Student name: Naga Sai Diwakar Meduri Student number

JEE508 Signal Processing, Data Conditioning and Data Analysis Spring, 2015
Laboratory Report
Criteria HD
Demonstrate and apply
theoretical and practical
knowledge of signal
conditioning, data
acquisition and data
analysis
30%
support all your work with
Solve problems in the correctly and fully identify the
design of experiments,
conduction of
experiments, analysis of
obtained data and data
acquisition systems
30%
develop well thorough out
demonstrate and apply
comprehensive knowledge of
signal conditioning, data
acquisition and data analysis
when thoroughly discussing
and describing the main
concepts and features related to
the transducers, data
acquisition and experiments
make meaningful assumptions
and correctly calculate all of
the expected parameters and
variables, thoroughly justifying
their use and outcomes
extensive, relevant and current
literature, link all of your
design, experiments and
analysis work to relevant
measurement, signal
conditioning principles and
data presenting methods
relevant engineering problems,
design criteria and regulations
and provide solutions that are:
correct and efficient
innovative and practical, and
meet all and exceed some
stipulated design
specifications and
operational conditions
methods and solutions to
significantly improve the
performance and versatility of
the data acquisition systems
and reduce noise in data:
provide accurate,
innovative and practical
solutions
evaluate errors and noise
in obtained data
DN
demonstrate and apply broad
knowledge of signal
conditioning, data acquisition
and data analysis when
discussing and describing the
main concepts and features
related to the transducers, data
acquisition and experiments
make relevant assumptions and
correctly calculate all of the
expected parameters and
variables, justifying their use
and outcomes
support your work with
relevant and current literature,
link most of your design and
analysis work to relevant
measurement, signal
conditioning principles and
data presenting methods
correctly identify the relevant
engineering problems, design
criteria and regulations and
provide solutions that are:
correct and largely efficient
practical and mostly
innovative, and
meet all stipulated design
specifications and
operational conditions
develop clear methods and
solutions to improve the
performance and versatility of
the data acquisition systems
and reduce noise in data:
provide accurate and
practical solutions
evaluate errors and noise
in obtained data
CR
demonstrate and apply
knowledge of signal
conditioning, data acquisition
and data analysis when
discussing and describing the
main concepts and features
related to the transducers, data
acquisition and experiments
make assumptions and
calculate most expected
parameters and variables,
justifying their use and
outcomes
support most your work with
relevant literature, link some of
your design and analysis work
to relevant measurement,
signal conditioning principles
and data presenting methods
identify most of the relevant
engineering problems, design
criteria and regulations and
provide solutions that are:
correct;
practical; and
meet most stipulated design
specifications and
operational conditions
develop methods and solutions
to improve the performance of
the data acquisition systems
and reduce noise in data:
provide practical solutions
evaluate most of errors and
noise in obtained data
Weight: 40%
PP
demonstrate and apply basic
knowledge of signal
conditioning, data acquisition
and data analysis when
discussing and describing
some of the concepts and
features related to the
transducers, data acquisition
and experiments
make at least half the required make insufficient or wrong
assumptions and calculate
some of expected parameters
and variables, justifying their
use and outcomes
support at least haft of your partially support your work
work with literature, link some
of your design and analysis
work to measurement, signal
conditioning principles and
data presenting methods
identify at least half of the
relevant engineering problems,
design criteria and regulations
and provide solutions that are:
mostly correct;
largely practical; and
meet at least half of
stipulated design
specifications and
operational conditions
develop some methods and develop partially accurate and
solutions to improve the
performance of the data
acquisition systems and reduce
noise in data
NN
demonstrate partially
developed knowledge of signal
conditioning, data acquisition
and data analysis, state
features related to the
transducers, data acquisition
and experiments
assumptions and partially
calculate some of expected
parameters and variables,
occasionally justifying their
use and outcomes
with some literature, link to
some measurement, signal
conditioning principles and
data presenting methods
partially identify the
engineering problems and
provide inaccurate and/or
incomplete solutions.
incomplete methods to solve
performance related problems
 successfully use software
programs (LabVIEW,
MATLAB/Simulink) to log
data, present and analyse the
obtained data
Evaluate the performance thoroughly and methodically
of the transducer/s and evaluate and analyse the
transducers, data acquisition
data acquisition systems systems and their components
through relevant by:
calculations, results, clearly justifying your
experiments and data judgements and
assumptions by referring
analysis to relevant and current
literature, theory and
20% calculations
comparing and justifying
all calculated and
predicted performance and
results against:
stipulated design
specifications, and
operational conditions;
and
initial assumptions,
engineering theory, and
relevant industry and
engineering data
Communicate in writing communicate concisely and
in the form of a technical coherently in a structured and
readable report that adheres to
report. the given format
20% include fully detailed and
correct sketches and drawings
that make it easy to
comprehend the designed
experiments, data presentation
and analysis.
present information in a format
that is easily interpreted
because it:
is neat, clearly and
accurately sorted and
labelled
uses clear, concise and
accurate legends and units
correctly states signal
processing terminology
Comment: See the comments in assignment.
mostly successfully use
software programs (LabVIEW,
MATLAB/Simulink) to log
data, present and analyse the
obtained data
methodically evaluate and
analyse the transducers, data
acquisition systems and their
components by:
justifying your judgements
and assumptions by
referring to relevant and
current literature, theory
and calculations
comparing and justifying
most calculated and
predicted performance and
results against:
stipulated design
specifications,
regulations and
operational conditions;
and
initial assumptions,
engineering theory, and
relevant industry and
engineering data
communicate concisely and
coherently in a structured and
readable report that adheres to
the given format
include detailed and correct
sketches and drawings that
make it easy to comprehend
the designed experiments, data
presentation and analysis.
present information in a format
that is easily interpreted
because it:
is neat, clearly and
accurately sorted and
labelled
uses clear, concise and
accurate legends and units
states signal processing
terminology
use software programs
(LabVIEW,
MATLAB/Simulink) to log
data, present and analyse the
obtained data
evaluate and analyse the
transducers, data acquisition
systems and their components
by:
justifying most of your
judgements and
assumptions be referring
to partly relevant
literature, theory and
calculations
comparing most calculated
and predicted performance
and results against:
most stipulated design
specifications and
operational conditions;
and
most initial assumptions,
engineering theory, and
relevant industry and
engineering data
communicate coherently in a
structured and readable report
that adheres to the given
format
include correct sketches and
drawings that assist in
comprehending the designed
experiments, data presentation
and analysis
present information in a format
that is interpreted because it:
is neat and accurately
sorted and labelled
uses clear and accurate
legends and units
Grade: 50%
use software programs
(LabVIEW,
MATLAB/Simulink) to log
data, present and analyse the
obtained data
evaluate and analyse the partially evaluate and analyse
transducers, data acquisition some aspects the transducers,
systems and their components data acquisition systems and
by: their components
justifying at least half of
your judgements and
assumptions be referring
to partly relevant
literature, theory and
calculations
comparing at least half of
calculated and predicted
performance and results
against:
some stipulated design
specifications,
regulations and
operational conditions;
and
some initial
assumptions,
engineering theory, and
relevant industry and
engineering data
communicate in a structured present information
and readable report that
largely adheres to the given
format
include sketches and drawings include some sketches and
that assist in comprehending drawings
most of the designed
experiments, data presentation
and analysis.
present information in a format present data
that is interpreted because it:
is sorted and labelled
uses accurate legends and
units
 JEE508-SIGNAL CONDITIONING, DATA ACQUISITION AND DATA
ANALYSIS

MEDURI NAGA SAI DIWAKAR

396317

JEE 508

Date of Submission:

17 AUGUST 2015

Lecturer/Tutor

Dr. Jonathan Binns

Dr. Hung Nguyen

1
ABSTRACT:

METHOD: A

INTRODUCTION:
Displaying the signal in frequency domain can be implemented by fourier series which decomposes the
signal to each frequency.

Method to determine the intended signal is to examine signal in frequency domain then find meaningful
signal range.

REASON: The developing of data from analogue to digital signal always occurs at the same time with
interference, noise and other undesirable components due to imperfection and unavoidable inevitable
secondary result of the data acquisition system. The signal mixed with those interferences may hardly be
recognized as the expected signal.

Converting of the analogue to digital signal is necessary to make the signals visible and capable of being
processed through the digital device. Regardless of how the majority of signals from real world are
continuous for example light intensity that changes with distance. Recorded analogue signal onto the digital
world is represented by sampling frequency which restricts the range of frequency that device can determine.
In addition, another restriction of data acquisition is resolution of quantization that device can recognize.

The above conditions condition in data acquisition system shows how much data a digitalized signal can
contain. The disfigurement by lack of sampling frequency is called aliasing. The maximum frequency that can
be defined by sampling frequency is the half of sampling frequency, and to reduce the error from the
quantization is to use the higher resolution (the number of bit) of analogue to digital converter.

In this experiment report an investigation of the effect of sampling frequency on the data acquisition is
implemented to determine quantization. And also FFT method is introduced as the way to examine the
acquired data for converting time domain to frequency domain.

THEORY:
Transducers: A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy to another form of energy. A pressure
transducer, often called a pressure transmitter, is a transducer that converts pressure into an analog electrical
signal. Although there are various types of pressure transducers, one of the most common is the strain-gage
base transducer. The conversion of pressure into an electrical signal is achieved by the physical deformation of
strain gages which are bonded into the diaphragm of the pressure transducer and wired into a Wheatstone
bridge configuration. Pressure applied to the pressure transducer produces a deflection of the diaphragm
which introduces strain to the gages. The strain will produce an electrical resistance change proportional to the
pressure.
2
 Fig: Strain-Gage Base Transducer

Data acquisition: Data acquisition (DAQ) is the process of measuring an electrical or physical phenomenon such
as voltage, current, temperature, pressure, or sound with a computer. A DAQ system consists of sensors, DAQ
measurement hardware, and a computer with programmable software.

Accelerometers: an instrument to measure the acceleration of the vibrating body.accleration is the first
derivative of the velocity.

Piezo electric effect: Piezoelectric Effect is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in
response to applied mechanical stress. The word Piezoelectric is derived from the Greek piezein, which means
to squeeze or press, and piezo, which is Greek for push.

The accelerometer which is used in the piezo electric accelerometer

Quantization: conversion of dependent variables from continuous to discrete. It can be simply modelled by the
addition of noise to the signal.

Fig: Waveforms illustrating the digitization process

Sampling: conversion of independent variables from continuous to discrete.

Nyquist frequency: To prevent the deformation of frequency, at least two sampling points in a cycle are
needed. Which means double the frequency intended to observe, called Nyquist frequency.
3
FFT:
The signal acquired is discrete so the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) method can be applied. And, the load of
calculation increases as much as the square of the sample size n. So, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method was
invented to calculate DFT.

Procedure:

Equipment Model Specification

Software LabVIEW 2013

USB-6000 12bit 10kHz

DAQ card USB-6351 M series 16 bit 1.25 Ms/s

Accelerometer Brel & Kjr 4514-001

Frequency Signal
Generator Delorenzo Up to 100kHz

Function generator Tektronix 2MHz

Motor DC Maxon

Experiment 1-

Fig: Connecting diagram

Experiment 1-With the known frequency of 200Hz (INPUT FREQUENCY) set on the function generator and the
sampling frequency 1.150Hz 2.200Hz 3.400Hz 4.1000Hz 5.2000Hz 6.10000Hz .With these input frequency and
the sampling frequency by using data acquisition device the data is acquired and the results were entered in the
graph .FFT is performed on zero mean and zero mean is founded separately for DAQ. The two charts with the
magnitudes 1 and 2 are plotted to find signal frequency domain.

4
Data acquired in time domain is changed to frequency domain and the results are plotted on graphs

Experiment 1:
Table: Observation values
s.no Input sampling Usb-6000 Usb-6351

1- 200 150 49.80 49.80

2- 200 200 0.195 0.195

3- 200 400 199.80 199.80

4- 200 1000 199.70 199.70

5- 200 2000 199.70 199.70

6- 200 10000 200.19 200.19

5
Result:

1.150Hz

Fig: Observed values for Usb-6000 & Usb-6351 resp

2.200Hz

Fig: Observed values for Usb-6000 & Usb-6351 resp

6
3.400Hz

Fig: Observed values for Usb-6000 & Usb-6351 resp

4.1000Hz

Fig: Observed values for Usb-6000 & Usb-6351 resp

7
5.2000Hz

6.10000Hz

8
 Experiment 2:

Experiment 2-In this lab the frequency is unknown. The set of frequency is set for respective
volts given in the table. The data which is acquired from accelerometer sensor, speed sensor
and current sensor in the time domain are noted, FFT is performed and the final analysis are
made by plotting graphs by data acquired is converted to frequency domain .

Sl.no Input voltage accelerometer speed current

1 0v 781.25 192187.5 192187.5

2 1v 781.25 781.25 781.25

3 2v 781.25 1562.5 19062.5

4 3v 781.25 2343.75 192187.5

5 4v 1562.5 781.25 192968.75

6 5v 195.3125 390.625 195.3125

Table: Observed values from the sensors

Usually with a increase in the voltage values there must be a steady increase in the speed as weel.
But in this case the observed values are quite random in their arrangement.

9
Setting of the Motor Control Program:
Fig: Front panel window for Motor Control program

Fig: Setting analog input channels

10
Fig: Setting of analog output channel for motor speed

11
Results:

1. 0v

12
2. 1v

13
3. 2v

14
 4. 3v

15
5. 4v

16
Inferences:

Quantization is the approximation of each value of a signal by an integer multiple of

an elementary quantity , which is the quantizing step. For a 12-bit analog-to-digital
converter (ADC) with full-scale range (FSR) of 10 V, = 20 V/212 = 4.88 mV; for a 16-
bit converter with the same FSR, = 305 V. This approximation leads to the addition
of a noise signal, called quantizing noise, to the original signal.
In the process of analog-to-digital conversion, the signal is sampled as well as
quantized. The sampling frequency is denoted by fs; e.g., when converting at 1 point
every 10 s, fs is 100 kHz. In this case all of the quantizing noise power in the ADC
output will appear in the frequency band from DC to fs/2. The PSD is usually white
(i.e., constant over the frequency (band) and has a value of 2/6fs.

Result:

Lab1: We can see the sampling frequency is very important to analyze the signal. Because
the accuracy of digital signal is depending on the resolution of the sampling frequency .
When we increase the sampling frequency, it means that we are increasing the number of
the points taken for one signal period .The higher number of points the more accurate of
digital signal compared to analog and another important thing is aliasing is not expected to
occur so we have to sampling at least two times of signal frequency. Practically it should be
taken over ten times of the signal frequency to avoid aliasing

Lab 2: During the process of FFT, the signal of time domain is converted into frequency
domain. Although the surrounding frequency inside a signal and the vibration signal can
be limited by the speed motor, cannot accept access the frequency of motor otherwise
the sampling frequency have to be carefully considered in order to get a good result . In
our experiment 40000 Hz is conducted. But our result is quite not accurate.

If you would like to increase your frequency resolution without increasing your time,
you can only do this artificially by padding your signal (usually with zeros). This is called
spectral interpolation.
By increasing the sampling rate, you're only increasing the frequency coverage. Your
frequency axis will span more values, but they will be spaced the same distance in Hz as
the lower sampling rate
For example, passing an analog signal through an 8 bit digitizer adds an rms noise of:
0.29/256, or about 1/900 of the full scale value. A 12 bit conversion adds a noise of:
0.29/4096 1/14,000, while a 16 bit conversion adds: 0.29/65536 1/227,000. Since
quantization error is a random noise, the number of bits determines the precision of the
data. For example, We might make the statement: "We increased the precision of the
measurement from 8 to 12 bits so for this purpose we used USB 6000 and USB 6351
which are 12 bit and 16bit systems. The amplitude of the fixed frequency signal is
continuously changing when the sampling frequency is changed. The results that are
obtained in the experiment 1 are approximate .
Conclusion:

The performance of DAQ equipment is most important in order to conduct the good
experiment for signal conditioning.
The sampling rate used should be selected considering the particular
experiment.
Use of excessively high sampling rates wastes disk space and will increase
the time required for analysis. Furthermore, a higher sampling rate is usually
associated with a higher filtering frequency, which in turn allows a larger
amount of noise to contaminate the signal. Subsequent analysis of the data
may therefore require noise reduction using analysis-time filtering, which
can be time-consuming.
Usually noise arising from digitization is often ignored. However, in some
situations this potential source of noise can become significant. In order to
ensure that this noise remains negligible one needs to understand the types
of noise that can arise from digitization and to use analog-to-digital
converters, preamplifiers, filters, etc. that are appropriate for the
measurement of the signal.

And the imperfection in the experiment is due to

1. unfixed cables connected to dc motor and accelerometer

2. imperfect clamping between motor and spring board ,spring board and desk

3. effect of random vibration

References:

http://www.dspguide.com/ch3/5.htm

http://www.dspguide.com/ch12.htm

Shreve, D.H signal processing for effective vibration analysis

Steven W.Smith,P.D digital signal processing

http://www.onmyphd.com/?p=aliasing&ckattempt=1

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