Trick 6 Tech: Group IV 1. SIF, behaves as Lewis acid and can accept lone pair of electron of ligand due to presence of vacant d-orbitals in silicon, SiF, +2F- —SiFz 2. — Tin upon reaction with NaOH form sodium starinite and with cone. HNO forms meta stannic acid, For example ‘Sn+2NaOH + 4H,0-——»Na,SnO, +2H, ‘Sn+4HNO, —>H,SnO,4NO, +H,0 p-block of the periodic table is unique as it contains all types of elements: metals, nonmetals and metalloid, There are six groups of p-block elements in the periodic table numbering from 13 to 18. The first member of p-block differ from the remaining members of their corresponding group in two major respects i.e., first is the size and other is the availability of d-orbitals, The combined effect of size and availability of d-orbitals influence the ability of these elements to form x bonds. Lighter elements form pr -pn bonding while heavier ones form dr. px or d— dr bonds. 3. Carbon is a typical non metal forming covalent bonds employing all its four valence electrons (2s”2p*). It shows the property of catenation, the ability to form chains or rings not only with C—C single bonds but also with multiple bonds (C=C or C=C) The tendency to catenation decreases as C >> Si > Ge = Sn > Pb, 4, Three important allotropes of carbon are diamond, graphite and fullerenes. The members of the carbon family mainly exhibit +4 and +2 oxidation states. Compound in +4 oxidation states are generally covalent in nature. The tendency to show +2 oxidation state increases among heavier elements due to inert pair effect. 5. Carbon forms two important oxides i.e., CO and CO,. CO is neutral while CO, is acidic, CO forms metal carbons because it has lone pair of electrons on carbon, It is deadly poisonous due to higher stability of its hemoglobin complex as compare to that of oxy hemoglobin complex. Increased content of CO, in air causes increase in green house effect 6. The mixture of CO and Hy is known as water gas or synthesis gas and a mixture of CO and N, is known as producer gas. These are very important industrial fuels. CO is a colourless, odourless and almost water insoluble gas. It is a powerful reducing agent and reduces almost all metal oxides other than alkali and alkaline earth metals, 7. Solid form of CO, is known as dry ice. Dry ice is used as a refrigerant for ice-cream and frozen food. Gaseous CO, is used to carbonate soft drinks and as a fire extinguisher. 8. ‘SiO, is a covalent, three dimensional network solid in which each silicon atom is covalently bonded in a tetrahedral manner to four oxygen atoms and cach oxygen & 121ene Trick & Tech: atom in turn covalently bonded to another Si atoms. Quartz is a crystalline form of silica and it is extensively used as a piezoelectric material. 9. Silicones are a group of organosilicon polymers which have (R,SiO) as a repeating unit. The starting materials for the manufacture of silicones are alkyl or aryl substituted silicon chlorides, R,SiCli4.») where R is aileyl or aryl group. The chain length of polymer can be controlled by adding (CH), SiC] which blocks the ends, Silicones are hydrophobic in nature, used as sealant, greases, electrical insulators and for water proofing fabrics, 10. Zeolites , mica and asbestos are some examples of silicates. The basic structural unit of silicate is SiO}. In silicates either the discrete unit is present or a number of such units are joined together via comers by sharing 1, 2, 3 or 4 oxygen atoms per silicate units. Glass and cement are two important man made silicates. LL. Zeolites are aluminosiicates obtained when few Si atoms in three dimensional network of SiO, are replaced by aluminium atoms, These are widely used as a catalyst in petrochemical industry for cracking of hydrocarbons and isomerisation eg. ZSM-S. Hydrated zeolites are used as ion exchangers in softening of hard water. Some Important Points Stability order is as because lower O.N. is pretered by lower one, Ge"? Sn“ > Po** PbCl, is good oxidiser because it converts into PbCly, @ Diamond is harder then graphite but thermally less stable then graphite. @ — Graphite is good conductor due to m-electron. © — Graphite is Sp? hybridised while diamond is Sp*. @ = Purest form of carbon is fullerenes. @ — SnCly.5H,0 is called ‘butter of tin’ and it is used as a mordant in dyeing Csi Ge Sn Pb Non-metals metalloid metal metal @ = Ge, Sn and Pb also exhibit +2 oxidation state due to inert pair effect. @ Sn” and Pb™ show ionic nature. @ The tendency to form +2 ionic state incerases on moving down the group due to inert pair effect. FeO Green Fe,0, Brown MnO, Light pink; in excess black. @ The phenomenon of adding broken glass pieces during glass making is called cullet. ieTrick 6 Tech: Soft galss: Mixture of Na and Ca silicates Hard galss: Mixture of K and ca silicates. Pyrex glass and Jena glass: Mixture of Zn and Ba borosilicates resistant to heat, shock and common reagents. @ — Galss is attacked by HF. This property is used in the etching of glass. Silicones: Silicones are polymeric organosilicon compound containing Si—O—Si linkege. They have high thermal stability of Si—O—Si chaines and are also called high temperature polymers, ‘Their general fomula is (R,SiO),. Where R =-CH, —CHs —CgHs. © Ortho silicates contain discrete SiO} tetrachedra e.g., Phenacite (Be,SiO,); Willemite (Zn,SiO,); Olivine (9Mg,SiO,.Fe,Si0,); Zircon (ZrSiO,) © _ Pyrosilicates are the simplest condensed silicates in which two SiO$ tetrachedra are joined by one oxygen atom forming discrete are joined by one oxygen atom forming dicrete SiO} ion e.g., Thoreveitte Sc,(Si,07), and hemimorphite, Zng(Si,07).Zn(OH),.H,0. Example: (a) Synthetic silicates are LigSiO, and NaSiO,, (b) Pyroxene mixtures like spodumene. LiAI(SiO3), Jadeite, NaAl(SiO,)9, Enstatile, MgSiO, and diopside CaMg(SiO5), Chain Silicates are of two types: © Having (SiO3-), units Having (Si,0%), units @ Ordinary glass is manufactured by fusing together a mixture of sand, Na,CO3 and lime stone (usally in the ratio 330 : 100 : 50). Owing to its complexity a super cooled liquid of silicates. © The hardness order of some abrassive is Diamond > Boron carbide (B,C) > Silicorn carbide (SiC) @ — Cyanogens (CN), is pseudohalogen. @ Dimond does not react with halogen while graphite reacts. © Graphite on heating with conc. HNO, given benzene hexa carboxylic acid (CygHgO42) ie., (C1gHeO 12. cooH Hooc COOH Hooc ‘COOH COOH & 123ene Trick & Tech: ® PDC, is more ionic than PbCI, (Covalent) ® — (CH,COO), Pb is called sugar of lead, © — SnCly.5H,O is called butter of tin, PbO, is called red lead or Sindur, @ Oxides: carbon forms five oxides CO,CO,,C.,0 CO, C =0,CO,,0=C=0, CaOg O=C=C=C=0 | © SiO is not possible while SiO, is —O-H-9— Sp? hybridised. ° OH | Co, +KOH—HO—F —OH 003 +10 OH Poo bod SiCl, *KOH— HOS OH 90 — SOS O— | OH ° ° @ = The red form of PbO is called litharge and the yellow form is massicot, Pb30, (red lead, or Sindur) 3. Halides: Elements of group 14 react with halogens directly to form tetraheral and covalent halides except C where its halide is produced by the action of halogens on hydrovearbons. PbBr, and Pbl, do not exit because Pb** is a strong oxidant and Br7 and I” are strong reductants. Hence Pb“* ion is difficult to survive in pressure of stong reductants Br~ and I~ and is immediatily reduced to Pb** ion. 4. Salt like carbides: These carbides are formed by the metals of group IA, IA, IIA (except boron), coinage metals, Zine, cadmium & some lanthanides,’ Acetylides: These are ionic carbides which yield acetylene on hydrolysis. The alkali metals and copper, silver and gold form M,C, type compounds. these contain C3 ions methanides, These carbides evolve methane on hydrolysis. Al,C3,Be,C,Mn,C ete. are some of methanides. These contains C* groups. 5. Allylides: These carbides evolve allylene (methyl acetylene) on hydrolysis. This type of the carbides is only Mg,C,. It contains C$ discrete group. Thus elements like Si,Ge,Sn and Pb have an ability to incerase their co-ordination number form foure to six. Other examples of hexa co-ordinated species are: [GeF,]* [SnClg]*-,[PbCl, } ete. =