Seismic Detailing Presentation PDF

Seismic Connections Seminar
Detailing High Seismic

Projects
Introduction
Background
Ductility
Seismic Design
AISC Seismic Provisions
Seismic Load Resisting System (SLRS)
Structural Requirements
Drawing Requirements
American Institute of Steel Construction I.1

Ductility
Ductility

Ductility
Ductility
The ability of a material to deform without fracture
Dependent on:
Material Properties
Geometry
Temperature
Constraint
Etc

Ductility
Toughness: resistance to unstable crack propagation
in the presence of a notch
Charpy V-Notch (CVN) test measures toughness
Ductility
Charpy V-Notch (CVN) test

Impact test performed on a notched specimen
according to ASTM A370
Specimen is machined from member to be tested

Ductility

Specimen is struck and broken in a single blow in a
specially designed testing machine
Ductility

Energy absorbed in breaking the specimen is measured
Results given in ft-lbs at a certain temperature
Example: Welds shall use filler metal with a minimum
CVN toughness of 20 ft-lbs at 0o F

Ductility
Ductility

Ductility
Ductility
Unrestrained necking down of the material

Ductility
Ductility
Potential for cracking can increase if the
material is constrained in a way that keeps
the material from necking down
Free to yield Restrained

Ductility
Ductility

Ductility
Ductile:
Yielding
Bearing deformation at bolt holes
Ductility

Ductility
Ductility
Less desirable
Tension or shear rupture
Bolt shear
Block shear

Ductility
Ductility

Ductility
Seismic Design

Seismic Design
Why are there special

seismic requirements?
System Ductility
Seismic Design
System Ductility is the Ability of a System to

Maintain Stability After Yielding/Overload of
Some Elements
Ability of Yielding/Overloaded Elements to Deform
Ability of Non-yielding Elements to Withstand Forces
Redistributed by Yielding
Ability of Non-yielding Elements to Withstand
Deformations Caused by Yielding

Seismic Design
Conventional Building Code Philosophy

Objective: Prevent collapse in extreme
earthquakes
Objectives are not necessarily to:
limit damage
maintain function
provide for easy repair
Seismic Design

V
Ductility = Inelastic Deformation

Earthquake Load, V
Failure (rupture or
instability)
Deformation,

Seismic Design
As required elastic strength reduces (i.e. larger R-

factor) required inelastic deformation increases
Completely elastic
response
Velastic
0.75Velastic
As elastic design load decreases,
Earthquake Load, V
required inelastic deformation

increases
0. 5Velastic
0.25Velastic
yield max
Deformation,
Seismic Design
Table 12.2-1 ASCE 7-05

Response Modification Factor, R

Elastic Response of Structure
VElastic
Lateral Seismic Force, V
R
Fully Yielded Strength
VYield
o
Yielding
Design Force Level
VDesign
Cd
xe x e
Lateral Deflection,
Seismic Design
How does seismic design provide

ductility?

Seismic Design
Choose frame elements ("fuses") that will yield in an

earthquake
Fuses must be ductile
Seismic Design

Seismic Design
Designed for the expected flexural yield
strength of the beam, qualify through
testing
Ensure beams can rotate
inelastically to
expected strength
Fuse: flexural yielding of

beam ends
Seismic Design

Seismic Design
Designed for the expected tensile and
compressive strengths of the brace
Ensure braces can deform

inelastically to
expected strength of
brace
Fuse: tension yielding of

braces
Seismic Design

Seismic Design
Link
Ensure links can deform

Fuse: Shear yielding of
inelastically to
links
expected shear
strength
Seismic Design

Seismic Design
Fuse: Web Element
Seismic Design

Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings,

ANSI/AISC 341, Part I:
1: Scope
2: Referenced Standards
General 3: General Seismic Design
4: Loads, Load Combinations, Strengths
5: Contract Documents
6: Materials
All Frame Members 7: Connections
8: Members
Each system type 9-17: Structural Systems
All Projects 18: Quality Assurance Plan (App. Q)

Special information Appendices P, R, S, T, W, X
and procedures


Scope
Design
Fabrication
Erection
Structural Steel Members in the SLRS

Connections in the SLRS
All Column Splices
R>3

Seismic Load Resisting Systems (SLRS)
Assembly of structural elements in the building that

resists seismic loads.

Moment Frames
Special Moment Frames (SMF)
Intermediate Moment Frames (IMF)
Ordinary Moment Frames (OMF)
Special Truss Moment Frames (STMF)
Braced Frames
Special Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBF)
Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames (OCBF)
Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF)
Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames (BRBF)
Special Plate Shear Walls (SPSW)

Part 4 Moment Frames

Expected to withstand significant inelastic

deformations (R = 8)

Expected to withstand limited inelastic deformations

(R = 4.5)
Requirements are less stringent than SMF
Expected to withstand minimal inelastic

deformations (R = 3.5)

Part 3 Braced Frames

Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frame Systems
(OCBF)
Special Concentrically Braced Frame Systems
(SCBF)
Eccentrically Braced Frame Systems (EBF)
Concentric Braced Frames

Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames (OCBF)
Expected to withstand limited inelastic

deformation (R = 3.25)


>2t


Part 5 Other Systems

Buckling Restrained Braced Frames (BRBF)


deformations (R = 7 to 8)
Encasing
Encasing
Unbonded mortar
mortar
Brace Type
Yielding
Yielding steel
steel
core
core
Buckling
Decoupling Debonding
Debonding material
material
between
between steel
steel core
core and
and
Restraint
mortar
mortar
Steel
Steel tube
tube


Courtesy of
STAR Seismic
Courtesy of
K.C. Tsai


Horizontal and Vertical Boundary

Elements:
Ensure web can deform
inelastically to expected shear
strength of webs
Fuse: Web Element
Connections designed for

the expected shear
strength of the web

Steel plate
Horizontal boundary
element (HBE)
Vertical boundary
element (HBE)


Structural Requirements
Demand Critical Welds

Protected Zones
Gusset Plate Details (SCBF only)
Weld Access Holes (OMF only)
Prequalified Connections (SMF and IMF only)
k-area
Continuity Plates

Backing Bars
Weld Tabs
Column Splices
Bolted Joints

Demand Critical Weld: Weld so designated by the

Seismic Provisions
Special CVN requirements for enhanced ductility
All welds in members and connections within

SLRS shall use filler metal with minimum CVN of
20 ft-lbs at 0o F

CVN requirements for filler metal-Demand

Critical Welds
20 ft-lbs at -20o F
Where frame is normally at 50o F or higher, 40 ft-lbs
at 70o F
Where frame is normally less than 50o F,
qualification temperature shall be 20o F above
lowest anticipated service temperature (LAST)

Although demand critical welds are identified in the
Seismic Provisions, there may be other welds that
warrant this designation by the designer.
Consider inelastic demand
Consequence of failure
CJP groove welds between columns and base
plates


Examples of demand critical welds in SMF and IMF
include the following CJP groove welds:
Welds of beam flanges to columns
Welds of single plate shear connections to columns
Welds of beam webs to columns
Columns splice welds, including column bases and
tapered transitions
Example
demand
critical
welds

Examples of demand critical welds in OMF include
the following CJP groove welds:
Welds of beam flanges to columns
Welds of single plate shear connections to
columns
Welds of beam webs to columns
Example of demand
critical welds

Examples of demand critical welds in EBF include

the following welds:
CJP groove of between link beams and columns
Welds joining web plate and flange plates in
built-up EBF link beams
Column splice welds if made with CJP groove
welds
Example of
(Designed as a demand
fixed connection critical
when link is welds
between brace and
column)
Protected Zone

Protected Zone
Protected Zone: Area of members in which

limitations apply to fabrication and attachments.
Areas of Expected Yielding

Fabrication Discontinuities Repaired
Detrimental Attachments Not Permitted -
No welding or other attachments
Protected Zone
Fracture
Shear Stud weld

Protected Zone
db
db/2
Protected Zone
Gussets
d
4
L/
L
Braces at expected
hinge locations

Protected Zone
Link Length e
Protected Zone
In protected zone, tack welds for attaching

backing and weld tabs shall be placed where
they will be incorporated into final weld

Gusset Plate Details
Gusset Plate Details
Special details required for SCBF
Option 1: Connection is strong enough to

restrain buckling
Option 2: Connection is ductile enough to allow

the brace to buckle. Gusset plates are detailed
to accommodate inelastic rotation

Gusset Plate Details-Option 1
(Courtesy of Fred Niemeier and Gary Broccard of J. S. Alberici

Construction Co., Inc.)



>2t

Weld Access Holes

Weld Access Holes
Allows for access for welding or backing

OMF only
See contract documents for IMF and SMF
Weld Access Holes

Special weld access hole geometry for OMF

Weld Access Holes

Surface roughness
Not to exceed 500 micro in.
AWS C41-77 Comparator: Sample 4
Prequalified Connections

Prequalified Connection: Connection that

complies with the requirements of Appendix P
or ANSI/AISC 358

k-area
k-area
k-area: The region of the web that extends from

the k dimension a distance of 1 in. into the
web beyond the k dimension.
(1.5)
Toe of
fillet

k-area
Rotary straightening of W-shapes creates zone of

higher yield and tensile strength but lowers notch
toughness and ductility
Welding or thermal cutting in k-area can lead to
cracking
k-area
Try to avoid welding or cutting in this area

If welding or cutting is performed in k-area, NDT
should be performed to confirm that cracking has not
occurred
(1 to 1.5)
Toe of
fillet

k-area
Welding doubler plates to flanges with fillet welds

and use of generous continuity plate corner clips
may reduce cracking potential
Doubler plate
Generous
continuity
plate
corner clips
Continuity Plates

Continuity Plates
Corners shall be clipped

Curved clips shall have a minimum radius of 0.5 in.
Continuity Plates
Along web, clip extends a distance of at least 1.5 in.

beyond published k detail dimension
Along flange, clip shall not exceed 0.5 in. beyond
published k1 detail dimension
Clip in continuity
plate to avoid
Not more than
column fillet
(k1 + 0.5)
Not less than (k + 1.5) to avoid welding

in k-region

Continuity Plates
SMF and IMF

Continuity plates shall be consistent with
Prequalified Connection Standard (ANSI/AISC
358) or testing per Seismic Provisions
Appendix P or S
Continuity plate
Backing Bars

Backing Bars
Steel backing can create stress concentrations
Potential point of
brittle fracture
initiation
Tension force
in flange
Unfused Backing
Backing Bars
At bottom flange, backing shall be removed

Following removal, reinforce with a 5/16 in. fillet
weld
Backing removed and

reinforced with fillet weld

Backing Bars
At top flange only:

Backing may remain in place if it is attached with
5/16 in. fillet weld
Backing may remain
Backing need not be

removed, but if it is not,
attach backing to column
flange with reinforcing
fillet
Backing Bars
Root opening and land

Bevel of bottom flange
Backing
Bottom flange weld preparation note bevel of bottom flange,
backing (back-up bar), land and root opening for first weld pass

Backing Bars
Weld tab
Backing (back-up bar)
Weld tab and backing at top flange Weld tab and backing at bottom
flange
First pass (root pass) of weld Weld completed but prior to removal
of weld tab and backing
Backing Bars
Backing fillet weld to column

flange at beam top flange
Reinforcing
fillet weld
Bottom flange of beam showing removal of

backing and weld tab. A reinforcing fillet
has been added where the backing has
been removed.

Weld Tabs
Weld Tabs
Weld tabs
Weld tabs (runoff tabs) are extensions of the parts
being welded that allow the weld to be started and
stopped outside of the joint
Provide for similar geometry as the preparation
Generally required to be removed after welding
Weld tab and backing Weld tab and backing at frame girder
bottom flange

Weld Tabs
Not the same as end dams (which should not be

used)
Weld dam improperly

substituted for weld tab
Weld Tabs
Weld tab
The function of the weld tab can be seen

clearly in the photograph. The weld can
stop and start outside of the joint.

Weld Tabs
Bottom flange Top flange backing left in

backing and weld place with reinforcing fillet
tabs to be removed
Weld tabs removed and weld
ground to smooth transition
Column Splices

Column Splices
Splices in SLRS made with fillet or PJP welds
Column splice
4 ft or more from
connection or at
column midheight
Column Splices
Beveled transitions at CJP groove welds
Structural design drawings must show when they

are required
1
2.5

Column Splices
Beveled transitions at PJP groove welds
Seismic Provisions specifically indicate that

column splices made with PJP groove welds do
not require beveled transitions
1
2.5
Column Splices
Non-SLRS Splices

Column Splices
Column splices in columns not in SLRS:
Column splice
4 ft or more from
connection or at
column midheight
Bolted Joints

Bolted Joints
Bolts in SLRS shall be pretensioned high-strength

ASTM A325 or A490 bolts
Twist-off type tension control bolt assemblies of

equivalent mechanical properties may be
substituted for A325 or A490 fastener assemblies
Bolted Joints
Faying surfaces shall be prepared as slip-

critical with a Class A surface
Bearing strength shall be provided using

either standard holes or short-slotted holes
with slot perpendicular to line of force

Bolted Joints
For brace diagonals, oversized holes are

permitted if connection is designed as slip-critical
and oversized hole is in one ply
Alternative hole type is permitted if designated in

Connection Prequalification Standard or justified
by testing (Appendix P or T)
Bolted Joints
Bolts and welds shall not be designed to share force

in a joint or same force component in a connection
Bolts
Line of action of vertical force
Vertical force from brace and beam Welds

shear (and possibly the horizontal
force) is resisted by bolts and welds,
but designed so that either welds or
bolts take total load

Drawing Requirements

Structural Design Drawings
Designation of the SLRS
Designation of the members and connections that
are part of the SLRS
Connection configurations
Connection material and sizes
Lowest Anticipated Service Temperature (LAST)
if < 50o F


Location of demand critical welds
Locations and dimensions of protected zones
Locations where gusset plates are to be detailed to
accommodate inelastic rotation

Welding requirements as specified in Appendix W,
Section W2.1
Locations where backup bars are removed
Locations where supplemental fillet welds are
required when backing is permitted to remain
Locations where fillet welds are used to
reinforce groove welds


Section W2.1
Locations where weld tabs are removed
Splice locations where tapered transitions are
required
Shape of the weld access hole if a special shape
is required

Shop Drawings
Connection material specifications
Location of demand critical shop welds
Gusset plates drawn to scale when they are detailed
to accommodate inelastic rotation


Shop Drawings
Section W2.2
Access hole dimensions, surface profile and
finish requirements
NDT to be performed by the fabricator, if any
(See Appendix Q)

Erection Drawings
Field connection material specifications and sizes
Location of demand critical field welds
Locations of pretensioned bolts


Erection Drawings
Section W2.3
Locations where supplemental fillet welds are
required when backing is permitted to remain
Questions?

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Seismic Connections Seminar

Detailing High Seismic

American Institute of Steel Construction I.1

American Institute of Steel Construction I.2

The ability of a material to deform without fracture

American Institute of Steel Construction I.3

Charpy V-Notch (CVN) test

American Institute of Steel Construction I.4

Charpy V-Notch (CVN) test

Charpy V-Notch (CVN) test

American Institute of Steel Construction I.5

American Institute of Steel Construction I.6

American Institute of Steel Construction I.7

Free to yield Restrained

American Institute of Steel Construction I.8

American Institute of Steel Construction I.9

American Institute of Steel Construction I.10

American Institute of Steel Construction I.11

American Institute of Steel Construction I.12

American Institute of Steel Construction I.13

Why are there special

System Ductility is the Ability of a System to

American Institute of Steel Construction I.14

Conventional Building Code Philosophy

Ductility = Inelastic Deformation

American Institute of Steel Construction I.15

As required elastic strength reduces (i.e. larger R-

required inelastic deformation

Table 12.2-1 ASCE 7-05

American Institute of Steel Construction I.16

Response Modification Factor, R

How does seismic design provide

American Institute of Steel Construction I.17

Choose frame elements ("fuses") that will yield in an

Fuses must be ductile

American Institute of Steel Construction I.18

Fuse: flexural yielding of

American Institute of Steel Construction I.19

Ensure braces can deform

Fuse: tension yielding of

American Institute of Steel Construction I.20

Ensure links can deform

American Institute of Steel Construction I.21

Fuse: Web Element

American Institute of Steel Construction I.22

AISC Seismic Provisions

Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings,

All Projects 18: Quality Assurance Plan (App. Q)

American Institute of Steel Construction I.23

AISC Seismic Provisions

Structural Steel Members in the SLRS

American Institute of Steel Construction I.24

AISC Seismic Provisions

Seismic Load Resisting Systems (SLRS)

Seismic Load Resisting Systems (SLRS)

Assembly of structural elements in the building that

American Institute of Steel Construction I.25

Seismic Load Resisting Systems (SLRS)

Seismic Load Resisting Systems (SLRS)

Special Plate Shear Walls (SPSW)

American Institute of Steel Construction I.26

Part 4 Moment Frames

Special Moment Frames (SMF)