Celldivisionnotescomplete

CellDivisionMitosisandMeiosis

o
o
o

studentswilldescribetheprocessesofmitosisandmeiosis
defineandexplainthesignificanceofchromosomenumberinsomaticandsexcells
explaintheeventsofthecellcycle
comparetheformationofidenticalandfraternaltwins

ChromosomeStructureandVocab

Haploid(n)
gametes(eggsandsperm)

23chromosomesinhumans

Diploid(2n)
Somaticcells(nongametes)

46chromosomesinhumans

Celldivisionnotescomplete

TheCellCycle
Growthanddivisionofsomaticcell

Howmulticellularorganismsgrowinsize

Twophases:InterphaseandDivisionPhase

DivisionPhase

CellCycle

Interphase
Interphase
Longestphaseinthecellcycle

Cellgrowsinsize

Doublescytoplasmicorganelles

Duplicateschromosomes

Threeparts:G1,S,G2

o G1:cellgrowth
o S:synthesisofDNA(chromosomeduplication
o G2:cellgrowthandpreparationfordivision

DivisionPhase
MitosisandCytokinesis

Cellsplitsintotwoidenticalcells

Celldivisionnotescomplete

Mitosis
4stages:Prophase,Metaphase,Anaphase,Telophase

o
o
o
o

Prophase
Chromosomescondense
Centriolesformandmovetooppositeendsofcell
Spindlefibersformandattachtocentromeres
Nuclearmembranestartstodissolve

o
o
o
o

Metaphase
Chromosomes(sisterchromatids)movetocenterofcell(equatorialplate)
Nuclearmembranecompletelydissolved
Chromosomesmostvisibleatthisstage
Chromatidscanbecomeintertwined

o
o
o

Anaphase
Centromeresdivide
Sisterchromatids(nowseparatechromosomes)movetooppositeendsofcell
Shouldbeidenticalchromosomesateachend

o
o
o

Telophase
Chromosomeslengthen(expand)
Spindlefibersdissolve
Nuclearmembranereformsaroundeachgroupofchromosomes

Cytokinesis
Cytoplasmdivides

Endwithtwoidenticalcells

o Bothstill2n

Celldivisionnotescomplete

MitosisandAging(pg562and570intext)
Limited#ofdivisions

Biologicalclockmayregulate#ofcelldivisionsallowed

Studyonheartcells

Specializationaffectsmitosisrate

o Morespecializedcellsdividefewertimes

Telomere(capatendofchromosome)controls#ofdivisions

o Innormalcells:telomeresshorteneverytimethecelldividesuntilitcantshorten
anymorewithoutaffectingthechromosome.Cellisatmaxageanddies
Telomere

Blackbandsrepresentgenes

o Inabnormalcells:cellkeepsdividingandchromosomeshortens=losegenetic
information=abnormalcells

o Incancercells:telomeresdontshortenwitheachdivision,socellneverstopsdividing
Thisisduetothepresenceofenzymetelomeraseincancercellsthatpreventsshorteningof
telomeres.

Celldivisionnotescomplete

Cloning
Formingidenticaloffspringfromasinglecellortissueintheparentorgan

CloneandparenthaveidenticalDNA

Happensnaturallyinnature(pg565)

o Budding
o Runners
o Identicaltwins
Allowsforproductionofstrainsofplantswithpredictablecharacteristics

AnimalCloning(1960s+)
Frogcloning(pg567)

o Blastocystnucleusinsertedintoenucleated(nonucleus)eggcell
o Eggcelldividesmitoticallytodevelopintonormalembryoandthenfrog
o Newfrogisgeneticallyidenticaltooriginalembryo
o Nucleusfromoldercells(gastrulationstage)didnotworkaswellcellsalreadytoo
specializedtoundergomitosis

Mammalcloning

o Sameprocessasfrogs
o Onlyseemedtoworkwithnucleusfromblastocystcells
o ThenDollyhappened
o Tooknucleusfromadultcells(uddercells)ofFinnDorsettandputinenucleatedeggcell
ofPollDorsett
o Newembryo(withtransplantednucleus)putintosurrogatesheepswomb(Scottish
Blackface)
o Lambwasbornthatwasgeneticallyidenticaltofirstadult(FinnDorsett)
Reviewquestions
Pg571:#14

Celldivisionnotescomplete

o
o
o

studentswilldescribetheprocessesofmitosisandmeiosis
describetheprocessofmeiosisandthenecessityforthereductionofchromosomenumber
comparetheprocessesofmitosisandmeiosis
describetheprocessesofcrossingoverandnondisjunction

Meiosis
celldivisiontoformsexcells(akagametes,sperm,eggs)

happensonlyintestesandovaries

gametesarehaploid(n)

goesthrough2divisionssimilartoMitosis

startswithG1,S,G2

MeiosisI
homologouspairsseparate

ProphaseI

o Nuclearmembranedissolves
o Centriolesformandmovetooppositeends
o Spindlefibersformandattachtocentromeres
o Synapsisoccurs:homologouspairscometogetherandintertwine
o (tetrad=4chromatids)
o Crossingovermayoccur(piecesofchromatidsbreakoffandexchange)=variabilityin
offspring

Synapsis

o
o

MetaphaseI
Tetradslineuponequatorialplate

**Forsimplicity,Iwillassumenocrossingover
happenedforthenextstages**

AnaphaseI
Homologouschromosomesseparatetooppositeends(segregation)
Chromosomenumberhasnowbeenreducedton
**Whichones(redorblue)go
leftorrightiscompletely
randomforeachpair.**

TelophaseI

o Nuclearmembraneformsaroundeachset
o Thesetwonewcellsarenotidentical(unlikeinmitosis)becauseonehasonesetofthe
homologouspairandtheotherhasanotherset.

o
o

Cytokinesis
Cellmembraneseparatesandyouareleftwithtwonewhaploidcells
ThenbothstartMeiosisIIwithoutgoingthroughG1,S,G2

Celldivisionnotescomplete

MeiosisII
Sisterchromatidsseparate(likeinmitosis)

o
o
o

ProphaseII
Nuclearmembranedissolves
Centriolesformandmovetooppositeends
Spindlefibersformandattachtocentromeres

MetaphaseII
Sisterchromatidslineuponequatorialplate

o
o

AnaphaseII
Sisterchromatidsseparatetooppositeends
Chromosomalnumberisstillhaploid

o
o

TelophaseII
Nuclearmembraneformsaroundeachset
Thesetwonewcellsshouldbeidenticaliftherewasnocrossingoverpreviously.

Cytokinesis
o Cellmembraneseparatesandyouareleftwithfournewhaploidgametes

Celldivisionnotescomplete

studentswilldescribetheprocessesofmitosisandmeiosis

o
describethediversityofreproductivestrategiesbycomparingthealternationofgenerationsinarangeof
organisms

KeyTerms
Sporophyte:structurethatreleasessporesDiploid

Spores:growintogametophyte

Gametophyte:structurethatmakesgametesHaploid

Knowthevocabularyand
whichonesarediploidor
haploid.Don'thaveto
knowspecificplants.

Celldivisionnotescomplete

Celldivisionnotescomplete

Celldivisionnotescomplete

Celldivisionnotescomplete

AbnormalMeiosis

o
o

Nondisjunction
2homologouschromosomesfailtoseparateduringmeiosisormitosis
1daughtercellhastoomany,1hastoofewchromosomes

o
o
o

o
o
o

chromosomes
Toomuchortoolittle,dontfunctionproperly
Moreconsequencesinmeiosis=fetusthatsmissingorhastoomanychromosomes

Polyploidy

Morethan2n(nondisjunctionofallchromosomes)
3ntriploidy
4ntetraploidy
Failureof2nzygotetodivideafterreplicating(4nembryo)
Commonandchemicallyencouragedinplantssuchaswheat,oats,tobacco,andpotatoes

Humansandnondisjunction

o SplitatmeiosisIIproducesgametesof22and24chromosomes(insteadofnormal23,
23)

Thereforeafterfertilizationwithanormalgamete,yougetembryoofeither45or47

1chromosomewherethereshouldbe2=monosomy
3chromosomeswherethereshouldbe2=trisomy
Asindividualdevelops,everycellwilleitherbe1shortorhave1toomany

Disorders
DownSyndrome

TurnerSyndrome

Klinefeltersyndrome

Trisomicfemale