LESSON FOUR

REGRETS
Feel sad or disappointed about something that has
happened or something that youve done.

E.g.: I regret myself not going to Salvador this Carnival.

Paula regrets about her bad grades on her test.

They regret for the money they spent on their last holiday.

John doesnt regret spending his money on beer.

 VOCABULARY
1. EXCRUCIATING: Intensely painful.

2. MISTAKE: A word, figure, or fact that is not correct.

3. DEGREE: An academic College, University certificate.

4. FIELD: An area of studying.

5. BACK ON TRACK: To return to where you were.

6. WISE: A person that has knowledge(intelligence) in a

specific subject.

7. ASSISTANCE: The provision of money, resources, or

information to help someone.

8. SEARCHING: Try to find something by looking carefully.

9. LUCKY: A person that has very good luck.

 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
THIRD CONDITIONAL
We use Past unreal conditional sentences to talk about
past conditions and results that never happened.
Eg : If Michael Jackson hadn't died, he would have made a
show in Brazil. (but he died and the show never happened)

If they had looked for the book, they would have found it.
(but they didnt look and they didnt find it)

I could have come If you had phoned me.

If Tim had done his test early, he might have gone to club.

The if clause presents the unreal condition, and the result

clause presents the imagined result.
We use past perfect in the if clause and would / could /
might+present perfect in the result clause.
 WISHES
A desire or hope for something to happen.
E.g.: I want to be a Doctor. Thats my wish!

Paul wishes to travel around the world some day.

We wish to have a good life.

Sarah wishes to be a better person.

 DREAMS
1) What are three wishes you have for
your life?
2) What positive and negative
consequences would there be if they
came true?
3) What other wishes do your parents
have for you?
4) Have you ever had a wish come
true?
 EXPRESSIONS WITH DREAM
AMERICAN DREAM: American materialistic importance
on acquiring things.

WOULDNT DREAM OF: Something you wouldnt do.

IN YOUR DREAMS: Wishes that will never happen.

BE IN A DREAM WORLD: Wishes that you dont believe

they will happen.

DREAM COME TRUE: Something that happens as youve

always wished for.

BROKEN DREAMS: Wishes that are not successful.

BEYOND MY WILDEST DREAM: Greater than your hopes

and imagination.
 GRAMMAR
WISHES ABOUT THE PRESENT: We use WISH + SIMPLE PAST
verb to express that we want a situation in the present or
future to be different.

Structure: Pron. + wish + pron. + simple past verb + complement.

E.g.: I wish I were a millionaire. ( But I am not, Im poor )

July wishes she had a car. ( But she doesnt have it )

Frank wishes he spoke English. ( But he doesnt speak English )

They wish they were in BBBs house. ( But they arent there )
 WISHES ABOUT THE PAST
We use WISH + PAST PERFECT verb to express a regret, or
that we want a situation in the past to be different.

Structure: Pron. + wish + pron. + past perfect verb + comp.

E.g.: Peter wishes he hadnt eaten manioba. ( He ate much )

I wish I had studied hard for my test. ( I didnt study. Now I regret )

Carol wishes she had gone to Par Folia. ( She did not go )

We wish we had bought the right book. ( We bought the wrong book )
 WISHES WITH WOULD
We also use WISH + WOULD + INFINITIVE VERB to express
impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction with a present
action and we want someone to change something, like
a habit.

Structure: Pron. + wish + pron. + would + inf. Verb + comp.

E.g.: My mother wishes I would squeeze the toothpaste in the end. (

She cant change my bad habit )

Phill wishes it would stop raining. ( Hes impatient because its raining and
he wants to go outside )

I wish Suzy would be quiet. ( I am annoyed because shes speaking too

loud )
 IF ONLY
We can use IF ONLY, instead of WISH to make a
STRONGER KIND OF WISH about the present or the past.

Structure: If only + Pronoun + Verb( Past or Past perf. ) + complement.

E.g.: If only I had known my Professor number!

If only July knew the address to go!

If only you were here!

If only They studied harder!

LESSON FIVE
CAN
JAR
BOTTLE
BAR
TUB
SLICE
BOX
LOAF

LOAVES
BUNCH
HEAD
DOZEN
Carton
PINT
BAG
 QUART

Approximately 0,94 milliliter

GALLON
 POUND

Approximately 453.592 grams

* How often do you go shopping for groceries?
* What do you usually buy at the supermarket? Junk food or healthy food?
* Are you a price conscious shopper?
 Sections in the supermarket
Produce section
Deli section
Dairy section
Beverage section
Pasta and rice section
Canned food section
Condiments section
Baking section
Bakery section
Meat and seafood section
Countable and Uncountable nouns
Countable Both Uncountable
Student hair Money
Car Light Sugar
Bottle Paper Rice
Man Room Furniture
Animal Time Electricity
Person Work Happiness
Cat Drink News
Box Water
Coin Information
Table Love
Chair Butter
Fork Power
Suitcase Gas
Book Flour
Which of these foods would you like to eat?

FOOD
 Most popular cooking methods
Cooking
Steaming
Grilling
Roasting
Boiling
Stewing
Frying
Barbecuing
* COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE TERMS
USED BEFORE SUBSTANTIVES.
We use MUCH and MANY: Express more quantity about something.

E.g.: There were MANY cars in Salinas last july.

Countable noun
E.g.: I had MUCH money to travel before my vacation.
Uncountable noun
We also can use: PLENTY OF; LOTS OF; A LOT OF before Countable and
Uncountable Nouns.
A lot of
A lot of Plenty of
E.g.: Plenty of people like aai. E.g.: I received Lots of money When I worked.
Lots of Much
Many
 * WE USE: a little; little; a few; few to
express less quantity about something.
A LITTLE ( um pouco de ): Its used before Uncountable Nouns.

E.g.: I speak A LITTLE French. E.g.: I need A LITTLE time to think about it.
LITTLE: ( pouco; pouca ): Its use before Uncountable Nouns.

E.g: I eat LITTLE food when I am at Aslan. E.g.: Sarah has LITTLE money to travel.

A FEW ( alguns; algumas ): Its used before Countable Nouns.

E.g.: Lets wait A FEW minutes. E.g.: I have A FEW friends that live in Ananindeua.

FEW (poucos; poucas ): Its used before Countable Nouns

E.g: FEW people understand english. E.g.: There are FEW buses at midnight.
* TOO and SO: They are used as intensifiers.
Too: Indicates an idea of exaggeration.
So: Indicates a large quantity of something in a positive way.
Examples:

I love aai SO much.

There were TOO many people in Belm because of Cirio de Nazar.

She drinks TOO much beer that she cant drive.

I received SO many compositions last class.

* NOTE: We can use them before MANY/MUCH it depends on the following

countable or uncountable nouns.
ENOUGH: Its used for Countable and
Uncountable nouns when we say that the
quantity or number is sufficient.
Examples:

Sarah had enough money to travel to Miami last year.

They bought enough desks for the school.

Steve got enough energy to run the marathon.

I have enough food to go camping.

* NOTE: We use ENOUGH before nouns( Countable / uncountable ).

LESSON SIX
GOSSIP
* GOSSIP: CASUAL CONVERSATION OR REPORT ABOUT OTHER PEOPLE.
Who gossips more, men or women?

Do you think gossip can be used for something good?

What would you do if someone gossiped about you?

If you heard something about someone you know, what

would you do?

Do you think that a friend who gossips, will never

gossip about you?
 Vocabulary
Gossiper: A person who likes talking about other
peoples private lives.
Rumors: A circulating story or report of uncertain or
doubtful truth.
Hearsay: Information received from other person that
one cannot be substantiate.
A little bird told me: Its used to say that the speaker
knows something but prefers to keep the identity of the
informant a secret.
Talk behind someones back: saying bad things about
someone to the other person.
Hear something straight from the horses mouth: Go
directly to the person to know if the news is true.
 What is Reported Speech?
Reported Speech is a
way how we report
what someone has said
by changing some of
the words said, but
retaining the same
meaning.
 Could you
help me?

Direct Speech
What did Alan ask us?
Alan asked us to help him.

Reported Speech / Indirect Speech

 REPORTED SPEECH
If we use a question in
reported speech, the question
becomes a statement( a normal
sentence ). So we can report:
Interrogative questions and
information questions.
 YES/NO QUESTION( INTERROGATIVE FORM )
* HAS the taxi arrived yet? She asked.
She asked IF the taxi had already arrived.

* Can we take photos? They asked.

They asked IF they could take photos.

* Are you married? He asked.

He asked IF I was married.
 IInformation Question
Where did you buy your phone? He asked.
He asked where I had bought my phone.

What are you doing? She asked.

She asked what I was doing.

How is your mother? They asked.

They asked How my mother was.
 IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
GIVING ORDERS:
``Give me the book. He told me.
He told me TO give him the book.

MAKING REQUEST:
``Please dont go to the party without me.She told him.
She told him NOT TO go to the party without her.

GIVING ADVICE:
``You should go to the gym. She adviced them.
She adviced them TO go to the gym.

* Note: The imperative case, we never change the verb. We only

add the preposition TO.
Examples
Change these sentences into indirect speech:

Susan said: I feel terrible.

I.S.: Susan said she felt terrible.

Tom and Phil said: Peters restaurant is too expensive.

I.S.: Tom and Phil said (that) Peters restaurant was too expensive.

You said: I live in Belm but I work in Ananindeua.

I.S.: You said (that) you lived in Belm but you worked in Ananindeua.

Meg told me: Use your notebook in class.

I.S.: Meg told me to use my notebook.
 EXERCISE
Change the sentences from reported speech to direct speech:
1- He asked if she was going to the party.
``Is she going to the party? , He asked.
2- She told me that she wanted to have three children.
`` I want to have three children, She said.
3- Jean said that she wanted to travel to Italy.
`` I want to travel to Italy . She said.
4- He said that he wouldnt go if his friend didnt.
`` I wont go if my friend doesnt . He said.
5- She told me she had an extra blanket in the closet.
`` I have an extra blanket in the closet . She said.
6- They asked if they could borrow sues car.
`` Can we borrow sues car? . They asked.
*News: A received information about recent or important events.
How do you get informed? (radio,newspaper,Tv,internet)
read newspaper?
How often do you see the news on Tv?
listen to the news on the radio?

Do you believe everything you read, see or hear on the

news?

Whats the worst news youve ever seen / heard?

Have you (or anyone you know) ever been in the

newspaper or on Tv?
PHRASAL VERBS
 PHRASAL VERB
A Phrasal Verb is a verb + particle like: COME IN,
SIT DOWN, TAKE OFF.
Here are some particles which are used in Phrasal
verbs: about, along, around, away, back, behind,
by, down, in , off, on, out, over, round, through, up,
with.
Some of these particles are: adverbs/ prepositions.
 PHRASAL VERBS
Understanding the Phrasal Verbs:
Some phrasal verbs are easily to understand.
Tom asked Melaine to COME IN.

The girl in the line TURNED ROUND and stared at me.

Note: The meanings are clear if you know the words

Come, in, turn, round.
 PHRASAL VERBS
There are many phrasal verbs that are Idiomatic.
Fortunately the plan CAME OFF succeed

Why did you TURN DOWN such a good offer? refuse

I cant MAKE OUT if its a man over there. see clearly

 PHRASAL VERBS
Sometimes a phrasal verb has the same
meaning as a one-word verb.
FIND OUT Discover
SEND OUT Distribute
GO BACK Return
TURN UP Arrive
GO ON Continue
GIVE UP Desist
 SYNONYMS
TAKE CARE OF = LOOK AFTER
HELP = STAND BY
WAIT = HOLD ON
OVERCOME = GET OVER
GIVE = HAND IN
ARRIVE = SHOW UP
INVESTIGATE = LOOK INTO
DEFEND = STAND UP FOR
 PHRASAL VERBS
Word order with Phrasal Verb.
When the Phrasal Verb has an object, the object can
go either before or after the particlejust if the
Phrasal Verb is SEPARABLE.
Melanie TOOK her coat OFF. or Melanie TOOK OFF her coat.

I WROTE the number DOWN. or I WROTE DOWN the number.

Who LET the cats OUT? or Who LET OUT the cats?

NOTE: took off ; wrote down ; let out...are SEPARABLE Phrasal Verbs.
 PHRASAL VERBS
An object pronoun: me, us, them, it, him, her, you
always goes BEFORE the particle..just If the
Phrasal Verb is SEPARABLE.
Melanie felt hot in her coat. So she TOOK it OFF.

Could you lend me ten dollars? Ill PAY you BACK tomorrow.

I havent heard from Rose recently. I must CALL her UP.

If you dont know the numbers, you can LOOK them UP in

the phone book.
 PHRASAL VERBS
Three word verb: They are Phrasal Verbs that have
a particle and a prepositon.
Brazilians are LOOKING FORWARD TO to see Justin Bieber s show.

Jenny couldnt PUT UP WITH her husband anymore.

People must GET ALONG WITH the others.

I buy new CDs, but I HANG ON TO the old ones.

Paul always STANDS UP FOR his family.

 SOME DEFINITIONS
LOOK FORWARD TO: Be excited about the future.
BREAK INTO: Enter forcibly.
DROP OUT: Quit; stop a class, school, job, etc.
PUT UP WITH: Tolerate.
JOIN IN: Participate.
GET OVER: Overcome a problem.
RUN OUT OF: Have none left.
END UP: Finish.
CUT(SOMETHING)OUT: Make something by cutting.