SNNY SSX TATA McGRAW HILL’S (We SERIES for aaa aad other engineering entrance examinations =.INV NZ Tata McGraw-Hill Published by the Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, 7 West Patel Nagar, New Delhi 110 008. Calcul for IIT-JEE Copyright © 2011, by Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, ‘No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, clectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers. The progeam listings (if any) may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication. 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However, neither Tata McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of eny information published herein, and neither Tata McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or ‘damagés arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that Tata McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. Ifsuch services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. ‘Typeset at The Composers, 260, C.A. Apt., Paschim Vihar, New Delhi 110 063 and printed at Avon Primers, Plot No. 16, Main Loni Road, Jawahar Nagar, Industrial Area, Shahdara, Delhi—1 10004 Cover Designer: K Anoop Cover printed at: SDR Printers RAXBCRQZDDRZX EOer kenContents Preface Biss tae 3._Continuity and Differentiability Bimauis 5. Tangent and Normal 6. Rate Measure 7. Rolle’s and L.M.V. Theorem 9. Indefinite Integration 10. Definite Integration LL. Properties of Definite Integration 12. Area Bound by Curves STERN 14. Differential Equation Annexure—Questions of Calculus in IIT-JEE 2010 v vi 1,1—1.135 21-2.59 3.1 -3.41 41-442 51-535 6.1 -6.17 71-718 8.1 - 8.34 9.1 -9.94 10.1 - 10.7 11-1141 12.1-12.17 13.1 - 13.5 14.1 - 14.53 Al-A6Copyrighted materialchapter I Function 1.1 CALCULUS Calculus is that branch of mathematics in which we study the relation between variables, its properties and application. 1.2 FUNCTION Function is that branch of calculus in which we study the geometrical figures and its properties obtained by relation between variables. 1.2.1 Types of Function There are two types of function: (a) Single-valued function (b) Multi-valued function Single-valued Function Graphically if a straight line parallel to y-axis intersect the curve of function at only one point then function is called single valued function (Figs. 1.1 & 1.2). Janis yeaxis MAA... - y= ty ya Single-valued ‘Single-velued function function Fig. Fig. 1.2 Mathematically, if one value of independent variable of any function represents one value of their dependent variable at a time then the function is called single-valued function.1.2 Calculus for ITT-JEE eg. f(x) =sin{log x} +1 Here, put x =1, y = f(1) = sin{log 1} + 1=1 Hence, given function is a single-valued function, Multi-valued Function Graphically, if'a straight line parallel to y-axis intersects the curve of function at more than one point then the function is called multi-valued function. yaxis A paxis Fig. 1.3 Fig. 1.4 vbax paris Fig. 1.5 Mathematically, if one value of an independent variable of any function represents more than one value of the dependent variable at a time then the function is called multi-valued function. Generally, multi-valued function has undefined form. eg Yer a4 Put x=1,)7+ 1? =4 syssv3 Hence, given function is a multi-valued function. 1.2.2 Representation of Function ‘A function can be represented by the following forms:- (@) Arrow form (b) Order pair formFunetion 13 (©) Tabular form (@) Verbal description form (e) Standard equation or formula form (8) Graphical form Arrow Form If 4 and B are two non-empty sets and f is a relation which associates each element of set 4 with unique clement of set B, then fis called function from A to B. It is denoted as f: A> B s(ys fe-i ey a F:A3B Fig. 1.6 For f: 4 > B in Fig. 1.6: (Set A is called domain of function f(x). (ii) Set B is called co-domain or range of function. Gili) If co-domain of a function is equal to its range then the function is called onto function but if the range of function is a subset of its co-domain then the function is called into function. (iv) If A and B are to non-empty sets having m and 1 numbers of elements respectively, then number of functions f : 4 —> Bis (") e.g, If4™={1,2,3,4} and B= {a, , c} then numberof functions or mappings fA —> Bis (1) =3*=81 (W) For every v € A, there exist ye B, such that, y= f(x) i.e. each element of set A has image in B but there may be elements in B which are not image of any element of A. (vi) Same element of A cannot be associated to distinct elements of B ie. image of each element of A is unique but distinct clement of A may be associated to the same element of B. i.e. more than one element of A may have same image in set B Order Pair Form Form of function Rx Y)= (Op Vis Oa, Ia), oes One Pad is called function in order pair form having domain + X,} and range, y © {V, ¥o, se Mad KE (tty14 Caleulus for ITIEE \ n Example 1/1 If f: ¥ — R where f(x) = a, sete ion te Raeetion in order par form. * Qnat i oe Soli: Given on = ET Putting n= 1, 2, 3,4,..... successively, we get 1 til 1” @a4ty 2 2” eas 4 —_,. 3 2-341)? aie ne 4-441? 1 Hence, order pair form of given function is ‘(le Tabular Form If set of values of independent and dependent variables of any function are given in table due to this form of function can be evaluate called function in tabular form (Table 1.1). Table 1.4 eg. x 1 10 10? | 10° y 0 1 2; 3 From table, form of function is p= logiox + L Dependent variable Independent variable Here, domain, x ¢ {1, 10, 107, 10°, ...} and range, ye {0, 1, 2, 3, ...} Verbal Description Form Form of function in which independent variable and dependent variable are defined in verbal form then function is called verbal description form. °Funetion eg. States State's capital Fig. .7 Standard Equation of Formula Form Any standard formula or equation in two variables represent function. eg. Area of a circle = m7 = yen? bog Dependent variable Independent variable eg. W-3y=5 2,5 > Fea v + Dependent Independent variable variable Graphical Form Any specified curve represent single valued function or multivalued function x-axis represents domain of function and y-axis represent co-domain or range of function, Fig 1.81.6 Caleulus for HT 1.3. MORE TYPES OF FUNCTIONS. 1, Algebraic Functions A function in which dependent and independent varicbles are held in simple form with algebraic sign is called algebraic function. Types of Algebraic Function (2) Polynomial function (b) Constant function (c) Identity function (d) Rational function (¢) Irrational function (© Modulus function (g) Signum function (h) Greatest integral function (i) Least integral function (j) Fractional part of function (&) Geometrical function 2. Transcendental Functions A function in which independent variable is defined with mathematical term is called transcendental function. Types of Transcendental Function (a) Trigonometric function (b) Inverse trigonometric function (©) Logarithmic function () Exponential functionFunction 1.7 3. Multi Functions A function which is neither algebraic nor transcendental is called multi function. Types of Multi Function (a) Composite function (b) Periodic function (©) Even function (d) Odd function (e) Even extensive function (8) Odd extensive function (g) Implicit function (b) Explicit function () Monotonic function () Increasing function (k) Strictly Increasing function ()) Decreasing function (m) Strictly decreasing function () One-One function or Injective function (0) Many-one function (p) Onto function or surjective function (q) Into function (®) One-One onto function or Bijective function (8) Partial function (®) Identical function (u) Inverse function (v) Bounded function 1.3.1. Algebraic Functions Polynomial Function ‘A function of form fl) = apx" + a,x"! + ax"? + ...... + dy, where a, #0 and power of x is a whole number is called polynomial function. Some Basic Polynomial Functions @ y=fw=r Domain, x € (- ©, e) Range, y € [0, 0) Graph is symmetric about y-axis Gi) y= fx)=0 Domain, x VR Range, y VR Graph is symmetric about origin or opposite Quardants1.8 Caleulus for ITIEE, ee Fig. 1.12 Fig. 1.13 Gi) y= fly =x4 Domain x VR Range, y € [0, =) Graph is symmetric about y-axis y= f) =",ne TL Domain x VR Range, y € [0, °°) Graph is symmetric about y-axis ye Fig. 1.14 Fig. 115 @ year" ner Domain, x VR Range, y VR Graph is symmetric about origin or opposite quardants Tips: (i) Graph of function f(x) = aor" + a,x"! + ax? +. ... +a, where a, # 0 is {ommeri about y-axis, when nm is even integer symmetrical about origin or opposite quadrant, when 1 is odd integer (i) If y= f(x) is any funetion then its graph is eee about y-axis, when f(—x) = f(x) symmetrical about origin or opposite quadrant, f(—xFunetion 1.9 Constant Function praxis A function in which the value of independent variable changes yok but the value of dependent variable does not change then the =H x-axis function is called a constant function Domain, x VR Range, y € {k} Graph is symmetric about y-axis Fig. 1.16 ‘Tips: If the first order derivative of function is equal to zero, then function must be constant function. Tips: Graph of constant function must be parallel to x-axis. 2 2 EXaiaple 1:2) If Fo= ((8)) + (3)} where f’(x) = fx) and g(x) = f(a) and given F(5)= 5 then F(10) is IIT-JEE-2001 (@ 5 (b) 10 @o qd) 15 Solution Given 4 F(x) =0 F(x) is constant function F(®) = F(S) = F(10) = 5 Identity Function ‘A function of form, y = f(x) = x is called Identity function. Graph 4 x-axis y= fQ) =x Domain, x VR Fig 107 Range, y VR The graph is symmetrical about origin or, opposite quadrantsColeulus for ITIEE, Rational Function f If f(x) and g(x) are any two polynomial functions then a function of the form y = a where g(x) # a(x 0 is called rational function. Some Basic Rational Functions @ y=tw= 4 Domain, x ¥ R-{0} Range, y V R- {0} The graph is symmetric about origin or opposite quadrant. a a Gi) y=R= Z Domain, x V R-{0} Range, y < (0, =) The graph is symmetrical about y-axis. Gi) y= ft) - Lene rh x Domain, x ¥ R-{0} Range, y V R-{0} ‘The graph is symmetric about origin or opposite quadrants yeaxis \ s Fig, 1,18 Fig. 1.19 Fig, 1.20 x-axisFunation Wy y= Sooner Domain, x V R- {0} Range, y € (0, ») ‘And graph is symmetrical about y-axis. ) y= ponel” Domain, x V R - {0} Range, y € (-=, 0) And graph is symmetrical about y-axis. " 1 (vi) y=-— ne ary Domain x V R - {0} Range y V R— {0} And graph is symmetric about origin or opposite quadrant. Irrational Functions L i Fig. 1.24 Lad 7 S A function of the form in which an independent variable is held under a radical sign. Tips: (a) £(24/x)= defined forx 20 (b) £74 YR) = defined x VR Some basic irrational functions @ y= f= Ve Domain, x € [0, 2) Range, y € [0, =) +1.12 Caleulus for ITIEE Gi) y= f= Domain, x VR Range, y VR And graph is symmetrical about origin or opposite quadrants Fig. 1.25 Gil) y=) Wane r Domain xe [0,) Range, y € [0, «) Fig. 1.26 (iv) y= f= "Vx ner Domain, x V R Range, y VR And graph is symmetric about origin or opposite quadrants. Fig. 1.27 Modulus Function A function of the form, y = f(x) = |x| is called Modulus function where +x, when x>0 I= jox, when <0 0, when x=0 Graph of Modulus Function y= fl) =h Domain, x VR Range, y € [0, -) and graph is symmetric about y-axis, Concept of Modulus +x, whenx>0 Form: y= f()={-x, whenx<0 0, whenx=0 Fig. 1.28Function 1.13 Tip: Geometrically, y = |x| represents the distance of real number x from the origin on real line. ‘Example 1.3° No. of solutions of equation 29:5 Wee ! is (a) 2 @ (d) None of these ‘Soltion| Given equation, B+5+4=0 ita atin bits j +S t4=0 > #2 4+5x+4=0 = xe-l-4 (Neglect) Now, Ifx <0 then x =—x +5 pi +4=0 > 2-Sx+4=0 = , 4 (Neglect) Hence given equation has no solution. +(x-a@), whenx>a Form I: y=() =br-a|=4-(x-a), whenx e+3n-4 3+ JOvI6 => Hence, number of solutions of given the cquation is 3.1.14 Caleulus for TEE, Properties of Modulus 1. If|fQ)| a then f(x) > @ and fx) < -a 4. IE |G)| 2 a then f(x) 2 a and fx) $ a 5. If |f{x)| =+ f(x) then fle) 2 0 6. If |f{%)| =~ flx) then fx) <0 7. TE |f)| + {gd} = [fle) + g(0)| then fx) - g(x) 20 8 9 0. . fle) = g(x) |S}fG9] + 1209) (Ree) = aC2) 2 |x) — jeCe)} . Ifa)" = (f))2n, ne Example 1.5. The sum of all the real roots of the equation |x— 2? + x — 2|-2 =0 is (@4 (b) 3 0 @1 Sokution Given equation fe- 2 + [r~2)-2=0 Ifx >2 then |x — 2) =+(r- 2) be- 2? +[x-2}-2=0 = (= 2? + (@-2)-2=0 = ¥-3x=0 = x= O (neglect) and. x= 3 Now, If x <2 then |x ~ 2)=-(x~ 2) be-2 + e-2)-2=0 > @-2P-@-2)-2=0 => w~Sx+4=0 x= Land x =4 (neglect) Hence, the sum ofall roas of given equation is (143) =4 Signum Function The form of function Vl oe when x20 yete=7x [xt 0, = whenx=0 +1, when x>0 is called signum function denoted as sgn(x) where sgn(x)= j—I, when x<0 0, whenx=0Funetion 1.15 Graph of Signum Function » x#0 As sgn (x) = 4121 0, x=0 +1, x>0 = 4-1, x<0 0, x=0 Fig. 120 Domain x VR Range, y € {-1, 0, 1} ‘And graph (Fig. 1.29) is symmetric about origin or in opposite quadrant. Greatest Integral Function Ifx be any real satisfy n 1, 01, 0< fx) <1, (xvii) log, flx) > 0 Equivalent to { f(x)21, or, 0< flx) <1, fe (xviii) log, f(x) 2 0 Equivalent to (xix) log, f(x) < 0 Equivalent to { or, 01 when 01 when01 when 01Funetion 1.23 f(x)2g(x) whena>l (@xi) log, fix) 2 log, g(x) Equivalent to 4 or, flx)S g(x) whenOI (xxii) log, flx) < log, g(x) Equivalent to jor, fx)2 g(x), when 0 1 Fig. 1.47 Fig. 1.48 Gi) y= ffx) = a", where 00 ‘Sobition’ Given, g@) = 1+x-p]=1+ G1 => g(x) is greater than 1 Hence, fog(x) = f(g(x)) = 1 Example 8" If f(x) = “4 then find fofoitx). Solition’ Given f(x) = os 1 As £09) = ese le Hence, fofofts) = £(74))) 1 @ “Teo =)" Example 1.9) let f(x) = Me £60) = fff}, PO = FRO}, ...... then find f°!) ‘Solution fix) a £(x)-1_ f(x)+1 (ae xt+t Pea) = £ffla)} = HISFunction 1.29 £@)-1 Fe) =F OT = giGct. fe) FPO = BOT a ~f@stlazt FOO} = Bat Here f(x) repeats itself at an interval of k= 4 21%) =) = f 2010 = $02x4+2 DESL HAO! let £- {2, 3, 4,5} > (3, 4,5, 9} and g: (3, 4,5, 9} — {7, 11, 15} be function defined as f(2) = 3, f(3) = 4, £(4) = £5) = 5 and g(3) = g(4) = 7, g(5) = g(9) = 11 Find goftx) ifi_Given As gof(2) = g{f(2)} = eG) =7 ) “gofiS) = g{A(5)} = a(S) = 11 gofls) = 12,7), 3.7) 4, 10,6, 11} Properties of Composite Function 1. If f(x) and g(x) are any two functions, then fog(x) exists if the range of g(x) is domain of f(x). 2. If gof(x) is one-one function, then ff) is one-one function. 3. If gof(x) is onto function then g(x) is also onto function. 4, If f(x) and g(x) are one-one and onto function then gof{x) is one-one onto function. 5. If f(x) and g(x) are any two function then fog(x) # goftx) but if fog(x) = gof{x) then fog(x) = x. Periodic Function Graphically, if graph of function repeats with certain interval then function is called periodic func- tion and the magnitude of certain interval is called periodic function.1.30 Calculus for ITJEE, ‘Mathematically. If function fx) is called periodic function then f(T +x) = ffx) where {71 is called neriod of fix) cg. fle) = sin x On +x) Xx) = sin x is periodic function with period 27 For evaluate period of perindic fimnetion use: () write given function fo) (ii) for periodic function f(T + x) = fix) then use following formula which ever to be required (a) If sin @ = sin oF then 6 = nn + (—1)" (b) If-cos @ = cos ox then @ = 2nm + ct (c) Iftan @ = tan ox then @ = nm +o (iii) Put least positive integer n for which variable to be eliminate to get period 7 of given function ww eg. fi = fsinx for periodic function {7 +2 =f) = Jan Tox) = Jinx = sin(T +x) > sin(T +x) =m + 1)" Put =2. T+x=2n+x > T=2n <. fx) = J sinx is periodic function with period 2x Properties of Periodic Function 1. Tfaconstant quantity added, subtracted, multiplied or divided in periodic function, the period remains same i.e. Tf f(x) is periodic fu with period T then (a) k- f(x) is periodic with period T (b) Ax = 9 is periodic with period T (©) f(x) £h is periodic with period T e.g. flx) = sin(x + 2009) — 2010 = Periodic with period 2x in(2x + x) = sin x = f(x) p . If fix) is perindic function with perind T then f{kx) is also periodic function with period —— ei where k#0 c= Se eg. flr) = tan(2010r — 8) = Periodic with nevi (32 }eI Aw Funetion 1.31 . Function sin'x, cos"x, sec"s and cosec"x are periodic then their period is defined as % when nis even integer or, 2n, when 1 is odd integer or fractional eg. fx) = sin’ x = Periodic with period 2 But f(x) = sin", = Periodic with period x Function tan’x and cot"x are periodic with period x for any real value of eg. Gx) = tan7010y, = Periodic with period x . Function |sin x, |cos x), |tan x), |cot x}, jsec x| and |cosec x| are periodic with period m. Algebraic function is periodic but period does not exist. A constant function is periodic but does not have fundamental period. . If x) is trigonometrical function (sin x, cos x, tan x, cot x, sec x, cosec.x) then {f{x)}° is also periodic with period If fx) and g(x) are periodic function with period 7, and T> respectively then period of the function y = f{x) + g(x) is defined as LCM.of (fT). when at least one of f (x) & g(x) be odd fiction or, 3(LCM.of T; and T,) when f (x) and g(x) are even function Note: @ LCM of 7; and 7, means eam, of numerator of 7; and T, hic. of numerator of T, and 7, (i) L.C.M of rational with rational is possible. (iii) L.C.M. of irrational with irrational is possible. (iv) L.C.M rational and irrational is not possible. e.g. fx) = 3 sin(2009x — 5) ~ 4 tan (2010x— 7) here, period of 3sin(2009x — 5) = 3 and period of 4 tan (2010x - 7) = SiG1,32 Calculus for ITT-JEE 4 2n 2a = Lem, of [~~ and -—— period of f(x) = 1.c.m. of 2009 2010 _ Lem, of 2x and z hic.f of 2009 and 2010 =2n eg. fx) = cos 6x + {2x} 2n ; 1 f -2nal Here, period of cos 6m x= EE = and period of {2x} = 3 Lemof Land] _ period of f{x) = Lem. ot(§ and 3} 3° 2) hefof3and2— e.g. fx) = cos 3mx +sec Tnx =2%22 Here, period of cos3mx=37 => an and period of sec 7k. x = $2 =2 period of f{3) = ftlemot 2&2) “1 10, If f(x) and g(x) are two periodic functions with period T, and 7, respectively then y = f{z) « a(x) may be periodic with period defined as L.c.m of T, and 7 , when (x) and g(x) are odd function jor 3 (Lom of 7; and 7,) when at east one of f(x), g(x) be even function. eg. fle) =2 sin x - cos x Here, g(x) = sin x= period 2 = odd function and h(x) = cosx = period 2n = even function 4. Period of f(x) = 2 sin x cos x * $ Gem of 2n and 2m) = 712. Function 1,33 Alternative flx) =2 sin x cos x in 2x Qn 2 iG . If(¢) and g(x) are periodic flmction with period 7, and 1; then h(x) = £2) may be periodic, 8 (x) f If periodic then period of h(x) = = is defined as L.C.M. of 7; and; , when f (x) and g(x) are odd function or (lem of 7, and 7, ) when at least one of f (x), g (x) be even function. Tips: Product and division of two periodic functions may or may not be a periodic function. sinx eg. fix) = cos x Here, (x) = sin x= periodic with period 2 and h(n) = cos x = periodic with period 27 f(x) = = = periodic with period 0s x = 5 (lem of 2n and 2n) =n Alternative sin oe fx) = =2* = tan x = Periodic with period 1 cos x There is an exception to the |.c.m. rule. In function where modulus is involved, the l.c.m. rules gives the period of the function but it may not be a fundamental period. eg. fx) = [sin x] + jeos x] = periodic with period defined as Le.m. of mand x = % Which is indeed period of sin aj + |cos x| but it is not fundamental period Since sin( + z Jf z } =|sin x| + loox 311.34 Calaulus for ITJEF, Which show that fundamental period of f(x) is $ Tips: x, whena#b @ Period ofa sin s|+5[60801= 4 ae yoy Lem (2.3) when m#n mn (ii) Period of [sin me| + cos nx| = or Jiemot(,£) whenm=n 2 ma eg. fl) = [sin 2x] + eos 2x] Here, period of |sin 2x| = ; and period of cos 2x| = S Period of f(x) = |sin 2x| + |cos 2x| 1 x = >| Lemof — and Yflemer e.g. f(x) =2 |sin 2x] -3 |cos 2x| Here, period of |sin 2x1 = * and Period of {cos 2x| = $ Period of f{x) is Ex) vem ot(5}e2 e.g. fx) = sin 2x] + [cos 3x] Here, period of |sin 2x| = : and period of [cos 3x| = 5 Period of given function f(x) 2 ona E = Lem of and = Lem of 5 and 5 _ Lemof rand Hof .of 2and3Function 1.35 13. If f(x) and g(x) are periodic functions then fog(x) and gof{x) are periodic functions with period defined as period of g(x), when f (x) is odd function y= faa} = oF peodtee, when f (x) is even function e.g. f(x) = cos (sinx) riodic function With period = Because cos x is even function But f(x) = sin (cos.x) = periodie funetion with period 2m because sin x is odd function 14, If f(x) and g(a) are non periodic functions then fog(x) and goflx) are not periodic functions. 15. If f{x) is periodic function but g(x) is not periodic function then fog(x) is not periodic but gof(x) is periodic function. eg. f(c) = sin x = periodic with period 2x and g(x) = Vx = non periodic in VE = non periodic but goflx) = gfftx)} = Jsins = Periodic with period 2n 16. If f{x) is any periodic function with period 7 then first order derivative (x) may be periodic function with period T eg. fx) = sinx = periodic with period x and (x) = 2 sin cos x = sin 2x = periodic with period x 17. If f{x) is any periodic function with period T then {f{x)dr may or may not be periodic function. e.g. f(x) = sin x = Periodic with period 2x = ffjdx= bin x de =cosx +e Periodic with period 2x fog() = ftetx)} but fix)= sin*x = periodic with period => [Rede = fin? x de I-cos2x oy = [Sars [Far x sin2x 24 = Non periodic function,1.36 Calculus for IT-JEE 18. Function f(x) =x {x] = {x} is periodic with period 1 and flx) = {nx} is periodic with period (; ) where n 0 n 19. If f(x) is any periodic function with period then g(x) = a” is also periodic function with period T eg. flx)= (2010)°* Periodic with period 2 20. If {x) is any function and its graph is symmetric about the lines x = a and x = b where a f(-x) el As, (x) - x) = | 4-42 41]- % e-1 2 Hence, given function is even function. Odd Function Graphically, if graph of function is symmetrical about the origin or opposite quadrant then function is called odd function. y= (3 = odd function ed = odd function Fig. 1.66 Fig. 1.67 Mathematically, Function f(x) is called odd function if and only if &(-x) =~) => fix) + fa) =01 Calculus for ITTIEE, Example 112° Show that function f(x) = log (x+ yx? +1) is odd function. Solution, Given f(x) ~ log (x + yx?+1) and &{-x) = log (Cx + fx? 1) f(-x) + fx) = log G/x?+1-x) + log (yx? +142) = log{ (yx? +1 +3) Gfx? +1 —a)} = log (x? + 1-27} = log 1 =0. Hence, fix) is odd function. Properties of Odd and Even Function Bemsawawn= 13. 15. 16. . Sum of two odd functions is odd function. . Sum of two even functions is an even function. . Sum of an odd function and an even function is neither even nor odd function. . Difference between two odd functions is odd function. |. Difference between two even functions is even function. . Difference between an odd function and an even function is neither odd nor even function. ‘The products of multiplication of two odd functions is an even function. }.. The products of multiplication of two even functions is an even function. . The products of multiplication of an odd and an even function is an odd function. ). Division of two odd functions gives an even function. A. 12, Division of two even functions gives an even function. Division of an odd and an even function gives an odd function. If f(z) is any orbitary function then f(x) + f(x) represent an even function and f{-x) —f(x) represents an odd function. Hence, f(r) can be expressed as a sum of an even function and an odd function as. fe)= Fife) tem} + ditt} eg. Express function f(x) = ¢“ as a sum of an odd and an even function. Solution: Given f(x) = €*, f{-x) = e* fe) 5+ F(-x)} + Fe) f(-x)} = e‘te* * 2 2 = even function + odd function . If f(x) is any odd function then its first order derivative f"(x) is even function odd + odd = odd function os x + 3x7 = even + even = even function If f(x) is any even function then its first order derivative f(x) represents odd function. ‘When the function is either of an odd or an even then their square becomes an even function. and f'()Funetion 1.39 17. If f{x) is even function then y = a" is also even function but if f(x) is any odd function then y = a™ is orbitary function. e.g. fle) = (2010)°°* = even function but fle) = (2010)%"* = neither even nor odd function 18. If f{x) is any odd function then J *f(x) dx is even fiction. 19. If f(x) is any even function then [*f(x) dx is an odd function. 20. If f(x) and g(x) are even functions then fog(x) and gof{x) are even functions. 21. If fx) and g(x) are odd functions then fog(x) and gof(x) are odd functions. 22. If f(x) is odd and g(x) is even function then fog(s) and gof{(x) are even function. Tips: As even function is symmetric about y-axis due to this even function is not one-one function. wen Extensive Function if f(x) is even function in [0, a] then form of function f(x), when0SxSa B(x) = f(-x), when-asx<0 |called even extensive function. ix, -2s382 Example 19) if f{)= | sin’x+tanx, 2 B then f(a) > f(B) and If 0. 5] is increasing function Ans. True Calculus Method Function f(x) is called increasing function in [a, 6] if and only if f(x) 2 0x € [a, 5] Example 4.16 If f(x) = x- e*' then flx) is IIT-JEE 2001 = (a) Increasing on [3 7 (b) Decreases on R a1 (© Increases on R (d) Decreases on [24] Solution Given fi) =x et -9 Differentiate w.r.t. x fe) =o tet it for increasing function f(x) 2 0 => apattyt 20 e950 2-2 444120 = 2? -x-150 > (x 1)(2r +1) $0 = fx) is increasing on [4 Ans. (a) Example 1.17. Consider the following S and R S: both sin x, cos.x are decreasing function in (12, m) R: Ifa differentiable function decreases in the interval (a,b) then its derivative also decreases in (a, b) HIT-JEE 2000 Which of the following is true? (a) Both $ and 2 are wrong. (b) Both S and 2 are correct but R is not the comect explanation of R. (©) Sis correct and R is the correct explanation for S. (d) Sis correct and R is wrong.1.42 Calculus for IT-JEE Solution Given ‘Sin x and cos x are decreases in (1/2, m) Now it t= 4, xe (1.2 Then f= <0 ¥ = If f(x) decreases then f(x) is increasing function in (1, 2) +. Ris not truc but S is truc. Ans. (d) ‘Exaniplé 1018) The function f(x) = sin*x + cos*r increases if IIT-JEE 1999 n x 3a 3a Sa Su an @ O £(«) = 4sin’x cos x — 4 cos? x sin x =-sin dx o| en «:. For increasing function £(c) 20 => -sin 4x 20 > sin 4x <0 As, sinz <0 Then nSzS2n Mec? . For sin 4x SO => mses 2x © > fexs 4 an x Ans (b), Fex £ (x) = tx +2) + De- 1)Funetion 1.43 pr increasing function FG) 2 0=9 0x + 2+ IH 20 x€ (9, -2)U (1, 0) U (1,9) ips: Newton Leibniz theorem fa) = fe) wad then wa¢ SOP — (g(a) SE? be tly Increasing Function Function {{x) is called strictly increasing function if and only if (x) 0 i.e. tangent to the curve of function cannot be parallel to x-axis Ate) _ ao dx EGaApLEETW’ Let the function g : (2, +) > (4 5) be given by g(x) = 2 tan\(e") — 5 then g(x) is IIT-JEE 2008 (@) Even and is strictly increasing in (0, ) (b) Odd and is strictly decreasing in (e°, =) (©) Odd and is strictly increasing in (=, ) (4) Neither even nor odd, but is strictly increasing in (ce, oo) Solution — glu) = 2 tan(e)— 5 = 2 tan (e) — tan”! (e") ~ cot Ye") = tan (ec) — cot! (e“) be g(-) = tan !(e) — cot(e) = —{tanrl(e) — cote} = -a(u), + g(u) is odd function Now, gt) = tame") — core") = tu) = tar'(@) ~ cant (+) 2 1 > gu) = (22) e . g(u) is strictly increasing Ans: (¢)1.44 Caleulus for IT: Decreasing Function Graphically, if graph of function decreases with increasing value of independent variable of function and increases with decreasing value of independent variable then function is called decreasing function. y=log,, ti) Fig. 1.72 Fig. 1.73: Mathematically, function f(x) is called increasing function Ifo < B then f(a) > £(B) and if o> B then f(a) < {(B) eg. at i _afl 44241 7 Here 1 <2 but 1) > 2) . f(a) is decreasing function. Calculus Method Function f{x) is called decreasing function if and only if f(x) <0. andat x= 2, ((2)= Example 1.21. The function f(x) = a = is IIT-JEE 1995 loge» (a) Increasing on (0, ») (®) decreasing on (0, o) (©) Neither increasing nor decreasing (@) none of these — fy = Reet log(e+x) wag pote lott f(s) = 8 ® flog(e+x)}"Funetion 1.45 (e+ x)log(e+ x) (n+ x)log(n+ x) (e+ x\(n+x)flog(e + x)}* For decreasing function f%(x) < 0 (c+ logle + x)~ (n+ los(n+ 2) <4 (e+ x) + xMlog(e + x)}? => xe (=) Strictly Decreasing Function Function {{x) is called strictly decreasing function if and only if £(x) <0 ie. tangent to the curve of function cannot parallel to x — axis, Example 1,22 At what values of ‘a’ does the function f{x) = 2 + ax 2° strictly decreased for all real x. Solistion fix)=2 + ax-x7 = a-3P<05a<3r Here, min” value of 3x? = 0 Hence,a <0 Properties of Monotonic Functions 1. 2. 3. 7. 8. 9: 10. i. 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. a ‘Sum of two decreasing functions is a decreasing function. Sum of two increasing functions is increasing function. Sum of increasing function and decreasing functions is neither increasing nor decreasing function. 4. Difference between two increasing functions is neither increasing nor decreasing function. 5. 6. If f(x) is increasing function and g(x) is decreasing function then f{x) — g(x) is increasing Difference between two decreasing functions is neither increasing nor decreasing function. function but g(x) — f{x) is a decreasing function. Reciprocal of increasing function is decreasing funetion. Reciprocal of decreasing function is an increasing function. Negative of an increasing function is negative decreasing function. Negative of decreasing function is negative increasing function. Product of two positive decreasing functions is a decreasing function. Product of two positive increasing functions is an increasing function. Product of an increasing function and a decreasing function is neither increasing function nor decreasing function. Division of two positive increasing functions is neither an increasing function nor a decreasing function. Division of two positive decreasing functions is neither increasing nor decreasing function. If f(x) is increasing function and g(x) is decreasing function then ay is increasing function g(x and 2 is a decreasing function. f(z) . If f(x) and g(x) are two increasing functions then fog(x) or goftx) is also an increasing function,1.46 Calculus for IT, 18. If ffx) and g(x) are two decreasing functions then fog(x) or gof(x) is an increasing funetion. 19. If f(x) is an increasing function and g(x) is a decreasing function then fog(x) or goftx) is decreasing function. 20. Polynomial function of an odd function may be an increasing function, One-One Function Graphically, if a straight line parallel to x-axis, intersects the graph of function at only one point the| function is called one-one or injective function. axis praxis A h / | j — = axis } > xaxis yet y= logx Fig. 1.74 Fig. 1.75 Mathematically, function f(x) is called one-one function, if f(a) = f{B) then ot = B and other relatior between o. and B represents value of @ or B be imaginary value. Example 1.23. x)=.) + 3x +1 Solution tet f(a) = f(8) oO +30+1= f+ 3R+1 (@ -B)+ (a -B)=0 (2.- B) {07 + of + B* +3} =0 Bora’ +B? +oB+3=0 Bor, o7 +B? +oB+3=0 lere, at = 0,8°+3=0 B= 23 =2V3i = imaginary fix) = x° + 3x +1 is one — one function Calculus Method Function f(x) is called one -one function if and only if f(x) > or f(x) <0 ii certain interval. Fuuuary u Example 1.24" Let function: 8 ~ R be defined by f(x) = 2x + sin x for x R then f(x) is one ~ one function ‘Tne of false. IIT-JEE 2003 Solution Given fix) = 2x + sin x = fee) =2+cosx>0Function LAT => f@>0 f(z) = 2x + sin x is one ~ one function. ‘Example 1.25". Function (x) = = is one- one function. True or false. x Bollatid® Given function fx) = r#-1 x41 eran tt 44D dx Her, f@)= cane ~— oso Gt a flx) = —— is one — one function. x41 Ans. True. Note: if A and B are any two non empty sets have m and n numbers of elements respectively then of one — one function ” 2 teas pe {Pu Whenn2m 0, whenn A Séliition Given A 1,2, 3,4}, m4) =4 a,b}, (B) = 2 +. No. of one — one function F : A ~> B is*P, Many-One Function Graphically, if a is a straight line parallel to x — axis intersecting the curve of function at more than one points then function is called many-one function. vaxis yeaxis axis aaxis yell yore Fig. 1.76 Fig. 1.771.48 Caleulus for ITTIEE, Mathematically function f(x) is called many-one function if f(ct) = {(B) then o # B or if a = B but other relation between o and B represent real values of a and f. Example 1.27 fx) = x7 + Se +7 Solution Let fla) - (8) => of +50+7=f2+5B+7 = (a -B) + 5(a- => (a-Bia+B+5: = a=Bora+B+5=0 Here, o& and B always represent real values ~. f(x) = x7 + Sx +7 is many-one function. Calculus Method Function fix) is called many-one function if and only if f(x) > 0 or f(x) < 0 cannot be defined in certain internal, eg. f= +50 +7 20, when x> = @)=2et5= 2 <0, whenx< en <> f(x) =x? + 5x +7 is many — one function. Onto Function or Surjective Function If the function f : 4 + B such that each element of B is the f image of at least one element in 4 then function f : A — B is called onto function. Tips: If f : A — B then Co-domain of function is B but values of y for which their independent variable is defined called range of function. Tips: If y = f(x) be given function then Co-domain of function is y VR Example 1.28 If f : (0, >) — [0, -) and fix) = a then f(x) is (@) one - one and onto (b) one — one but not onto (©) onto but not one— one (@) none TIT-JEE 2003 Solition. Given f= tex = fay= 5 >0 x)= ayy = fix) is one — one function. Now, f : [0, «) — [0, 2) Here , Co — domain , y € [0, ) As~ ~~ ay tyeex stlFunetion 1,49 => Iny Here, x to be defined when | -y #0. => y#1 => range ye [0, =) —(1) => range # co-domain Hence, f(x) is one ~ one but not onto function. = ‘) is a onto function then set of values of a is Ce ‘Example'1.29 were [ © C,~) @ none I @ {4} © Soli) Given 2) = sie! 24 mi t:n | +l ° 62 ffx) is onto function x x gts = a+1>0 = ae (1, cycaans a. . [if xis rational __ [0 if-xisrational . “Example'4.30 n= {5 if xisirtional 4 w= if xisirretional " f— 8 is TIT-JEE 2005 (@) neither one ~ one nor onto (b) one-one and onto (©) one-one and into @ many - one and onto "Solation’ Given wf itsismtiont [0 if xisrationa £2)" lo, itxisimational “4 8) |x, if xisirrational x, — if xis rational Here, no-ao={% if xis irrational => Ale) ~ gla) has range, y VR also flx) ~ g(x) co-domain y VR and Zera)-g@>0 when x is rational and 2 =f/(x)- g(x) <0 when x is irrational, f(x) — g(2) is one-one and onto function,1.50 Tips: If 4 and B are two sets having m and n elements respectively such that | n(4) = m= 4 and (B)=n=2 ‘Number of surjection from A to B - Eyre) ral = Cyt + CAP? C0) =-2+16=14 Into Function A function f : 4 > Bis an into function, if there exist an element in B having no pre-image in A. Or, Function f : A - B is not onto then function is into. Tips: If range of function is the subset of their co-domain then the function is called into function. One-One onto Function ‘The function represent one — one and onto behavior is called one-one onto function. 1:32. Let the fimetion defined in colurnn -I have domain | — >.> | and range (—c0, 00) an 2°72 TIT-JEE 1992 ‘Column- 1 Column-Ii (@) 1+2 (a) onto but not one-one Gi) tans (b) one — one but not onto (@) one-one and onto Solution Given f: (3 3) Jee Here, co-domain, y € (-%, ©) @ fey =1+2e = f@)=2>0 => {{x) is one- one function -1 and y= 1422 x => rangeyVR +. fla) = 1 + 2 is one-one and onto function.Funeti 1.51 (ii) ) = tan x => fG)=sec"x 20 => f(x) is one - one function ‘Now, (2) = tan x Range of f(x), y VR => range = Co-domain -: €(2) is one — one onto function. Tips: If A and B are two non empty sets each having number of elements then numbers of one - one onto function = n! eg. If A= {1,mn} and B= {a,b,c} then no. of one — one onto functions f: A> Bis3!=3x2x1 =6 Partial Function If function f(x) can be obtained from a relation then function f(x) will be called partial function. Example 1.33 Find f(x) which satisfies relation f{x) + 241 - x)=x+2 Solution’ Given f(z) + 20 -3) =x? +2 @ pac (1-3) place a A -x) + 2-0-0} = xP +2 = f(1 x) + ffx) = 1+. 2 +2 w@ @-2xGi) fx) + 261 - x)= 27 +2 261 — x) + 49) = 2x? - ar + 6 fix) — 4f(x) = 7 +2) - 2? - 4x + 6) => -3ffx) = x? + dx - 4 x a4r44 - {) = ——— = required partial function Identical Function Two functions ffx) and g(x) are called identical when (@) f(x) can be expressed into g(x) (b) Range of f(x) is equal to range of g(r) and domain of f(x) is equal to domain of g(x). Bacenniple 34" f(xy = 2° +" and g(x) = 22 +1 then Ale) and g(x) are identical, True or False? Solition) Given fie) = debate ent” 2) ratke e's) =2@) fix) and g(x) two identical functions.1.52 Calculus for IIT-JEE Bounded Function If f(x) is any function satisfying |f{x)| s m where m is positive real or a S f{x) S b then function flx) is called bounded function. Beample 38" x)= sin x+ f3cosx+5 ‘Souition t= ofbsnx+ Beosx} +5 =2 s(x +2 } 5 3 Here, fx)" = 7 and Re)miget = 3 => 7s fx) $3 Hence f(x) is bounded function. Inverse Function Graphically, if graph of function f(x) and g(x) are mirror image to each other with respect to line mirror y = x then both fiunc- tions f(x) and g(x) are called inverse to each other. Mathematically, for inverse of function use, (i) Let f: A — B where y = f{x) (ii) First establish that f: A — B is bijective and hence invert- ible. Simplify y = f(x) to express it as x = g(y) now, g(x) is the inverse of f(z). Tips: If g(x) is the inverse of f(x) then f{g(x)} = x Tips: If only y = f(x) is given without mentioning the set A and B, then A and B are taken as the natural domain and in range of f(x) respectively. Tips: If f(x) is increasing function then f(x) is also increasing function. Tips: If f(x) is decreasing function then f(x) is also decreasing function Tips: If f(x) is even function then f(x) is also even function Tips: If f(x) is odd function then f(z) is also odd function jaBeamiple!4.36" If £: (1, ) — [2, 2] is given by fix) =x + : then f-"() is equal to @ ata o = wy SlPe4 @ 1+ Ja 2 14x? 4 UT-JEE 2001 TESLA Given f : [1, =] > [2, «] Here, co-domain y € (2, «] and domain, x € [1, °]