1.

1 INTRODUCTION :

A building has two main components, i.e. foundation or sub-structure and superstructure.
The foundation or sub-structure is the lowest part of the structure which transmit the load to the
soil. The superstructure is the part of the structure which is above the ground level. A part of the
superstructure, located between the ground level and the floor level is known as plinth. The level
of the floor is usually known as plinth level and the built up covered area measured at the floor
level is called plinth area.

The soil which is located immediately below the base of the foundation is called the sub-
soil or foundation soil, while the lower most portion of the foundation which is in direct contact
with sub-soil is called footing or pile cap. The basic function of the foundation is to transmit
dead loads, live loads and wind loads from building to the soil on which building rests, in such a
way that the settlements are within permissible limits, without causing cracks in the super-
structure and the soil does not fail. Since the load of the structure is ultimately coming on the
soil, therefore it is very important to know the strength and behavior of the soil.

1.2 OBJECTIVES FOR THE TRAINING :

 Safety precautions about the work. Identification of different materials and its properties.

 Pile work procedure

 Standard sizes and general properties of bricks, tests on bricks.

 Sieve analysis for sand, building of sand, percentage of voids in coarse and fine
aggregate.

 Tests on Cement – fineness of Cement, Initial and final setting times of cement.

 Identifying various types of steel rods and calculating the weight of rods per given length,
bonding as per drawing, placing, fixing of main, bent-up bars.

 Methods of mixing mortars. Batching, mixing, transporting, depositing and placing of

concrete – curing of concrete,

 Construction of stone and brick masonry. Per pends vertical joints. Unit-wise
constructions – curing for super structures.

 Centering & shuttering for R.C.C.

 Form work for staircase, construction details of different types of stairs.

  Reinforcement details, mixing, placing and curing of concrete on the R.C.C.

 Construction of parapet walls. Construction details about overhead tank.

 Plastering work for inside and outside.

 Plumbing work

1.3 BUILDING LAYOUT :

The details of layout and planning are essential to proper construction of a building.
Layout prepares the site for the foundation which must be planned and completed for each
building being constructed.

The following are the most commonly used layout tools and materials:

 Steel measuring tape

 Hammer
 Bamboo
 Water level pipe
 Matum
 Plastic
 Red color and brush for grid line marking etc.

1.4 FOUNDATION

A deep foundation is a type of foundation distinguished from shallow foundations by the depth
they are embedded into the ground. There are many reasons a geotechnical engineer would
recommend a deep foundation over a shallow foundation, but some of the common reasons are
very large design loads, a poor soil at shallow depth, or site constraints (like property lines).
There are different terms used to describe different types of deep foundations including piles,
drilled shafts, caissons and piers. The naming conventions may vary between engineering
disciplines and firms. Deep foundations can be made out of timber, steel, reinforced concrete and
pre-tensioned concrete. Deep foundations can be installed by either driving them into the ground
or drilling a shaft and filling it with concrete, mass or reinforced. We use for our foundation
work pile foundation.

1.5 PILE FOUNDATION

Pile foundations are the part of a structure used to carry and transfer the load of the structure to
the bearing ground located at some depth below ground surface. The main components of the
foundation are the pile cap and the piles. Piles are long and slender members which transfer the
load to deeper soil or rock of high bearing capacity avoiding shallow soil of low bearing
capacity. The main types of materials used for piles are Wood, steel and concrete. Piles made
from these materials are driven, drilled or jacked into the ground and connected to pile caps.
Depending upon type of soil, pile material and load transmitting characteristic piles are classified
accordingly.

1.6 FUNCTION OF PILES

As with other types of foundations, the purpose of a pile foundations is :

to transmit a foundation load to a solid ground

to resist vertical, lateral and uplift load

A structure can be founded on piles if the soil immediately beneath its base does not have
adequate bearing capacity. If the results of site investigation show that the shallow soil is
unstable and weak or if the magnitude of the estimated settlement is not acceptable a pile
foundation may become considered. Further, a cost estimate may indicate that a pile foundation
may be cheaper than any other compared ground improvement costs.In the cases of heavy
constructions, it is likely that the bearing capacity of the shallow soil will not be satisfactory, and
the construction should be built on pile foundations. Piles can also be used in normal ground
conditions to resist horizontal loads. Piles are a convenient method of foundation for works over
water, such as jetties or bridge piers.

Carrying capacity is derived mainly from the adhesion or friction of the soil in contact with the
shaft of
the pile
(see
fig)
 Figure: End bearing piles Figure : Friction or cohesion pile

1.7 REQUIRED INSTRUMENT FOR PILE FOUNDATION :

 Tripod
 Horizontal Rod
 Chisel ( Dia less than 1.5” or 2” of pile dia)
 Wings Machine
 Master Rod
 Drilling Rod
 Trimie Pipe
 Casing
 Bucket
 Funnel
 Hose Pipe
 Mixture Machine
 Tape
 Hook
 Wire
 Welding Equipment
 Water level pipe
 Belar ( for garbage carry)
 GI Wire
 Clamp
 Fera
 Pump

1.8 PILE CASTING WORK PROCEDURE :

As per drawing check the centre point of pile

For find out the point use 10mm rod, length should be 2’ / 2.5’

Pile work instrument like wings machine, pump, trimie pipe, chisel, drill pipe, funnel, bucket etc
must be check before the pile work.

Ensuring previously placed centre of pile with reference to grid line

After the final position of the rig machine must check the centre position of the pile.

Confirming dia of each pile before starting of boring

After few time boring, casing dia should be check

For casing drive time we should ensure for centering of the pile

At the end of the boring we start the wash process, this will continue at 45-50 minute

Then enter rebar for each pile

Confirming all rebars of pile free from rust, mud, grouting and other foreign materials

Ensuring size and Nos. of rod for each pile, longitudinal length, lap length, proper welding for
lapping, clear cover by reinforcement bracket

At the time for entering the rebars we should looked the clear cover because the displacement of
the clear cover

Then enter the trimie pipe for casting as per ratio

Casting must more than as per level

Figure : Reinforcement cage and entering the cage for pile casting
1.9 CUTTING AND STRIPPING PILE HEAD

When a pile has been driven to the required set of depth and after load test has been carried out,
the head of the pile shall be cut off to the level specified or shown in the Drawings. The length of
the reinforcing bars projecting above this level shall be as shown or specified in the Drawings.

Care shall be taken to avoid cracking or otherwise damaging the rest of the pile. Any cracked or
defective concrete shall be cut away and made good with new concrete properly bounded to the
old.

1.10 PILE CAP EXCAVATION :

Following the completion of earthworks to formation level and installation of main pump sumps,
the pile cap positions will be marked out by the survey.

1.11 PILE CAP CONSTRUCTION

There will be some methods for pile cap construction.

1. If the ground is stiff enough, the pile cap will be excavated as accurately as possible to the pile
cap dimension. Lean concrete will be placed on the base and sides and sump formed. No forms
will be required.
The piles will then be cut down to cut off level and pile surface prepared as per specification.
The base will be marked out by the surveyor and the reinforcement fixed. The reinforcement
cage will be temporarily propped off of vertical concreted faces. These props will be removed as
concreting of base progresses to ensure no movement of the reinforcement cage and column
starter bars.

2. This method is similar to that described above except that the pile cap excavation will be at
least 1 m larger than the pile cap dimension to allow for installation of formwork, and the
requirement to backfill the pile cap after the forms have been removed.
 Figure : Alignment and strengthening of pile cap formwork and reinforcements

1.12 SHUTTERING

Check list

 Shutters cleaned and oiled

 Vertical and horizontal alignment check

 Level check

 Proper spacing of rebars

 Electric conduit line

 Proper clear cover on all side

Work Procedure

Use props 2’ to 2.5’ interval both direction

Use runner or dasa (3”*2”) on the top of the props

Mango planks are uses on the top of the runner on 6” interval

18 gage planks sheet uses on the top of the planks

Roof, beam and column bottom, side must check in horizontal and vertical level

Leakage proof check

Closing the beam and column leakage use roopvan sheet.

1.13 RCC WORK

Before the casting

 Minimum mixture machine, vibrator, generator nozzle must be present in side

 As per layout column and beam must be check before the casting
 Roof level marking must be check
 Beam and roof joint must be leak proof
 Supervise loose props and leakage during casting period
 Ensuring effective depth
 Ensuring the lapping of reinforcement
 Minimum material like stone, sand, cement must present in the side
 Block must be made before the casting

Figure : Reinforcement fabrication and electrical pipe placing before slab casting

At casting time

 Marking the point on the column rod

 Fabrication the reinforcement as per design
 Electric and sanitary duct as per design
 Ensure the lapping length as per design
 Ensuring the clear cover

Slab top and bottom 3/4”

Beam 1.5”
 Column 1.5”

 Clear cover block should be checked continuously. If displaced during casting, they
should placed proper position at once
 Vibration work should be proper
 Top level of concrete should be uniform

Figure : Slab Casting with proper vibration

1.14 CHECK LIST FOR BRICK WORK

As per design and drawing layout must be checked

 Floor chipping and cleaning

 Mortar mixing ratio should be proper
 Vertical joints should be alternate, not continuous
 There should be no gap between two bricks
 Before the work brick must be 12 hrs in water reserved Figure : Proper Brick Work
 Brick size 9.5” * 4.5” * 2.75”
1.15 CHECK LIST FOR PLASTERING WORK

 All plastering surface cleaned and cured by water

 All RCC surface chipping done using hammer
 Mortar mixed with proper mixing ratio
 Vertical and horizontal level of plaster, corner of wall and column should be checked
with matum.