Gear can be defined 

as a toothed wheel can be engaged in another toothed

wheel in order to transmit energy that gives the change of speed and direction of
motion. It is widely used in mechanical devices. The teeth of the gear are
generally carved on wheels, cylinders or cones.

A gear is a component within a transmission device that transmits the rotational

force to another gear or device. Gear is different from a pulley in that a gear is a
round wheel which has teeth that mesh with other gear teeth. Allowing the force
to be fully transferred without slippage.

Depending on their construction and arrangement, geared devices can transmit

forces at different speeds, torques, or in a different direction, from the power
source.

The most common situation is for a gear to mesh with another gear. To
overcome the problem of slippage as in belt drives gears are used which produce
positive drive with uniform angular velocity.

Types of Gears
Following are the different types of gears:

1. Parallel gears
1. Spur Gears
2. Helical Gears
3. Double Helical or Herringbone Gears.
2. Perpendicular axis gears
1. Nonintersection perpendicular axis
2. Intersection perpendicular axis gear
3. Intersecting gears
1. Spiral gears
2. Bevel Gears
4. Non-intersecting and Non-Parallel gears.
1. Worm Gears
5. Rack and Pinion gears
Gears or toothed wheel may be classified according to the axes of the two shaft
between which the motion is to the transmitted. The types of gears to be
determined based on the application in which they are to be used.
1. Parallel Axis Gears

In this type of gearing, the axis of both the gears tends to be Parallel to each
other. The types of gears that come under this system is gears are:

1. Spur Gears
2. Helical Gears
3. Double Helical or Herringbone Gears.
Application of Parallel Axis Gears

Some typical application areas of spur and helical are automobile

gearboxes industrial gearboxes, etc. Some of the application areas of
herringbone gears are in the gearboxes used for steel rolling mills, etc.

2. Perpendicular Axis Gears

In this type of gearing the axis of the gears tend to be perpendicular to each

other. There are two in this type of gearing too. they are:

1. Non intersection perpendicular axis

2. Intersection perpendicular axis gear

1. Nonintersection Perpendicular Axis

In this type, the two perpendicular axes of the gearing do not intersect each
other. The two types of gearing that fall into this category are Worm Gear and
hypoid Gear.

Some typical applications of the worm gears are in the passenger lifts used in the
buildings. Another typical application of the Hypoid gear is in the rear axle of the
busses, lorries and heavy vehicles.

2. Intersection Perpendicular Axis Gear

In this type, the perpendicular axis of the gears tends to intersect at a certain
point. The types of gears that fall under are the straight Bevel Gear, spiral bevel
Gears, and Gears. some typical application of straight bevel gear is the
differential mechanism in the automobile.
Classification of Gears

The different types of gears are classified as follows:

1. Spur gear: for parallel axes shafts

2. Helical gears: For both parallel and non-parallel and non-intersecting axes
shafts.
3. Spiral gears: For non-parallel and intersecting axes shaft.
4. Bevel gears: For intersecting axes shaft
5. Worm gear: For non-parallel and non-coplanar axes shaft
6. Rack and pinion: For converting rotary motion into linear motion
1. Spur Gear

The spur gear is the most common and simplest type of gear. It is generally
used for transmission of rotary motion between parallel shaft. The spur gear is
the best option for gears except when speed, loads, and ratios direct towards
other options.

They have straight teeth and are mounted on parallel shafts. Their general form
is a cylinder or disk. The teeth project radially, and with these “straight-cut gears”.
When two spur gears different sizes mesh together, the larger gear is called a
wheel and the smaller gear is called a pinion.

In a simple gear train of two spur gears, the input motion and force are applied to
the driver gear. The driver gear rotates the driven gear without slipping.
Read also: Chain Drives and Types Of Chains2. Helical Gears

2 Helical gears offer a refinement over spur gears. The teeth of a helical gear
are not parallel to the axis of rotation but are set at a helix angle. Helical
gears can be meshed in a parallel or crossed orientation.

Along with parallel helical gear, each pair of teeth first contacts one point on the
one side of the gear wheel. A moving curve of contact increases gradually
against the teeth face to a maximum then come back until the teeth reach
contact at one point on the opposite side.

Because of angled teeth of helical gear they reduce the noise and stress in the
gears, most of the gears in your car are helical. The use of helical gears is
indicated when the application involves high speeds, large power transmission,
or where no noise is important.

3. Bevel Gears

Bevel gears have teeth cut on a cone instead of a cylinder blank. they are used
in pairs to transmit rotary motion and torque where the bevel gear shaft are at
right angles (90 degrees) to each other. When two bevel gear has their axes at
right angles and is equal sizes, they are called mitre gears

Bevel gear transmits power between two intersecting shafts at any angle or non-
intersecting shaft. they are classified as straight and spiral tooth bevel and hypoid
gears. These are gears cut from conical blanks and connect intersecting shaft
axes.The connecting shaft is generally at 90°and sometimes one shaft drives a
bevel gear which is mounted on a through the shaft resulting in two output shafts.
The point of intersection of the shaft is called the apex and the teeth if the two

4. Rack and Pinion

A rack and pinion is a pair of gears which convert rotational motion into

linear motion and vice versa. A circular gear called “the pinion” engages teeth
on a linear “gear” bar called “the rack”.
Rotational motion applied to the pinion will cause the rack to move to the side, up
to the limit of its travel. The diameter of the gear determines the speed that the
rack moves as the pinion turns.

A rack and pinion are commonly found in the steering mechanism of cars or

other wheeled, steered vehicles. In a rack railway, the rotation of a pinion
mounted on a locomotive or a railcar engages a rack between the rails and pulls
a train along a steep slope, machine tools such as lathe machine, drilling
machine, planning machine.

5. Hypoid Gear

Hypoid gear looks like the spiral bevel gear in some respects. For example,
hypoid gears are shaped like spiral bevel gears and high points are used on
cross axis shafts like bevel gear sets are.

But unlike bevel gear sets the shafts of hypoid gears do not line up with each
other they’re offset. This offset allows hypoid pinions to have as few as five teeth
in a high ratio gear set while the various types of bevel gears typically don’t
have less than 10 teeth on opinion

The smaller number of teeth on a hypoid pinion means that larger ratios can be
obtained with a hypoid gear set than with a bevel gear set of the same
dimensions.

6. Worm and Worm Wheel

The arrangement of gears shown in the image is called a worm and worm wheel.

The two elements called the worm screw and worm wheel.

A gear which has one tooth is called a worm wheel. The tooth in the form of a
screw thread is called worm screw. The worm wheel is a helical gear with teeth
inclined so that they can engage with the thread-like worm.

This wheel transmits torque and rotary motion through a right angle. The worm
can easily turn the gear, but the gear cannot turn the worm. This is because of
the angle on the worm is so shallow that the gear tries to spin it. Worm
mechanisms are very quiet running.

It is used to transmit power between the driving shaft having their axes at right
angles and non-coplanar as shown in fig. Worm gears are used in machine tools
when large gear reductions are needed.

It is common for worm gears to have reductions of 20:1, and even up to 300:1 or
greater. This feature is useful for machines such as conveyor systems, in which
the locking feature can act as a brake for the conveyor when the motor is not
turning.

Types of Gear Trains

A gear train is a mechanical system formed by mounting gears on a frame. As
mentioned above, when two or more gears mesh together to transmit power from
one shaft to another such arrangement is called a gear set or a gear train.
Sometimes two or more gears are made to mesh with each other to transmit
power from one shaft to another such a combination is called “gear train of the
wheel”.

Also, each gear is generally attached to a shaft often gears that are meshed
together will be of different sizes in this case the smaller gear is referred to as the
pinion and the larger one is simply referred to as the gear.

Following are the different types of gear trains:

1. Simple gear train

2. Compound gear trains
3. Reverted gear trains
4. Epicyclic gear trains
1. Simple Gear Trains

In these types of gear trains, the distance between the two wheels is great the
motion from one wheel to another is transmitted by providing one or more
intermediate wheels as shown in the figure.

When the number of intermediate wheels is odd, the motion of driver and follower
is like as shown in the figure. If the number of intermediate wheels is even the
motion of the follower will be in the opposite direction of the driver as shown in
the figure.

2. Compound Gear Train

In compound gear train, each intermediate shaft has two wheels fixed to it. These
wheels have the same speed. One wheel gears with the drier and the other
wheel gears with the follower attached to the next shaft.

3. Reverted Gear Trains

When the axes of the first and last wheels are co-axial the train is known as
“reverted gear trains” as shown fig. Since the motion of the first and last wheel is
alike, therefore a compound wheel is provided. Since the distance between the
centres of the shaft 1 and 2 as well as 3 and 4 is the same.
An epicyclic gear train, the axes of the shaft, over which the gears are mounted,
move relative to a fixed axis. A simple epicyclic or planetary gear train is shown
the figure.

Here wheel A and arm C have a common axis at O1 about which they can rotate.
The wheel B meshes with wheel A and has its axis on the arm at O2, about
which the wheel B can rotate. If wheel A is fixed and the arm is rotated, the train
becomes an “epicyclic gear train”.

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Conclusion
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Tolerances and Its Types

Contents show
It can be defined as the measurement of allowable differences of a dimension or
other measured or control criterion from the specified value. Tolerances have to
be allowed because of inevitable of the human failings and machine limitations
which prevent ideal achievement during fabrication.

To maintain economic production and facilitate the assembly of components, it is

important to allow limited difference from the designed size. Because of its
inevitability, tolerance constitutes engineering legality for deviation from the ideal
value and like any other legal matter, formulation of tolerance given due
consideration and much care and plan should go into it.

When machining we try to achieve a diameter of 50 mm, which is called basic or

nominal diameter. The shaft shall be satisfied if the diameter lies between
50+0.06=50.06 mm and 50-0.06 = 49.94 mm. The dimension 50.06 mm is called
the upper limit and the dimension 49.94 is called lower limit is called tolerance.

Tolerance = 50.06 – 49.94 = 0.12 mm.

Note that tolerance always is a positive quantitative number.

Read also: Vernier Caliper: Parts, Types, Working Principle, Least Count, Errors

Types of Tolerances
Following are the three types of tolerances used in measurements:

1. Unilateral tolerances
2. Bilateral tolerances
3. Compound tolerances.
Unilateral Tolerances

When the two limit dimensions are only above the nominal size as shown in the
figure or only below the nominal size then the tolerance is said to be unilateral.

Bilateral Tolerances

When the two limit dimension is above and below the nominal size, Then the
tolerances are said to be bilateral.

Compound Tolerances
Compound tolerance is determined by the established tolerances i.e., the
combination of more than one type of tolerances are called compound
tolerances, the different types of tolerances may be angular, lateral etc.

For Example: In figure tolerances on dimension / are dependent on tolerances

of L, h and θ. This compound tolerance on ‘l’ is the combined effect of these
three tolerance. The minimum tolerance on ‘l’ will be corresponding to L-b, θ+∝
and h+c.

Fits in metrology are the dimensional relation between the mating parts which are
known as fits. It indicates that the tightness or the loosening of the mating parts. For
engineering purposes, this is very important because it is used in real life applications
for the satisfactory working of parts in movement such as a piston in a cylinder, journal
in a bearing, gear on splines, a valve in a valve guide and wheel on a shaft.

There are very important terms related to a fit which is:

  Clearance − Clearance in a fit is when the difference between the sizes of the
hole and the shaft before being assembled is when the difference is positive. The
clearance may be maximum clearance or minimum clearance.
 Interference − Interference is the difference between the sizes of the hole and
the shaft which is formed before assembly. And this is usually when the
difference is negative. The interference may be maximum or minimum.
 Transition − Transition can be defined as it is a fit that always ensures some
interference between the hole and the shaft in the coupling. In transition, the
upper limit size of the hole is smaller or at least equal to the amount of the lower
limit size of the shaft.

The types of fits

The types of fits depend upon the actual limit of the hole or shaft which can be divided
into three categories which are:

 Clearance fit
 Interference fit
 Transition fit
Clearance Fit
 Clearance fit is an air space or clearance which exists between the shaft and
holes. Such clearance fits give loose joints.
 The clearance fit has to be joined with other fits so that the clearance fit can have
its space. These fits are guaranteed with clearance and are designed for
movable couplings of parts in which pivots running and sliding fits of shapes,
guiding bushings, sliding gears and clutch discs and pistons of hydraulic
machines are used.

Interference Fit
  The interference fit is also called as a press fit or friction fit. The interference fit is
a fastening between two parts and generally achieved by friction after the
combined parts are pushed together.
 In these kinds of fits, the minimum permissible diameters of the shaft are larger
than the maximum allowable diameter of the hole. If there is ever a difference
between the sizes of the hole and shaft before being assembled then the
negative fit is called the interference fit.

Transition Fit
 Transition fit is a fit which may provide either a clearance or interference.
 In transition fit the tolerance zones of the hole and shaft overlap with each other.
Transition fit lies between clearance and interference fit.
 These are used for applications where the accurate location is needed and it can
be utilized with small clearance and hole or shaft should be precise.

Mechanical Drawing Conventions

The Mechanical Drawing Conventions ClipArt gallery offers 48 illustrations of the conventions used
to represent different materials in mechanical drawing. Examples in this gallery include the symbols
for cast iron, wood, brass, copper, glass, and more.
Alphabet of Lines
Alphabet of lines are lines needed to cover the lines with labeling symbols within the diagram.

Mechanical Drawing Cross Hatching of Babbitt

A conventional cross hatching symbol for Babbitt, metal composed of tin and copper.

Mechanical Drawing Cross Hatching of Brass

The conventional material symbol using cross hatching technique for brass.

Symbols of Building Materials

Series of conventional symbols for building materials in architecture.

Mechanical Drawing Cross Hatching of Cast Iron

A conventional cross hatching material symbol for cast iron.
Mechanical Drawing of Cross Hatching Cast Steel
A mechanical drawing cross hatching symbol for cast steel.

Mechanical Drawing Cross Hatching of Copper

Conventional cross hatching mechanical drawing of copper.

Drawing Sections
Different surfaces can be indicated by changing the pattern or direction of lines.

Mechanical Drawing Cross Hatching of Face Hardened Steel

A conventional face hardened steel, commonly used in military armory, cross hatching mechanical
drawing…
Mechanical Drawing Cross Hatching of Glass
Conventional cross hatching for glass for mechanical drawing.

Conventional Breaks Symbols of Pipe or Tubing by Cutting Diameter

The conventional break symbol for drawing a pipe or tubing by cutting the diameter in half.

Mechanical Drawing Cross Hatching of Insulating Material

Cross hatching conventional symbol for insulating material used in mechanical drawing.

Mechanical Drawing Cross Hatching of Leather

A conventional leather cross hatching mechanical drawing symbol.

Mechanical Drawing Cross Hatching of Liquid

A conventional liquid symbol in cross hatching used in mechanical drawing.
Brick in Elevation Large Scale Material Symbol
Conventional material symbol used in architectural and mechanical drawing for Brick in Elevation
Large…

Conventional Symbol of Brick in Elevation Small Scale

Architectural and mechanical conventional building material symbol for Brick in Elevation Small
Scale.

Brick in Section Material Symbol

Brick in Section conventional material symbol is commonly used in architectural and mechanical
drawing.

Cement and Plaster in Section Material Symbol

Building material conventional symbol for Cement and Plaster in Section commonly used in
architectural…

Concrete in Section Material Symbol

Concrete in Section conventional building material symbol used in architectural and mechanical
drawing.
CVT Stone in Elevation Material Symbol
A widely accepted building material symbol for CVT Stone in Elevation used in architectural and
mechanical…

CVT Stone in Section Material Symbol

Common material symbol for CVT Stone in Section for architectural and mechanical drawing.

Earth in Section Material Symbol

Mechanical and architectural drawing building material symbol for Earth in Section.

Finished Lumber in Section Material Symbol

Conventional building symbol for Finished Lumber in Section commonly used in architectural and
mechanical…

Rough Lumber in Section Material Symbol

Building material symbol for Rough Lumber in Section commonly used in architectural and
mechanical drawing.

Rubble Stone in Section Material Symbol

A commonly used symbol for Rubble Stone in Section used in architectural and mechanical drawing.
Stages in Making Concrete Material Symbol
Architectural and mechanical drawing material symbol for Stages in Making Concrete Symbol.

Terra Cotta Wall in Section Material Symbol

A commonly used material symbol in mechanical and architectural drawing for Terra Cotta Wall in
Section.

Wood in Elevation Material Symbol

A building material symbol used in architectural or mechanical drawing for Wood in Elevation.

Mechanical Drawing Cross Hatching of Material Symbols

"The illustration gives conventions for a number of different materials. Those in the first line are…

Conventional Breaks Symbols of Pipe or Tubing without Cutting Diameter

A shortcut drawing pipe or tubing conventional break to draw a pipes and tubes by shortening the
length…
Aluminum
Mechanical drawing convention for identifying Aluminum. Using conventionalized patterns to
identify…

Brick
Mechanical drawing convention for identifying brick. Using conventionalized patterns to identify
materials…

Cast Iron
Mechanical drawing convention for identifying cast iron. Using conventionalized patterns to identify…

Cast Steel
Mechanical drawing convention for identifying cast steel. Using conventionalized patterns to
identify…

Composition
Mechanical drawing convention for identifying composition materials. Using conventionalized
patterns…
Concrete
Mechanical drawing convention for identifying concrete. Using conventionalized patterns to
identify…

Concrete Blocks
Mechanical drawing convention for identifying concrete blocks. Using conventionalized patterns to
identify…

Copper
Mechanical drawing convention for identifying copper. Using conventionalized patterns to identify
materials…

Fire Brick
Mechanical drawing convention for identifying fire brick. Using conventionalized patterns to identify…
Insulating Material
Mechanical drawing convention for identifying insulating material. Using conventionalized patterns
to…

Malleable Iron
Mechanical drawing convention for identifying malleable iron. Using conventionalized patterns to
identify…

Water
Mechanical drawing convention for identifying water. Using conventionalized patterns to identify
materials…

Wood
Mechanical drawing convention for identifying wood. The left side of the illustration shows an
endgrain…
Wrought Iron
Mechanical drawing convention for identifying wrought iron. Using conventionalized patterns to
identify…

Wrought Steel
Mechanical drawing convention for identifying wrought steel. Using conventionalized patterns to
identify…

Zinc
Mechanical drawing convention for identifying zinc. Using conventionalized patterns to identify
materials…

Mechanical Drawing Cross Hatching of Wrought Iron

A wrought iron conventional cross hatching symbol.
Mechanical Drawing Cross Hatching of Wrought Steel
The conventional cross hatching mechanical drawing symbol for wrought steel.

A machine drawing is a graphical representation of assemblies and subassemblies of

machine components. Here, either two or more than two components are involved in
assembly. In many cases, common machine components like grears, screws, nuts,
bolts, and so on are repeated in drawings. Therefore, in order to minimise efforts and
ensure easiness in making drawings, common conventional representations have been
developed as a part of graphical language. These are nothing but a conventional
representation of machine parts.

A machine drawing consists of many standard features and components such as

threads, tapped holes, knurlings, splines, springs, gears, welded joints, structural
sections, welded joints, and so on. Since these features or components are common to
almost all machine drawings, they can be represented by common conventions. This
reduces detailing in drawing of each such feature or component.

8.2 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF MACHINE PARTS

8.2.1 Conventional Representation of Screw Threads

Whatever may be the kind of thread profile like V, square, acme and so on,
conventional representation for external and internal threading operations remains the
same, as shown in Table A8.1.

For external threads   Conventionally the outer circle should be full and inner one
representing minor diameter is 3/4th.

For internal threads   Conventionally the inner circle should be full and outer one
representing the major diameter of joining bolt/pin is 3/4th.

The various screw/threads and their conventions are given in Table A8.1

TABLE A8.1 Screw Threads and Their Conventions

8.2.2 Conventional Representation of Springs
Conventional representation for commonly used springs is given below. Along with this,
on drawings some more details can be used, like material used for spring, number of
coils, diameter of coil wire, and so on.

The representation of different types of springs is shown in Table A8.2.

TABLE A8.2 Springs and Their Conventions

8.2.3 Conventional Representation of Gears
For gears, which are symmetrical components about their axis, there is no need to draw
a complete sketch. Instead an equal sign is marked on the axis, implying that the part
shown is replicated on the other side of the axis.

Different types of gears are used in engineering drawing. They can be either spur gears,
helical gears, bevel gears, or worm gears. The representation of spur gears, bevel
gears, and worm wheel gears are shown in Fig. A8.1.

 
Fig. A8.1 Types of gears