velocity

s
v =
t
ds
v=
dt
acceleration
v
a =
t
dv
a=
dt
equations of motion
v = v0 + at
x = x0 + v0t + at2
v2 = v02 + 2a(x x0)
v = (v + v0)
newton's 2nd law
F = ma
dp
F =
dt
weight
W = mg
dry friction
N
centripetal accel.
v2
ac =
r
ac = 2r
momentum
p = mv
impulse
J = Ft

J=
F dt

impulse-momentum
Ft = mv
F dt = p

work
W = Fs cos

W=
F ds

work-energy
 Fs cos = E
F ds = E

kinetic energy
K = mv2
general p.e.

U =
F ds

F = U
gravitational p.e.
Ug = mgh
efficiency
W
= out
Ein
power
W
P =
t
dW
P=
dt
power-velocity
P = Fv cos
P=Fv
angular velocity

=
t
d
=
dt
v=r
angular acceleration

=
t
d
=
dt
a = r 2 r
equations of rotation
= 0 + t
= 0 + 0t + t2
2 = 02 + 2( 0)
= ( + 0)
2nd law for rotation
= I
dL
=
dt
 torque
= rF sin
=rF
moment of inertia
I = mr2

I=
r2 dm

rotational work
W =

W=
d

rotational power
P = cos
P=
rotational k.e.
K = I2
angular momentum
L = mrv sin
L=rp
L = I
universal gravitation
Gm1m2
Fg = r
r2
gravitational field
Gm
g = 2 r
r
gravitational p.e.
Gm1m2
Ug =
r
gravitational potential
Gm
Vg =
r
orbital speed
Gm
v=
r
escape speed
2Gm
v=
r
hooke's law
F = kx
elastic p.e.
Us = kx2
s.h.o.
 m
T = 2
k
simple pendulum

T = 2
g
frequency
1
=
T
angular frequency
= 2
density
m
=
V
pressure
F
P=
A
pressure in a fluid
P = P0 + gh
buoyancy
B = gVdisplaced
mass flow rate
m
qm =
t
volume flow rate
V
qV =
t
mass continuity
1A1v1 = 2A2v2
volume continuity
A1v1 = A2v2
bernoulli's equation
P1 + gy1 + v12 = P2 + gy2 + v22
dynamic viscosity
F v
= x
A z
F dv
= x
A dz
kinematic viscosity

=

drag
R = CAv2
mach number
v
Ma =
c
 reynolds number
vD
Re =

froude number
v
Fr =
g
young's modulus
F
=E
A 0
shear modulus
F x
=G
A y
bulk modulus
F V
=K
A V0
surface tension
F
=

Thermal Physics
solid expansion
= 0T
A = 2A0T
V = 3V0T
liquid expansion
V = V0T
sensible heat
Q = mcT
latent heat
Q = mL
ideal gas law
PV = nRT
molecular constants
nR =Nk
maxwell-boltzmann
mv2
2
4v m 3/2e 2kT
p(v) =
2kT
molecular k.e.
3
K = kT
2
molecular speeds
 2kT 8kT 3kT
vp = v = vrms =
m m m
heat flow rate
Q
=
t
dQ
=
dt
thermal conduction
kAT
=

stefan-boltzmann law
= A(T4 T04)
wien displacement law
b
max =
T
internal energy
U = 32nRT
thermodynamic work

W = P dV

1st law of thermo.
U = Q + W
entropy
Q
S =
T
S = k log w
efficiency
QC
real = 1
QH
TC
ideal = 1
TH
c.o.p.
QC
COPreal =
QH QC
TC
COPideal =
TH TC

Waves & Optics

periodic waves
v =
frequency
1
=
T
 beat frequency
fbeat = fhigh flow
intensity
P
I=
A
intensity level

LI = 10 log
I
I0
pressure level

LP = 20 log
P
P0
interference fringes
n = d sin
n x

d L
index of refraction
c
n=
v
snell's law
n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2
critical angle
n
sin c = 2
n1
image location
1 1 1
= +
do di
image size
h d
M= i = i
ho do
spherical mirrors
r

2

Electricity & Magnetism

coulomb's law
qq
F = k 12 2
r
1 q1q2
F= r
40 r2
electric field, def.
F
E= E
q
 electric potential, def.
UE
V =
q
field & potential
V
E =
d
E = V
electric field
q
E = k 2 r
r

E=k
r
dq
r
2

electric potential
q
V=k
r

V=k
dq
r
capacitance
Q
C=
V
plate capacitor
0A
C=
d
cylindrical capacitor
20
C=
ln(b/a)
spherical capacitor
40
C=
(1/a) (1/b)
capacitive p.e.
1 1 Q2 1
U = CV2 = = QV
2 2 C 2
electric current
q
I =
t
dq
I=
dt
ohm's law
V = IR
E = J
J = E
resitivity-conductivity
1
=

 electric resistance

R=
A
electric power
V2
P = VI = I2R =
R
resistors in series
Rs = Ri
resistors in parallel
1 1
=
Rp Ri
capacitors in series
1 1
=
Cs Ci
capacitors in parallel
Cp = Ci
magnetic force, charge
FB = qvB sin
FB = qv B
magnetic force, current
FB = IB sin
dFB = I d B
biot-savart law
0Ids r
B=
4 r2
solenoid
B = 0nI
straight wire
I
B= 0
2r
parallel wires
FB 0 I1I2
=
2 r
electric flux
E = EA cos

E =
E dA

magnetic flux
B = BA cos

B =
B dA

motional emf
= Bv
 induced emf
B
=
t
dB
=
dt

gauss's law
Q
E dA =
0

E=
0
no one's law
B dA = 0

B=0
faraday's law
dB
E ds =
dt
B
E=
t
ampere's law
dE
B ds = 00 + 0I
dt
E
B = 00 + 0 J
t

Modern Physics
time dilation
t
t' =
(1 v2/c2)
length contraction
' = (1 v2/c2)
relativistic mass
m
m' =
(1 v2/c2)
relative velocity
u+v
u' =
1 + uv/c2
relativistic energy
mc2
E=
(1 v2/c2)
relativistic momentum
p= mv
 (1 v2/c2)
energy-momentum
E2 = p2c2 + m02c4
mass-energy
E = mc2
relativistic doppler effect
0 1 + v/c
= =
0 1 v/c
photon energy
E = hf
photoelectric effect
Kmax = E = h( 0)
photon momentum
h
p=

schroedinger's equation
2 2
i (r,t) = (r,t) + V(r)(r,t)
t 2m
2 2
E(r) = (r) + V(r)(r)
2m
uncertainty principle

pxx
2

Et
2
rydberg equation
1 1 1
= R
2
n n0
2

half life
N = N02t/

Time and Distance

By one dimension we mean that the body is moving only in one plane and in a
straight line. Like if we roll a marble on a flat table, and if we roll it in a straight
line (not easy!), then it would be undergoing one-dimensional motion. There are
four variables which put together in an equation can describe this motion. These
are Initial Velocity (u); Final Velocity (v), Acceleration (a), Distance Traveled
(s) and Time elapsed (t). The equations which tell us the relationship between
these variables are as given below.

v = u + at
v 2 = u 2 + 2as click for calculator

s = ut + 1/2 at 2

Two and Three Dimensional Motion

Scalar or Vector?
To explain the difference we use two words: 'magnitude' and 'direction'. By
magnitude we mean how much of the quantity is there. By direction we mean is
this quantity having a direction which defines it. Physical quantities which are
completely specified by just giving out there magnitude are known as scalars.
Examples of scalar quantities are distance, mass, speed, volume, density,
temperature etc. Other physical quantities cannot be defined by just their
magnitude. To define them completely we must also specify their direction.
Examples of these are velocity, displacement, acceleration, force, torque,
momentum etc.

Parallelogram law of vector addition

If we were to represent two vectors magnitude and direction by two adjacent
sides of a parallelogram. The resultant can then be represented in magnitude
and direction by the diagonal. This diagonal is the one which passes through the
point of intersection of these two sides.

Resolution of a Vector
It is often necessary to split a vector into its components. Splitting of a vector into
its components is called resolution of the vector. The original vector is the
resultant of these components. When the components of a vector are at right
angle to each other they are called the rectangular components of a vector.

Rectangular Components of a Vector

As the rectangular components of a vector are perpendicular to each other, we
can do mathematics on them. This allows us to solve many real life problems.
After all the best thing about physics is that it can be used to solve real world
problems.
Note: We will show all vector quantities in bold. For example A will be scalar
quantity and A will be a vector quantity.
Let A x and A y be the rectangular components of a vector A
then
A = A x + A y this means that vector A is the resultant of vectors A x and A y
A is the magnitude of vector A and similarly A x and A y are the magnitudes of
vectors A x and A y
As we are dealing with rectangular components which are at right angles to each
other. We can say that:
A = (A x + A y) 1/2
Similarly the angle Q which the vector A makes with the horizontal direction will
be
Q = tan -1 (A y / A x)

Laws of Motion
Newton's laws of motion
Through Newton's second law, which states: The acceleration of a body is
directly proportional to the net unbalanced force and inversely proportional
to the body's mass, a relationship is established between
Force (F), Mass (m) and acceleration (a). This is of course a wonderful relation
and of immense usefulness.

F=mxa click for calculator

Knowing any two of the quantities automatically gives you the third !!

Momentum
Momentum (p) is the quantity of motion in a body. A heavy body moving at a fast
velocity is difficult to stop. A light body at a slow speed, on the other hand can be
stopped easily. So momentum has to do with both mass and velocity.

p = mv click for calculator

Often physics problems deal with momentum before and after a collision. In such
cases the total momentum of the bodies before collision is taken as equal to the
total momentum of the bodies after collision. That is to say: momentum is
conserved.

Impulse
This is the change in the momentum of a body caused over a very short time.
Let m be the mass and v and u the final and initial velocities of a body.

Impulse = Ft = mv - mu click for calculator

Work, Energy and Power

Work and energy
As we know from the law of conservation of energy: energy is always conserved.
Work is the product of force and the distance over which it moves. Imagine you
are pushing a heavy box across the room. The further you move the more work
you do! If W is work, F the force and x the distance then.

W = Fx
Energy comes in many shapes. The ones we see over here are kinetic energy
(KE) and potential energy (PE)

Transitional KE = mv 2
Rotational KE = Iw 2
here I is the moment of inertia of the object (a simple manner in which one
can understand moment of inertia is to consider it to be similar to mass in
transitional KE) and w is angular velocity

Gravitational PE = mgh click for calculator

where h is the height of the object
Elastic PE = k L 2
where k is the spring constant ( it gives how much a spring will stretch for a
unit force) and L is the length by which the spring is stretched or
compressed form the equilibrium position.

Power
Power (P) is work( W) done in unit time (t).

P = W/t
as work and energy (E) are same it follows power is also energy consumed or
generated per unit time.

P = E/t
In measuring power Horsepower is a unit which is in common use. However in
physics we use Watt. So the first thing to do in solving any problem related to
power is to convert horsepower to Watts. 1 horsepower (hp) = 746 Watts

Circular Motion

In the diagram v is the tangential velocity of the object. a is the centripetal

(acting towards the center of the circle) acceleration and F is the centripetal
force. r is the radius of the circle and m is mass of the object.
as work and energy (E) are same it follows power is also energy consumed or
generated per unit time.

a=v2/r
F = ma = mv 2/r
Gravitation
Kepler's Laws
Towards the end of the sixteenth century, Tycho Brahe collected a huge amount
of data giving precise measurements of the position of planets. Johannes Kepler,
after a detailed analysis of the measurements announced three laws in 1619.
1. The orbit of each planet is an ellipse which has the Sun at one of its foci.
2. Each planet moves in such a way that the (imaginary) line joining it to the Sun
sweeps out equal areas in equal times.
3. The squares of the periods of revolution of the planets about the Sun are
proportional to the cubes of their mean distances from it.

Newton's law of universal gravitation

About fifty years after Kepler announced the laws now named after him, Isaac
Newton showed that every particle in the Universe attracts every other with a
force which is proportional to the products of their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of their separation.
Hence:
If F is the force due to gravity, g the acceleration due to gravity, G the
Universal Gravitational Constant (6.67x10-11 N.m2/kg2), m the mass and r
the distance between two objects. Then

F=Gm1m2/r2
Acceleration due to gravity outside the Earth
Here let r represent the radius of the point inside the earth. The formula for
finding out the acceleration due to gravity at this point becomes:

g' = ( r / re )g
In both the above formulas, as expected, g' becomes equal to g when r = re.
Properties of Matter
Density
The mass of a substance contained in unit volume is its density (D).

D = m/V
Measuring of densities of substances is easier if we compare them with the
density of some other substance of know density. Water is used for this purpose.
The ratio of the density of the substance to that of water is called the pecific
Gravity (SG)S of the substance.

SG = D substance / D water
The density of water is 1000 kg/m 3

Pressure
Pressure (P) is Force (F) per unit area (A)

P = F/A
Specific Heat
You may have noticed that metals, for example copper, heat faster than water.
You would require 4186 J of heat to raise the temperature of water by 1 degree
Celsius. On the other hand 1 kg of copper would zoom to this temperature after it
receives only 387 J of heat. It is known that every substance has a unique value
of amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 kg of it by 1 degree
Celsius. This number is referred to as the specific heat of the substance. Let Q
be the heat transferred to m kg of a substance, thereby changing its
temperature by dT. The specific heat c of the substance is defined as

c = Q/mdt
Juggle the expression, and we get the heat transferred from a body to its
surroundings or the other way around. This is given by.
Q = m c dT
For example the heat required to increase the temperature of half a kg of water
by 3 degrees Celsius can be determined using this formula. Here m, mass of
water is 0.5 kg and the dt, the temperature rise = 3 deg C and we know the
specific heat of water is 4186 J/kg. So here the heat required will be
Q = 0.5 x 4186 x 3 =6280 J
It is as simple as that !!
he table below gives the specific heat of some common substances

J/kg. o C cal/g. o C

Aluminium 900 0.215

Copper 387 0.0924

Glass 837 0.200

Gold 129 0.0308

Ice 2090 0.500

Iron 448 0.107

Silver 234 0.056

Steam 2010 0.480

Water 4186 1.00

Electricity
Electricity
According to Ohm's Law electric potential difference(V) is directly proportional
to the product of the current(I) times the resistance(R).

V=IR
The relationship between power (P) and current and voltage is

P=IV
Using the equations above we can also write

P=V2/R
and

P=I2R
Resistance of Resistors in Series
The equivalent resistance (R eq) of a set of; resistors connected in series is

R eq = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 + - - -
Resistance of Resistors in Parallel
The equivalent resistance (R eq) of a set of resistors connected in parallel is

1/R eq = 1/R 1 + 1/R 2 + 1/R 3 + - - -

Converting an improper fraction to a mixed number:

Formula for a proportion:

In a proportion, the product of the extremes (ad) equal the product of the means(bc),

Thus, ad = bc

Percent:

Percent to fraction: x% = x/100

Percentage formula: Rate/100 = Percentage/base

Rate: The percent.

Base: The amount you are taking the percent of.
Percentage: The answer obtained by multiplying the base by the rate

Consumer math formulas:

Discount = list price discount rate

Sale price = list price discount

Discount rate = discount list price

Sales tax = price of item tax rate

Interest = principal rate of interest time

Tips = cost of meals tip rate

Commission = cost of service commission rate

Geometry formulas:

Perimeter:

Perimeter of a square: s + s + s + s
s:length of one side

Perimeter of a rectangle: l + w + l + w
l: length
w: width

Perimeter of a triangle: a + b + c
a, b, and c: lengths of the 3 sides

Area:

Area of a square: s s
s: length of one side

Area of a rectangle: l w
l: length
w: width

Area of a triangle: (b h)/2

b: length of base
h: length of height

Area of a trapezoid: (b1 + b2) h/2

b1 and b2: parallel sides or the bases
h: length of height

volume:

Volume of a cube: s s s
s: length of one side

Volume of a box: l w h
l: length
w: width
h: height

Volume of a sphere: (4/3) pi r3

pi: 3.14
r: radius of sphere

Volume of a triangular prism: area of triangle Height = (1/2 base height) Height
base: length of the base of the triangle
height: height of the triangle
Height: height of the triangular prism

Volume of a cylinder:pi r2 Height

pi: 3.14
r: radius of the circle of the base
Height: height of the cylinder
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