Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Diseño de Engranajes Conicos PDF
Diseño de Engranajes Conicos PDF
Worm Gears
Just stare at the machine. There is
nothing wrong with that. Just live
with it for a while. Watch it the way
you watch a line when shing and
before long, as sure as you live, you'll
get a liFle nibble, a liFle fact asking in
a timid, humble way if you're
interested in it. That's the way the
world keeps on happening. Be
interested in it.
Robert Pirsig,
Zen and the Art of
Motorcycle Maintenance
A combined helical and worm gearset speed
reducer. Source: Courtesy of Boston Gear.
Figure 15.1: Helical gear. (a) Illustration of meshing helical gears; (b) front view; (c) side
view.
cn
p
s s
pc pa
(a) (b)
Yh = Ya Ym
0.65 500
150
Geometry factor, Ya
0.60
60
0.55
30
0.50
20
0.45 Number of teeth
in mating gear
0.40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Helix angle, s ()
Figure 15.3: Helical gear geometry factor as a function of helix angle when mating with
a 75-tooth gear. Source: Courtesy of the American Gear Manufacturers Association.
1.00 75
50
0.95 30
20
Number of teeth in mating gear
0.90
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Helix angle, s ()
Figure 15.4: Helical gear geometry correction factor as a function of helix angle. Source:
Courtesy of the American Gear Manufacturers Association.
Figure 15.5: Types of bevel gears; (a) a straight bevel gear set; (b) a Zerol gear set; (c)
spiral bevel gear set; (d) hypoid bevel gear set. Source: Courtesy of ATI Precision
Gearing.
Terminology
to crown
n ce ) Crown
a h
d ist widt
e e ne
c on fac r co e Pitch
c
u ter cted Innestan apex
O roje di Dedendum Pinion
(p e
c Face angle
Fa idth angle
w Shaft
angle
Root angle
Pitch
angle
Front Gear
Back angle
angle
Pitch diameter
Outside diameter
Back
cone
angle Back cone
distance
(a)
(b)
Figure 15.7: Schematic illustration of the two basic forms of gear mounting. (a) Straddle
mounting, where the gear is located between bearings; (b) overhang mounting. Note
that deep groove rolling element bearings are shown, but often a bearing beFer suited
for thrust load support is required in at least one location.
Size factor, Ks
= 0.4867 + 0.008399 met
Size factor, Ks
0.8
0.75
0.7
Figure 15.9: Size factor for bevel gears. (a) Size factor for bending stress; (b) size factor
for contact stress or piFing resistance. Source: From AGMA [2010].
50 60 70 80 90 100
50
45
40
Number of pinion teeth
40
35
30
30
25
20
20
15
10
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11
Geometry factor, Ib
Figure 15.10: Geometry factors for straight bevel gears, with pressure angle =20 and
shaft angle = 90. (a) Geometry factor for contact stress Ib. Source: From AGMA [2010].
90 90
80 80
70 70
60 60
50
40
30
20
10
0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.40
Geometry factor, Yb
Figure 15.10: Geometry factors for straight bevel gears, with pressure angle =20 and
shaft angle = 90. (b) geometry factor for bending Yb. Source: From AGMA [2010].
45
40
40
Number of pinion teeth
35
30
30
25
20
20
15
10
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16
Geometry factor, Ib
Figure 15.11: Geometry factors for spiral bevel gears, with pressure angle =20, spiral
angle = 25 and shaft angle = 90. (a) Geometry factor for contact stress Ib. Source: From
AGMA [2010].
90
Number of teeth on gear for which
80
geometry factor is desired
70
60
60 80
50
100
40
30
20
10
0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36
Geometry factor, Yb
Figure 15.11: Geometry factors for spiral bevel gears, with pressure angle =20, spiral
angle = 25 and shaft angle = 90. (b) geometry factor for bending Yb. Source: From
AGMA [2010].
45
40
40
Number of pinion teeth
35
30 30
25
20 20
15
10
0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11
Geometry factor, Ib
Figure 15.12: Geometry factors for Zerol bevel gears, with pressure angle =20, spiral
angle = 25 and shaft angle = 90. (a) Geometry factor for contact stress Ib. Source:
From AGMA [2010].
90
60
50 60 70 80 90 100
40
30
20
10
0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.40
Geometry factor, Yb
Figure 15.12: Geometry factors for Zerol bevel gears, with pressure angle =20, spiral
angle = 25 and shaft angle = 90. (b) geometry factor for bending Yb. Source: From
AGMA [2010].
4. The outer transverse diametral pitch, pdo, can be obtained from Eq.
(14.5) as the ratio of the number of teeth in the pinion to the pinion
diameter.
5. The face width of the spiral bevel gear can be obtained from Fig. 15.16
as a function of pinion pitch diameter and gear ratio. The face width
should not exceed 10/pdo, however.
Crf Am
tan =
pdo bw Ao
where\
Ao = outer cone distance (see Fig. 15.6).
Am = mean cone distance
pdo = other transverse diametral pitch
bw = net face width
= mean spiral angle at the pitch surface.
Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.
2014 CRC Press
Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson
Design Procedure 15.1 (concluded)
7. The most common pressure angle for bevel gears is 20, and is
recommended for initial design synthesis. However, higher or lower
pressure angles can be used. Lower pressure angles increase the contact
ratio, reduce axial and separating forces, and increase the tooth slot
widths. However, lower pressure angles increase the risk of undercut
gear teeth and associated high stress concentrations.
The results from this Design Procedure generally are a reasonable starting
point for gear design. As is usually the case, results from this approach
must be modied slightly to produce a useful result. For example, if Fig.
15.15 suggests 32.2 teeth should be used, clearly one should specify 32 or
33 teeth. Also, it is good practice to use blanks that are of standard size, etc.
2
10 4 250
10
1 25
0.1 2.5
10 102 103 104 105 106
Pinion torque, lb in
Figure 15.17: Estimated pinion pitch diameter as a function of pinion torque for a
number of gear ratios, and based on piFing resistance. Source: From AGMA [2003].
Gear Pinion
Material Hardness Material Hardness Material factor
Case hardened steel 58 HRC Case hardened steel 60 HRC 0.85
Case hardened steel 55 HRC Case hardened steel 55 HRC 1.00
Flame hardened steel 50 HRC Case hardened steel 55 HRC 1.05
Flame hardened steel 50 HRC Flame hardened steel 50 HRC 1.05
Oil hardened steel 375-425 HB Oil hardened steel 375-425 HB 1.20
Heat treated steel 210-300 HB Case hardened steel 55 HRC 1.45
Cast iron Case hardened steel 55 HRC 1.95
Cast iron Flame hardened steel 55 HRC 2.00
Cast iron Annealed steel 160-200 HB 2.10
Cast iron Cast iron 3.10
Table 15.2: Material factor for pinion diameter estimate for selected gearset materials.
Source: From AGMA [2003].
4
10 10 250
1 25
0.1 2.5
10 102 103 10 4 105 106
Pinion torque, lb in
Figure 15.18: Estimated pinion pitch diameter as a function of pinion torque for a
number of gear ratios, and based on bending strength. Source: From AGMA [2003].
30 2
3
4
6
20
10
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Pinion pitch diameter dp, in.
Figure 15.19: Approximate number of teeth for a spiral bevel gear as a function of
pinion pitch diameter for various gear ratios. Source: From AGMA [2003].
4
2 100
3 75
1
2 50
1 25
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Pinion pitch diameter dp, in.
Figure 15.20: Face width of spiral bevel gears operating at a 90 shaft angle. Source:
From AGMA [2003].
Table 15.3: Suggested minimum number of wormgear teeth for customary designs.
Source: From ANSI/AGMA [1993].
Figure 15.21: Illustration of worm contact with a worm gear, showing multiple teeth in
contact.
(a) (b)
Figure 15.22: Forces acting on a worm. (a) Side view, showing forces acting on worm
and worm gear. (b) Three-dimensional view of worm, showing worm forces. The worm
gear has been removed for clarity.
Table 15.4: Materials factor, Cs, for bronze worm gears with the worm having surface
hardness of 58 HRC. Source: From AGMA [2010a]
ch
Materials factor, Cs
ill
c 900
Sa
800 as
to
nd
rf
ca
or
s
g
t
ed
700
800
600
500 700
2.5 5 10 20 30 40 60 90 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Mean gear pitch diameter, d (in.) Center distance, cd (in.)
(a) (b)
Figure 15.23: Materials parameter Cs for bronze worm gears and worm minimum
surface hardness of 58 HRC. (a) Materials factor for center distances cd greater than 76
mm (3 in.); (b) Materials factor for center distances cd less than 76 mm (3 in.). When
using part (b), the value from part (a) should be checked, and the lower value used. See
also Table 15.4. Source: From AGMA [2010a].
dg dgt
-a
2 2
bww
Speed Torque
Tmax=
20 ft-lbf
Maximum
current
Motor current, A
Figure 15.25: The gears used to transmit Figure 15.26: Torque and speed of motor
power from an electric motor to the as a function of current for the industrial
agitators of a commercial mixer. Source: mixer used in the case study.
Courtesy of Hobart, Inc.