the reserve was made "without prejudice to the outcome of the
current, pending proceedings before the European Court of Human Rights".[26]

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On 1 December 2010, a leaked US Embassy London diplomatic cable exposed British and US communications
in creating the marine nature reserve. The cable relays exchanges between US Political Counselor Richard
Mills and British Director of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Colin Roberts, in which Roberts "asserted
that establishing a marine park would, in effect, put paid to resettlement claims of the archipelago's former
residents."[27] Richard Mills concludes: "Establishing a marine reserve might, indeed, as the FCO's Roberts
stated, be the most effective long-term way to prevent any of the Chagos Islands' former inhabitants or their
descendants from resettling in the BIOT."[27] The cable (reference ID "09LONDON1156") was classified as
confidential and "no foreigners", and leaked as part of the Cablegate cache.

Government, politics and law

Government

As a territory of the United

Kingdom, the head of state
is Queen Elizabeth II.
There is no governor
appointed to represent the
Queen on the territory, as
there are no longer any
native inhabitants. The
head of government is the
View of East Point, Diego Garcia, from the commissioner, currently
air. Ben Merrick (since August
2017, replacing John
Kittmer), and administrator
[2]
John McManus (since April 2011, replacing Joanne Yeadon), all of
whom reside in the United Kingdom. The commissioner's
representative in the territory is the officer commanding the detachment
of British forces.
Elizabeth II is the head of state on the
British Indian Ocean Territory.
Politics and law

The laws of the territory are based on the constitution, set out in the
British Indian Ocean Territory (Constitution) Order 2004,[28] which gives the Commissioner full powers to
make laws for the territory.[2] If the Commissioner has not made a law on a particular topic then, in most
circumstances, the laws that apply in the BIOT are the same as those that apply in England under the terms of
the Courts Ordinance 1983.[29] As almost all residents of the BIOT are members of the United States military,
however, in practice crimes are more commonly charged under United States military law.

Applicable treaties between the United Kingdom and the United States govern the use of the military base. The
United States is required to ask permission of the United Kingdom to use the base for offensive military action.

Geography
The territory is an archipelago of 55 islands,[2] the largest being Diego Garcia, accounting for almost half of the
total land area of the territory, which is 60 km. The terrain is flat and low, with most areas not exceeding 2
metres above sea level. The climate is tropical marine; hot, humid, and moderated by trade winds.[30] In 2010
545,000 square kilometres (210,426 sq mi) of ocean around the islands was declared a marine reserve.[26]

With the exception of one two-lane motorway, most of the islands in the territory have no roads of any sort.[30]
Diego Garcia has a short stretch of paved road between the port and airfield; otherwise transport is mostly by
bicycle.[5][30] Diego Garcia's military base is home to the territory's only airport. At 3000 metres long, it is
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capable of supporting heavy USAF bombers such as the B-52

and would have been able to support the Space Shuttle in the
event of a mission abort.[31] It also has a major seaport.

There is also a marina bus service along the main road of the
island.[32]
The British Indian Ocean Territory prior to the
The island had many wagonways, which were donkey-hauled Seychelles' independence in 1976. The land at
narrow gauge railroads for the transport of coconut carts. bottom left is the northern tip of Madagascar.
These are no longer in use and have deteriorated.[33] (Desroches is not labelled, but is a part of the
Amirante Islands.)
Conservation
On 1 April 2010, the Chagos Marine Protected Area (MPA)
was declared to cover the waters around the Chagos
Archipelago. However Mauritius objected stating this was
contrary to its legal rights, and on 18 March 2015 the
Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled that the Chagos Marine
Protected Area was illegal under the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea as Mauritius had legally
binding rights to fish in the waters surrounding the Chagos
Archipelago, to an eventual return of the Chagos Archipelago,
and to the preservation of any minerals or oil discovered in or
near the Chagos Archipelago prior to its return.[34][35]

The MPA's declaration doubled the total area of environmental

no take zones worldwide. The benefits of protecting this area:

Provides an environmental benchmark for other areas.

Unlike the rest of the world, the BIOT has been Map of the British Indian Ocean Territory since
relatively untouched by man's actions. 1976.
Providing a natural laboratory to help understand
climate change.
Opportunity for research related to marine science, biodiversity, and climate change.
Acting as a reserve for species in danger in other areas.
Providing an export of surplus juveniles, larvae, seeds, and spores to help with output in neighbouring
areas.[36]

The area had already been declared an Environmental (Preservation and Protection) Zone, but since the
establishment of the MPA, fishing is no longer permitted in the area.

MV Pacific Marlin

The BIOT Patrol Vessel the MV Pacific Marlin is based in Diego Garcia. It is presently operated by the Swire
Pacific Offshore Group under a 4-year contract with the BIOT Administration, which was renewed on 1
January 2011. The MV Pacific Marlin patrols the marine reserve all year, and since the marine reserve was
designated in April 2010, the number of apprehensions of illegal vessels within the area has increased. The
Pacific Marlin was built in 1978 as an oceangoing tug. It is 57.7 metres long with a draft of 3.8 metres and
gross tonnage 1,200. It has a maximum speed of 12.5 knots with an economic speed of 11 knots, permitting a
range of about 18,000 nautical miles and fuel endurance of 68 days. It is the oldest vessel in the Swire
fleet.[37][38]

Demographics

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The total population was reported at 4,000 in 2006, of whom 2,200 were American military personnel or
contractors, 1,400 were Filipino contract workers, 300 were Mauritian contract workers, and 100 were
members of the British Armed Forces.[1] It is believed the population has significantly decreased since the end
of US bombing operations from the island in August 2006.

Economy
All economic activity is concentrated on Diego Garcia, where joint Anglo-American defence facilities are
located. Approximately 2,000 native inhabitants, known as the Chagossians or Ilois, were forcibly relocated to
Mauritius before construction of these facilities; in 1995, there were approximately 1,700 UK and US military
personnel and 1,500 civilian contractors living on the island.

Construction projects and various services needed to support the military installations are carried out by
military and contract employees from Britain, Mauritius, the Philippines, and the US. There are no industrial or
agricultural activities on the islands. Until the creation of the marine sanctuary, the licensing of commercial
fishing provided an annual income of about $1 million for the territory.[39]

Communications
Postage stamps have been issued for British Indian Ocean Territory since 17 January 1968. As the territory was
originally part of Mauritius and the Seychelles, these stamps were denominated in rupees until 1992. However,
after that date they were issued in denominations of British Pounds, the official currency of the territory.

Separate telephone facilities for military and public needs are available, providing all standard commercial
telephone services, including connection to the Internet. International telephone service is carried via satellite.

Cable & Wireless started operating in 1982 under licence from the British Government to provide international
public telecommunications services on the island of Diego Garcia. In April 2013, the company was acquired by
the Batelco Group, a telecommunications provider that now operates in 16 markets spanning the Middle East &
Northern Africa, Europe, the South Atlantic and the Indian Ocean. As of 19 August 2013 Cable & Wireless
(Diego Garcia) Limited changed name to Sure (Diego Garcia) Limited. Sure International is the corporate
division of the business,

Services offered include international telephone, broadband internet and WiFi, GSM mobile, paging services
and TV rebroadcast services. Telephone and internet services are also offered to maritime customers as well as
an extensive portfolio of services to business and Government customers.

The territory has three FM radio broadcast stations provided by American Forces Network and British Forces
Broadcasting Service. Due to its geographic location in proximity to the equator with unobstructed views to the
horizon, Diego Garcia has access to a relatively large number of geosynchronous satellites over the Indian and
eastern Atlantic Oceans, and the island is home to Diego Garcia Station (DGS), a remote tracking station
making up part of the Air Force Satellite Control Network. Diego Garcia Station has two sides to provide
enhanced tracking capabilities for AFSCN users.

Amateur radio operations occur from Diego Garcia, using the British callsign prefix VQ9. An amateur club
station, VQ9X, was sponsored by the US Navy for use by operators both licensed in their home country and
possessing a VQ9 callsign issued by the local British Indian Ocean Territory representative.[40] However, the
US Navy closed the station in early 2013, hence any future licensed amateurs wishing to operate from the
island will have to provide their own antenna and radio equipment.[41]

See also
Wenban-Smith, N. and Carter, M., Chagos: A History, Exploration, Exploitation, Expulsion Published by
Chagos Conservation Trust, London (2016), ISBN 978-0-9954596-0-1
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Index of United Kingdom-related articles

United Kingdom Wikipedia book

British Overseas Territories
List of island countries and territories in the Indian Ocean
Ile Takamaka

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40. Arneson, Larry (VQ9LA). "VQ9X Club Station" (http://www.qsl.net/vq9la/2.htm). QSL.NET. Retrieved
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41. Arneson, Larry (VQ9LA). "(Post of) May 24, 2013" (https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fb
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External links
Official website (http://biot.gov.io/)
British Indian Ocean Territory on UK government site (https://www.gov.uk/government/world/british-ind
ian-ocean-territory/)
The Chagos Conservation Trust A non-political charity whose aims are to promote conservation,
scientific and historical research, and to advance education concerning the archipelago. (http://www.chag
os-trust.org/)
Diego Garcia Online: Information for the Diego Garcia, BIOT population (http://www.diegogarciaonline.
com/)
UK Foreign Office- profile (http://www.factba.se/fco-page.php?bc=IO)
"British Indian Ocean Territory" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/io.ht
ml). The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Diego Garcia (http://www.historycommons.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=diego_garcia), timeline posted at
the History Commons.
Christian Nauvel, "A Return from Exile in Sight? The Chagossians and their Struggle" (2006) 5
Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights 96126 (http://www.law.northwestern.edu/journals/
jihr/v5/n1/4/Nauvel.pdf) (retrieved 9 May 2011).
EU Relations with British Indian Ocean Territory (https://web.archive.org/web/20081229033328/http://e
c.europa.eu/development/geographical/regionscountries/countries/country_profile.cfm?cid=io&type=sho
rt&lng=en)
Chagos Islands (B.I.O.T.) at Britlink British Islands & Territories (https://web.archive.org/web/200909
12153847/http://www.britlink.org/chagos.html)
http://www.letusreturnusa.org/

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