Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Babu Suthar
(Second draft)
Babu Suthar
2
3
In Memory of
Harivallabh Bhayani
4
We will revise this draft again after we receive comments and suggestions from the
scholars and the users. There are still problems with phonetic transcription of some
words. We will fix them as soon as we get feedback from the scholars. Meanwhile,
we request the users to consult us before using information from this dictionary in
their reserach.
Babu Suthar
bsuthar@sas.upenn.edu
5
Introduction
Gujarati is a poor language of the rich people. This language does not have scientifically
written grammar books. Whatever grammar books it has are mainly pedagogic. It does
not have well written dictionaries either. There are some, monolingual as well as
bilingual, but many of them are impressionistic and outdated. This language is divided
into many social and geographical dialects, but very few of them have been explored.
Many dialects still await their documentation. It has attracted many linguists, but their
impact on the language, speakers, and writers has been negligible. Gujaratis are
everywhere, and so is Gujarati; but Gujarati rarely is taught systematically. The children
of Gujarati Diaspora learn some Gujarati either from their parents or from Gujarati
language classes run mainly by Hindu temples. There is no well written teaching material
either. Some individuals have created some material, but much of it lacks
professionalism. In addition, it is also faulty either in grammar or in pragmatics or both.
This is unfortunate. In order to overcome this situation, partially if not fully, the
Department of South Asia Regional Studies, University of Pennsylvania has taken a
leadership role. They have encouraged designing teaching material under which we have
created three textbooks: Gujarati Reader 1, 2 and 3. The Reader 1 is devoted to the
writing system, while the Reader 2 is devoted to written conversations. The Reader 3 is a
collection of Aesops fables rendered in Gujarati. This dictionary is a part of that project
but it has been funded by the Nirman Foundation, Washington DC. It is perhaps the first
dictionary of the language created for the beginning student who is learning Gujarati
language as a second language. It is also the first dictionary in Gujarati which gives
phonetic transcription of the head words in International Phonetic Alphabet. Besides, it is
also the first one that gives graphemic transcription of each head words. This dictionary
will certainly facilitate the learner in learning the differences between spoken and written
Gujarati.
I am thankful to Nirman Foundation. Without their support this dream would have
remained unfulfilled. I am also thankful to Prof. Bhikhu Parekh and Dr. Chandrakant
Shrof for taking personal interest in this project. I can not forget Prof. Guy Welbon,
former Chairperson of the South Asia Regional Studies, University of Pennsylvania, who
underlined the need of creating teaching material and supported all the projects. This
dictionary is the third project that he supported. I am also thankful to Prof. Michael W.
Meister, the Chairperson of the Department of South Asia, for encouraging me in
finishing this work. Finally, I am thankful to Prof. Buckley, Department of Linguistics,
University of Pennsylvania, and Dr. Bharti Modi, Ex. Chairperson, Department of
Linguistics, The M.S. University of Baroda for ofering me guidance on various issues
related to compiling dictionary.
Babu Suthar
Sunday, June 29, 2003
6
Content
1. Explanatory notes 7
2. Abbriviations 10
3. Dictionary 12
A 12
Aa 20
; 25
: 26
w 26
W 29
30
Ae 30
AE 32
Ao 32
AO 33
k 33
` 41
g 46
3 52
c 55
2 62
j 65
z 70
4 73
5 75
6 77
7 79
t 80
9 87
d 88
0 96
n 100
p 111
f 132
b 137
- 146
m 154
y 167
r 168
l 175
v 183
= 200
q 205
s 205
h 229
7
x 235
}a 235
Explanatory Notes:
Structure of the entries: Each entry contains five parts in the following order: 1. Head-
word, 2. Phonetic transcription, 3. Graphemic transcription, 4. Grammatical designation
and 5. Gloss. In addition, some entries may contain example.
Vowels:
Close i u
Close-mid e o
\
Open-mid
Open a
9
Consonants:
Pharyngeal vl.
h
Velar vd.
g
g
vl.
k
k
Palatal vd.
j
vl.
c
c
Retroflex vd.
vl.
Post alveolar vl.
Alveolar vd.
l
Dental vd.
d
d
n
vl.
t
s
t
Labiodental vd.
v
Bilabial vd.
m
b
b
vl.
p
p
non-asp.
asp.
Approximant
approximant
Fricative
Lateral
Plosive
Nasal
Trill
10
3. Graphemic transcription: For each word graphemic transcription is also given using
the following symbols. This will help students learning the relationship between sound
and later with is not always symmetrical in Gujarati.
Vowels:
A Aa ; : w W
\ a i ii u uu ru
Ae AE Ao AO A& A
e \i o \u \m \h
Consonants:
k ` g 3
k\ kh\ g\ gh\
c 2 j z
c\ ch\ \ h\
4 5 6 7 8
\ h\ \ h\ \
t 9 d 0 n
t\ th\ d\ dh\ n\
p f b - m
p\ ph\ b\ bh\ m\
y r l v
y\ r\ l\ v\
= q s
\ s\ s\
h X x }a
h\ \ k\ gn\
4. Gloss: Gloss illustrates the main sense of the word. In some cases, more than one
meaning are given in the order of their prominence.
11
Abbriviations
adj. adjective
advb. adverb
conj. conjunction
fem. feminine
hon. honorific
masc. masculine
neut. neuter
postp postposition
pron. pronoun
v.intr. intransitive verb
v.dat. dative verb
v.exp. experiencer verb
v.tr. transitive verb
Symbols:
Axt /\k.\.t\/ <\.k\.t\> adj. .1. whole. Ag*ya=I /\.g\.ja.i/ <\.g\.ja.ii> adj. .
2. unbroken. seventy nine.
13
AgasI /\.ga.si/ <\.ga.sii> fem. . terrace. A2t /\.c\t/ <\.ch\.t\> fem. .1.scarcity,
2. shortage
Aigyar /\.gi.jar/ <\.gi.ja.r\> adj.
.eleven. A2tu& /\.c\.tu~/ <\.ch\.tu~> advb.
.1.secret, 2. hidden
Aigyarmu& /\.gi.jar.mu~/ <\.gi.ja.r\.mu~>
neut. the eleventh day after death. A2bDa /\.c\b.a/ <\.ch\.b\.a> masc. .
chicken-pox (honorific).
Aigyars /\.gi.ja.r\s/ <\.gi.ja.r\.s\> fem.
the eleventh day of a fortnight of a A2Ut /\.cut/ <\.chu.t\> adj. .
Hindu lunar month. untouchable
14
Ajb /\.\b/ <\.\.b\> adj. .1. strange, 2. A4k /\.\k/ <\.\.k\> fem. .1. surname,
surprising 2. a family name. 3. last name.
A5\yasI /\.ja.si/ <\.hja.sii> adj. . eighty A7I /\.i/ <\.hii> adj. . two and a
eight. half.
A6d /\.\d/ <\.\.d\> masc. a kind of Ai8 /\.i/ <\.i> fem. sharp point of
pulse anything.
A60u& /\.du~/ <\.\.dhu~> adj. half. Aiti9 /\.ti.ti/ <\.ti.thi> masc. . a guest
who comes without prior information.
A6plu& /\.\p.lu~/ <\.\.p\.lu~> neut. .1.a
mischief, 2. a prank Aitrek /\.ti.rek/ <\.ti.re.k\> masc. . an
excess
A6vu& /\.vu~/ <\.\.vu~> v.tr. . to touch.
AtIt /\.tit/ <\.tii.t\> masc. . past.
A6s5 /\.s\/ <\.\.s\.h\> adj. .sixty
eight. Atu4 /\.tu/ <\.tu.\> adj. . unbreakable.
AsTy /\.s\t.j\/ <\.s\.tj\> neut. .1. false, ASvC2 /\.sv\c.c\/ <\.sv\.cch\> adj. .
2. untrue. impure.
Aihsa /\.him.sa/ <\.hi~.sa> fem. . non- A&tr /\n.t\r/ <\~.nt\.r\> neut. .1.the
vilence. heart 2. the mind. [an abstract notion that
refers to ones conscience.]
AhI& /\.hi~/ <\.hi~> advb. . here.
A&itm /\n.tim/ <\~.ti.m\> adj. . last.
AhI&ya& /\.hi~.ja~/ <\.hi~.ja~> advb. .same as
AhI&. A&te /\n.te/ <\~.te> advb. .1. finally 2. at
last.
Ahoho /\.ho.ho/ <\.ho.ho> excl.. an
exclamation expressing surprise. A&dr /\n.d\r/ <\~.d\.r\> postp. .1. in 2.
within 3. inside 4. into.
AX`am8u& /\.kam.u~/ <\.\.kha.m\.u~>
adj. .1. unfavorable 2. disagreeable. A&daj /\n.da/ <\~.da.\> masc. . an
estimate.
AXgu& /\.gu~/ <\.\.gu~> adj. .1.detached
2. uncommon. A&0a0U&0I /\n.da.du~n.di/
<\~.dha.dhuu~.dhii> fem. . chaos.
A&kur /\.ku.r\/ <\~.ku.r\> masc. .1. a
sprout 2. an offshoot. A&0apo /\n.da.po/ <\~.dha.po> masc. .
blindness.
A&g /\.g\/ <\~.g\> neut. . the body.
A&0arIyu& /\n.da.ri.ju~/ <\~.dha.rii.ju~> neut.
A&grxk /\.g\.r\k.\.k\/ . the dark half of a lunar month.
<\~.g\.r\.k\.k\> masc. .a body-guard.
A&0aru& /\n.da.ru~/ <\~.dha.ri.ju~> neut. .
A&gU5I /\.gu.i/ <\~.guu.hii> fem. . a darkness.
finger ring.
A&bo6o /\m.bo.o/ <\~.bo.o> masc. . a
A&gU5o /\.gu.o/ <\~.gu.ho> masc. .a knot of plaited hair of a woman.
thumb.
A&= /\m/ <\~.\> masc. .a part, a section
A&g/ej /\.g\.re/ <\~.gre.\> masc. . an
Englishman. Aa
A&g/e@ /\.g\.re.i/ <\~.gre.ii> fem.
Aa /a/ <a> proun.. this.
.English.
Aakar /a.kar/ <a.ka.r\> masc. .1. shape
A&t /\n.t\/ <\~.t\> masc. . an end.
2. form.
A&tr /\n.t\r/ <\~.t\.r\> neut. . distance.
Aaka= /a.ka/ <a.ka.\> neut. . sky.
Aagm /a.g\m/ <a.g\.m\> masc. Aaju baju /a.u ba.u/ <a.u.ba.u> adv.
religious texts of the Jains. around.
Aaglu& /ag.lu~/ <a.g\.lu~> adj. . previous. Aa4lu& /a.lu~/ <a.\.lu~> adj. .this much.
AagX /a.g\/ <a.g\.\> advb. .1. in front Aa4o /a.o/ <a.o> masc. . flour.
of 2. in future.
Aa5 /a/ <a.h\> adj. . eight.
AagamI /a.ga.mi/ <a.ga.mii> advb.
1.ensuing 2. forthcoming. Aa5m /a.\m/ <a.h\.m\> fem. . the
eighth day of bright or dark half of the
AagahI /a.ga.hi/ <a.gaa.hii> fem. .a Hindu month.
prediction.
Aa68I /a.i/ <a.\.ii> fem. . a wooden
Aaigyo /a.gi.jo/ <a.gi.jo> masc. . 1. a fire round stood to shape rotali or puri .
fly, 2. a glowworm, 3. a lightning bug.
Aa6{aIs /a.\t.ris/ <a.\.trii.s\> adj. .
Aag/h /ag.r\.h\/ <a.gr\.h\> masc. .a thirty eight.
strong request.
Aa6u& /a.u~/ <a.u~> adj. . crosswise.
Aa3at /a.gat/ <a.gha.t\> masc. a shock.
Aa6o=pa6o= /a.o.pa.o/
Aa3u& /a.gu~/ <a.ghu~> advb. . distant. <a.o.\.pa.o.\> masc. neighbours.
22
Aadr /a.d\r/ <a.d\.r\> masc. .respect. Aaple /ap.le/ <a.p\.le> fem. . give and
take.
Aad=R /a.d\r.\/ <a.d\.r\> adj. . ideal.
AapvItI /ap.vi.ti/ <a.p\.vii.tii> fem. .1.
Aada=I=I /a.da.i.i/ <a.da.ii.ii> fem. . autobiography 2. good and bad events of
migraine. life.
Aaid /a.di/ <a.di> adj. first. Aapvu& /ap.vu~/ <a.p\.vu~> v.tr. . to give.
Aa-Uq8 /a.bu.\/ <a.bhu.s\.\> neut. . Aaya. /a.ja/ <a.ja> fem. . a maid servent.
ornaments.
Aayat /a.jat/ fem. . import.
Aam /am/ <a.m\> advb. .in this manner.
Aayojn /a.jo.\n/ <a.ja.t\> neut. .
Aamjnta /am.\n.ta/ <a.m\.\.n\.ta> management.
adj. .1. the common people, 2. laymen.
AartI /ar.ti/ <a.r\.tii> fem. .1. a sacred
Aam8e /am.e/ <a.m\.e> pron.. these lamp 2. a religious prayer sung with a
persons. sacred lamp.
AamlI /am.li/ <a.m\.lii> fem. .the Aavk /a.v\k/ <a.v\.k\> fem. income.
tamrid tree.
Aavkar /av.kar/ <a.v\.ka.r\> masc. .
AamXvu& /a.m\.vu~/ <a.m\.\.vu~> v.tr. . to
welcome.
twist together.
Aav6t /av.\t/ <a.v\.\.t\> fem. . a
Aam&{a8 /a.m\n.tr\/ <a.m\.ntr\.\>
skill.
neut. an invitation.
Aav6vu& /a.v\.vu~/ <a.v\.\.vu~> v.exp..
to
know.
24
Aav6u& /av.u~/ <a.v\.u~> adj. . of this Aasn /a.s\n/ <a.s\.n\> neut. . a seat
size. (formal).
Aai=q /a.i/ <a.i.s\> fem. . a blessing. Aahuit /a.hu.ti/ <a.huu.ti> fem. .1. an
offering 2. a sacrifice.
Aai=vaRd /a.ir.vad/ <a.i.rva.d\> masc.
a blessing. (honorific) AaXs /a.\s/ <a.\.s\> fem. .laziness.
Aa&k6o /a~k.o/ <a~.k\.o> masc. .1. a Aa&bo /a~.bo/ <a~.bo> masc. . a mango tree.
number 2. a number-sign.
Aa&su& u/a~.su~/ <a~.su~> neut. . a tear.
Aa&kvu& /a~k.vu~/ <a~.k\.vu~> v.tr. . to
estimate a price.
;
Aa&` /a~k/ <a~.kh\> fem. . an eye.
;C2vu& /ic.c\.vu~/ <i.cch\.vu~> v.tr. . to
Aa&g8u& /a~g.u~/ <a~.g\.u~> neut. . open wish.
space in front of a house.
;C2a /ic.ca/ <i.ccha> fem. .1. desire 2.
Aa&gXIyat /a~.g\.i.jat/ <a~.g\.i.ja.t\> adj. . wish.
a child of the former husband of a
;jner /i.ner/ <i.\.ne.r\> masc. . an
remarried woman.
engineer.
Aa&ckvu& /a~.c\k.vu~/ <a~.c\.k\.vu~> v.tr. . to
;jaro /i.a.ro/ <i.a.ro> masc.
snatch forcfully.
.monopoly.
Aa&ckI /a~c.ki/ <a~.c\.kii> fem. .hiccup.
;jjt /i.\t/ <i.\.t\> fem. .1. reputation
Aa&cko /a~c.ko/ <a~.c\.ko> masc. . a jerk. 2. a womans chasity.
wja8I /u.a.i/ <u.a.ii> fem. a picnic. w]am /ut.t\m/ <u.tt\.m\> adj. . the best.
w5m8u& /u.\m.u~/ <u.h\.m\.u~> neut. w]ar /ut.t\r/ <u.tt\.r\> masc. the North.
a ritual performed after death.
w]aejk /ut.te.\k/ adj. . stimulating.
w5vu& /u.vu~/ <u.h\.vu~> v.intr. . to get
up. wTpi]a /ut.p\t.ti/ <u.tte.\.k\> fem. .
production.
w5a6vu& /u.a.vu~/ <u.ha.\.vu~> v.tr. .
to wake up. wTpadk /ut.pa.d\k/ <u.tpa.d\.k\> masc.
1. a producer. 2. a manufacturer.
w5a&trI /u.a~n.t\.ri/ <u.ha~.t\.rii> fem. .
a theft. wTpadn /ut.pa.d\n/ <u.tpa.d\.n\> neut. .
an act of producing.
w6aw /u.a.u/ <u.a.u> adj. .
extravagant. wTsv /ut.s\v/ <u.ts\.v\> masc. . a
festival.
w6avvu& /u.av.vu~/ <u.a.v\.vu~> v.tr. . to
make something fly.
28
wTsah /ut.sah/ <u.tsa.h\> masc. .1. wpcar /up.car/ <u.p\.ca.r\> masc. .1. a
enthusiasm. 2. zeal. remedy. 2. cure.
Aekp /ek.rup/ <e.k\.ruu.p\> adj. . of Aeka&kI /e.ka~.ki/ <e.ka~.kii> adj. . one act
similar form. play.
AosrI /os.ri/ <o.s\.rii> fem. . the front kcrape4I /k\c.ra pe.i/ <k\.c\.ra.pe.ii>
open part of a house. fem. a dust bin.
AoX` /o.\k/ <o.\.kh\> fem. . idenitity. kcva4 /k\c.va/ <k\.c\.va.\> masc. .1.
grumbling. 2. dissatisfaction.
AoXvu& /o.vu~/ <o.\.vu~> v.tr. . to comb
(hair). kca= /k\.ca/ <k\.ca.\> fem.
1.unripenness. 2. imperfection. 3.
AoX&gvu& /o.\.g\.vu~/ <o.\~.g\.vu~> v.tr. . deficiency.
to cross over.
kcu&br /k\.cum.b\r/ <k\.cu~,b\.r\> neut.
raw vegetables cut into pieces.
AO
kcorI /k\.co.ri/ <k\.co.rii> fem. . a type
AOicTy /\u.ci.tj\/ <au.ci.tj\> adj. . of food.
appropriateness.
kijya`or /k\.i.ja.kor/ <k\.i.ja.kho.r\>
AOdICy /\u.di.cj\/ <\u.dii.cj\> masc. . a adj. quarrelsome.
sub-caste of Brahmin
kjo6u& /k\.o.u~/ <k\.o.u~> neut. . an
AOpcarRIk /\up.ca.rik/ <\u.p\.ca.rii.k\> unfit match.
adj. . formal.
k4ko /k\.ko/ <k\.\.ko> masc. . a piece.
AOq0 /\u.\d/ <\u.s\.dh\> neut. a
medicine. k4ok4I /k\.o.k\.i/ <k\.o.k\.ii> fem. . a
crisis.
Aod\yoigk /\u.djo.gik/ <\u.djo.gi.k\>
adj. . industial. k4oro /k\.o.ro/ <k\.o.ro> masc. . a
bowl.
K k58 /k\.\/ <k\.h\.\> adj. . hard.
k6I /k\.i/ <k\.ii> fem. .1. a hook 2. an kp6u& /k\p.u~/ <k\.p\.u~> neut. . cloth.
earring.
kpru& /k\p.ru~/ <k\.p\.ru~> adj. . tough.
k6u& /k\.u~/ <k\.u~> neut. . an armlet.
kpaX /k\.pa/ <k\.pa.\> neut. . the
k7&gu& /k\.\.gu/ <k\.h\~.gu~> adj. .1. forehead.
clumsy 2. awkward in shape.
kpas /k\.pas/ <k\.pa.s\> masc. . a
k7I /k\.i/ <k\.hii> fem. .a food item. cotton plant.
kLpna /k\l.p\.na/ <k\.lp\.na> fem. . k;& /k\.i~/ <k\.ii~> advb. .1. where? 2.
imagination. some.
kaka /ka.ka/ <ka.ka> masc. hon.. ka8u& /ka.u~/ <ka.u~> adj. .1. a hole, 2.
paternal uncle. one-eyed.
kagX /ka.g\/ <ka.g\.\> masc. .1. paper kap /kap/ <ka.n\> masc. . reduction.
2. a letter.
kap6 /ka.p\/ <ka.p\.\> neut. . cloth.
kagaroX /ka.ga.ro/ <ka.ga.ro.\> fem. .
rowdism. kaplI /kap.li/ <ka.p\.lii> fem. . a
clipping of a paper.
kac /kac/ <ka.c\> masc. .1. glass 2.
mirror. kapvu& /kap.vu~/ <ka.p\.vu~> v.tr. . to cut.
kacbo /kac.bo/ <ka.c\.bo> masc. . a kapo /ka.po/ <ka.po> masc. .1.a cut. 2 a
tortoise. mark made by cutting.
kaic&6o /ka.ci.o/ <ka.c\~.o> masc. . a kabr /ka.b\r/ <ka.b\.r\> neut. . a kind
chameleon. of bird.
kacu& /ka.cu~/ <ka.cu~> adj. .1.unripe 2. kabU /ka.bu/ <ka.buu> masc. . control.
raw.
kam /kam/ <ka.m\> neut. . work
kajX /ka.\/ <ka.\.\> neut. .eye-salve.
kam /kam/ <ka.m\> masc. . sexual
kaju /ka.u/ <ka.u> neut. . a cashew-nut.
desire.
ka4 /ka/ <ka.\> masc. . rust. kamclaw& /kam.c\.lau~/ adj. .tentative.
38
ku&6X /ku.\/ <ku~.\.\> masc. a kind ked /kd/ <ke.d\> fem. . a prison.
of ear ring.
kem /km/ <ke.m\> advb. .why.
40
ko6Iyu& /ko.i.ju~/ <ko.ii.ju~> neut. .a kind kohvu& /koh.vu~/ <ko.h\.vu~> v.intr. .to rot.
of earthern lamp.
koXI /ko.i/ <ko.ii> fem. .a caste.
ko7 /ko/ <ko.h\> masc. .leprosy.
koXu& /ko.u~/ <ko.u~> neut. .a pumpkin.
ko8I /k.i/ <ko.ii> fem. .an elbow.
kO4uiMbk /k\u.um.bik/ <k\u.tu~.mbi.k\>
adj. pertaining to a family.
41
kya& /kja~/ <k\.ja~> advb. .where. `4p4 /k\.p\/ <kh\.\.p\.\> fem. .an
intrigue.
k/ur /kru.r\/ <kru.r\> adj. .cruel.
`4ml /k\.m\l/ <kh\.\.m\.l\> masc.
k/o0 /kro.d\/ <kro.dh\> masc. .anger. .a bug.
`6bc6u& /k\.b\c.u~/
<kh\.\.b\.c\.u~> adj. .rough. `ru& /k\.ru~/ <kh\.ru~> adj. .correct.
`8vu& /k\.vu~/ <kh\.\.vu~> v.tr. .to `cR /k\r.c\/ <kh\.rc\> neut. . expense.
scratch.
`las /k\.las/ <kh\.la.s\> adj. .1.
`tro /k\t.ro/ <kh\.t\.ro> masc. exhausted 2. the end.
.danger.
`lasI /k\.la.si/ <kh\.la.sii> masc. .a
`tvvu& /k\.t\v.vu~/ <kh\.t\.v\.vu~> v.tr. sailor.
.to make an entry in a ledger.
`lel /k\.lel/ <kh\.le.l\> masc.
`dbdvu& /k\d.b\d.vu~/ .disturbance.
<kh\.d\.b\.d\.vu~> v.intr. .to boil with
a simmering sound. `vas /k\.vas/ <kh\.va.s\> fem. .name
of a community.
`pvu& /k\p.vu~/ <kh\.p\.vu~> v.intr. .to
be sold. `s /k\s/ <kh\.s\> fem. .scabies.
`ajlI /ka.li/ <kha.\.lii> fem. .a food `atu& /ka.tu~/ <kha.tu~> neut. .an account.
item.
`a0a`orakI /ka.da.kho.ra.ki/
`aju /ka.u/ <kha.u> neut. .a food item. <kha.dha.kho.ra.kii> fem. .1.
maintenance 2. livelihood.
`a4kI /ka.ki/ <kha.\.kii> masc. .a
butcher. `angI /kan.gi/ <kha.n\.kii> adj.
.secret.
`a4lo /ka.lo/ <kha.\.lo> masc. .a cot.
`anu& /ka.nu~/ <kha.nu~> neut. .a drawer.
`a4vu& /ka.vu~/ <kha.\.vu~> v.tr. .to be
benefited. `aboicyu& /ka.bo.ci.ju~/ <kha.bo.ci.ju~>
neut. .a puddle.
`a4u& /ka.u~/ <kha.u~> adj. .sour.
`amI /ka.mi/ <kha.mii> fem. .a defect.
`a6I /ka.i/ <kha.ii> fem. .a creek.
`aru& /ka.ru~/ <kha.ru~> adj. .salty.
`a6o /ka.o/ <kha.o> masc. .a pit.
`arek /ka.rek/ <kha.re.k\> fem. .a dry
`a8 /ka/ <kha.\> fem. .a mine. date.
`Il /kil/ <khii.l\> masc. .a pimple. `Ulvu& /kul.vu~/ <khuu.l\.vu~> v.intr. .to
open.
`Ilvu& /kil.vu~/ <khii.l\.vu~> v.intr. .to
blossom. `U&cvvu& /ku~.c\v.vu~/ <khuu.c\.v\.vu~>
v.tr. .to snatch away.
`ISsu& /kis.su~/ <khii.ssu~> neut. .a
pocket. `U&cvu& /ku~c.vu~/ <kh\.c\.vu~> v.intr. .to
prick.
`ur=I /kur.i/ <khu.r\.ii> fem. .a chair.
`U&0 /ku~d/ <khuu~.dh\> fem. .a hump.
`ulaso /ku.la.so/ <khu.la.so> masc. .a
45
`e6vu& /ke.vu~/ <khe.\.vu~> v.tr. .to `o6 /ko/ <kho.\> fem. .1. a defect 2.
plow. a deficiency.
`o4u& /ko.u~/ <kho.u~> adj. .1.wrong. 2. `oXo /ko.o/ <kho.o> masc. .the lap.
false.
46
ga6I /ga.i/ <ga.ii> fem. .a vehicle. ga&6u& /ga~.u~/ <ga~.u~> adj. .1. mad 2.
lunatic.
ga6u& /ga.u~/ neut. .a cart.
gIc /gic/ <gii.c\> adj. .overcroweded.
ga7 /ga/ <ga.h\> adj. .thick.
gIt /git/ <gii.t\> neut. .a song.
ga8u& /ga.u~/ <ga.u~> neut. .a song.
gI0 /gid/ <gii.dh\> neut. .a vulture.
ga9a /ga.ta/ <ga.tha> fem. .a moral or
religous story. gIrvI /gir.vi/ <gii.r\.vii> adj. .on
mortgage.
gadlu& /gad.lu~/ <ga.d\.lu~> neut. .a
mattress. gIro /gi.ro/ <gii.ro> adj. .on mortgage.
gadI /ga.di/ <ga.dii> fem. .1. a throne, 2. gujrvu& /gu.\r.vu~/ <gu.\.r\.vu~> v.intr.
a cushion. .1. to pass by 2. to die.
gam /gam/ <ga.m\> neut. .a village. gujarvu& /gu.ar.vu~/ <gu.a.r\.vu~> v.tr. .to
pass time.
gayk /ga.j\k/ <ga.j\.k\> masc. .a male
singer. gu4ko /gu.ko/ <gu.\.ko> masc. .a small
booklet.
gaiyka /ga.ji.ka/ <ga.ji.ka> fem. .a female
singer. gu8 /gu/ <gu.\> masc. .quality.
gaX /ga/ <ga.\> fem. .a curse word. gu8vu& /gu.bv~/ <gu.\.vu~> v.tr. .to
multiply.
gaXvu& /ga.vu~/ <ga.\.vu~> v.tr. .1. to
filter 2. melt 3. to pass time. gu8akar /gu.a.kar/ <gu.a.ka.r\> masc.
.multiplication.
ga&g6o /ga~g.o/ <ga~.g\.o> masc. .a
solid lump.
50
guPt /gu.pt\/ <gu.pt\> adj. .secret. gU&c /gu~c/ <guu~.c\> fem. .1.a twisting of
threads 2. intricacy.
gufa /gu.pa/ <gu.pha> fem. .a cave.
gU&9vu& /gu~t.vu~/ <guu~.th\.vu~> v.tr. .to
gumavvu& /gu.mav.vu~/ <gu.ma.v\.vu~> knit.
v.tr. .to lose.
gU&dvu& /gu~d.vu~/ <guu~.d\.vu~> v.tr. .to
guru /gu.ru/ <gu.ru> masc. . a teacher. trample.
guru /gu.ru/ <gu.ru> adj. .1. big 2. large. gerkayde /ger.kaj.de/ <ge.r\.ka.j\.de> adj.
and advb. .illegal.
gulmor /gul.mr/ <gu.la.mo.r\> neut. .a
tree. gerkaydesr /ger.kaj.de.s\r/
<ge.r\.ka.j\.de.s\.r\> advb. .illegally.
gulab /gu.lab/ <gu.la.b\> neut. .1. the
rose plant. 2. a rose flower gerrSte /ger.r\s.te/ <ge.r\.r\.ste> advb.
.wrongly.
gulam /gu.lam/ <gu.la.m\> masc. .a
slave. gerla- /ger.lab/ <ge.r\.la.bh\> masc.
.loss.
guSso /gu.sso/ <gu.sso> masc. .anger.
gervLle /ger.v\.lle/ <g\.r\.v\.lle> advb.
gu&jvu& /gu.vu~/ <gu~.\.vu~> v.intr. .1. to .at a wrong place.
hum 2. to buzz.
gervvu& /ge.r\v.vu~/ <ge.r\.v\.vu~> v.tr. .to
gu&6o /gu.o/ <gu~.o> masc. .a bully. make things (fruits, leaves) fall.
3r6u& /g\r.u~/ <gh\.r\.u~> adj. .old. 3&46I /g\.i/ <gh\~.\.i> fem. ..a
small bell.
3rbar /g\r.bar/ <gh\.r\.ba.r\> neut.
members of the family. 3&4I /g\.i/ <gh\~.ii> fem. .a grinding
hand-mill or machine.
3rv`rI /g\r.v\.k.ri/
<gh\.r\.v\.kh\.rii> fem. . household 3a /ga/ <gha> adj. .two dozen papers.
things such as furniture, utensils etc.
3a /ga/ <gha> masc. .a wound.
3rs&sar /g\r.sam.sar/ <gh\.r\.s\~.sa.r\>
masc. . worldly life. 3a3ro /g\g.ro/ <gha.gh\.ro> masc. .a
petticoat.
3rs&sarI /g\r.sam.sa.ri/
<gh\.r\.s\~.sa.rii> adj. .a person 3a3rI /gag.ri/ <gha.gh\.rii> fem. .a
leading a worldly life. small petticoat.
3rak /g\.rak/ <gh\.ra.k\> masc. .1. a 3a4 /ga/ <gha.> masc. . a shape.
customer 2. a client.
3a4Ilu& /ga.i.lu~/ <gha.i.lu~> adj. .well
3re8u& /g\.re.~/ <gh\.re.u~> neut. .an built.
ornament.
54
3a8 /ga/ <gha.\> masc. .a unit of 3U&48 /gu~.\/ <ghuu~.\.\> masc. .the
production. knee.
3ayl /ga.j\l/ <gha.j\.l\> adj. .wounded. 3U&4I /gu~.i/ <ghuu~.ii> fem. .the shin-
bone.
3arI /ga.ri/ <gha.rii> fem. .a kind of
sweet. 3U&4I /gu~.i/ <ghuu~.ii> fem. .a puzzle.
3alvu& /gal.vu~/ <gha.l\.vu~> v.tr. .1. to 3e4u& /ge.u~/ <ghe.u~> neut. .a sheep.
thrust into 2. to penetrate.
3en /gen/ <ghe.n\> neut. .intoxication.
3as /gas/ <gha.s\> neut. .grass.
3ebr /ge.b\r/ <ghe.b\.r\> neut. .a kind
3I /gi/ <ghii> neut. .ghee (refined of sweet.
butter).
3er /ger/ <ghe.r\> masc.
3uv6 /gu.v\/ <ghu.v\.\> masc. .an .circumference.
owl.
3ervu& /ger.vu~/ <ghe.r\.vu~> v.tr. .to
3U3rI /gug.ri/ <ghuu.gh\.rii> fem. .a surround.
small mealic balls (usually of
ornaments). 3eru& /ge.ru~/ <ghe.ru~> adj. .deep or dark
(usually a color).
3U3vvu& /gu.g\v.vu~/ <ghuu.gh\.v\.vu~>
v.intr. .to roar (of sea) 3el2a /gel.ca/ <ghe.la.cha> fem. .a
craze.
3Umravu& /gum.ra.vu~/ <ghuu.m\.ra.vu~>
v.intr. .to turn or move around. 3elu& /ge.lu~/ <ghe.lu~> adj. .craziness.
ccaR /c\r.ca/ <c\.rca> fem. .discussion. cakI /ca.ki/ <ca.kii> fem. .a small metal
bolt.
cl8 /c\.l\/ <c\.l\.\> neut. .currency.
caku /ca.ku/ <ca.ku> neut. .a knife.
cva8u& /c\.va.u~/ <c\.va.u~> neut. .a
type of ca`vu& /cak.vu~/ <ca.kh\.vu~> v.tr. .to
food. taste.
cskvu& /c\.s\k.vu~/ <c\.s\.k\.vu~> v.intr. ca4vu& /ca.vu~/ <ca.\.vu~> v.tr. .to lick.
.1.to slip 2. to escape 3. to be lost-
minded. ca5u& /ca.u~/ <ca.hu~> neut. .1. a scar 2. a
skin-burn.
csko /c\s.ko/ <c\.s\.ko> masc.
.1.mascular pain 2. addiction. caplUsI /cap.lu.si/ <ca.p\.lu.sii> fem.
.flattery.
chero /c\.he.ro/ <c\.he.ro> masc. .a face.
cab`o /cab.ko/ <ca.b\.kho> masc. .1. a
cX /c\/ <c\.\> fem. .itching sensation. whip 2. a kind of poem that criticizes
social evils.
cXvX /c\.v\/ <c\.\.v\.\> fem. .a
movement. cabUk /ca.buk/ <ca.buu.k\> masc. .a
whip.
cXvu& /c\.vu~/ <c\.\.vu~> v.intr. .1. to
move 2. to break a promise. cam6I /cam.i/ <ca.m\.ii> fem. .skin.
car /car/ <ca.r\> fem. .1. fresh grass 2. caX8I /ca.\.i/ <ca.\.ii> fem. .a sieve.
fodder.
caXvu& /ca.vu~/ <ca.\.vu~> v.tr. .to sift.
car8 /ca.r\/ <ca.r\.\> masc. .1. a
bard 2. a name of a caste/ community. calIs /ca.lis/ <ca.li.s\> adj. .forty.
carpa; /car.pai/ <ca.r\.pa.i> fem. .a cot. co&c /c~c/ <co~.c\> fem. .a beak.
cal /cal/ <ca.l\> fem. .a strategy. ca&dlo /ca~d.lo/ <ca~.d\.lo> masc. .an
auspicious mark done on the forehead.
cal /cal/ <ca.l\> masc. .1. a tradition 2.
a custom. ca&dI /ca~.di/ <ca~.dii> fem. .silver.
calvu& /cal.vu~/ <ca.l\.vu~> v.intr. .to walk. ca&p /ca~p/ <ca~.p\> fem. .a switch.
calak /ca.lak/ <ca.la.k\> adj. .1.clever 2. ca&plu& /ca~p.lu~/ <ca~.p\.lu~> adj. .over
skilful. wise.
calakI /ca.la.ki/ <ca.la.kii> fem. .1. a ickar /ci.kar/ <ci.ka.r\> adj. .full.
trick 2. cleverness.
iccyarI /cic.ja.ri/ <ci.c\.ja.rii> fem. .a
calu /ca.lu/ <ca.lu> adj. .1.moving 2. a
shrilling cry.
person with loose character.
ic5\5I /ci.i/ <ci.hhii> fem. .1. a note
cavvu& /cav.vu~/ <ca.v\.vu~> v.tr. .to chew.
2. a small informal letter.
cavI /ca.vi/ <ca.vii> fem. .a key. ic6avu& /ci.a.vu~/ <ci.a.vu~> v.intr. .to be
vexed.
cas /cas/ <ca.s\> masc. .a furrow. icta /ci.ta/ <ci~.ta> fem. .a funeral-pyre.
59
ic]a /cit.t\/ <ci.tt\> neut. .the mind. cItrvu& /ci.t\r.vu~/ <cii.t\.r\.vu~> v.tr. .1.
to sketch 2. to draw.
ic]ao /cit.to/ <ci.tto> masc. .1.a panther
2. a leopard. cItXo /cit.o/ <cii.t\.o> masc. .a kind of
serpent.
ic{a /cit.r\/ <ci.tr\> neut. .1. a picture 2.
a drawing. cInI /ci.ni/ <cii.nii> adj. .Chinese.
icbavlu& /ci.bav.lu~/ <ci.ba.v\.lu~> adj. cIp /cip/ <cii.p\> fem. .1. a strip 2. a
1.overwise 2. childish. deal in the card game.
cUkado /cu.ka.do/ <cuu.ka.do> masc. .a cUnI /cu.ni/ <cuu.nii> fem. .a nose ring.
judgment.
cUmvu& /cum.vu~/ <cuu.m\.vu~> v.tr. .to
cu6el /cu.el/ <cu.e.l\> fem. .a kind of kiss.
female ghost.
cUlo /cu.lo/ <cuu.lo> masc. .a fire-place
cup /cup/ <cuu.p\> adj. .quite. for cooking.
cUpkIdI /cup.ki.di/ <cu.p\.kii.dii> fem. cUvu& /cu.vu~/ <cuu.vu~> v.intr. .to ooze.
.silence.
cUsvu& /cus.vu~/ <cuu.s\.vu~> v.tr. .to suck.
cUpcap /cup.cap/ <cuu.p\.ca.p\> advb.
.stealthily. cU&k /cu~k/ <cu~.k\> fem. .stomach pain.
cUSt /cus.t\/ <cu.st\> adj. .1. tight 2. cU&k /cu~k/ <cuu~.k\> fem. .a nail.
staunch.
cU&9vu& /cu~t.vu~/ <cuu~.th\.vu~> v.tr. .to
cu&gal /cu.gal/ <cu~.ga.l\> fem. .1. a ransack.
claw 2. a trap.
cU&d6I /cu~nd.i/ <cu~.d\.ii> fem. .a kind
cu&gI /cu.gi/ <cu~.gii> fem. .a smoking- of sari.
pipe.
cekvu& /cek.vu~/ <ce.k\.vu~> v.tr. .to erase.
cu&bn /cum.b\n/ <cu~.b\.n\> neut. .a
kiss. cetn /ce.t\n/ <ce.t\.n\> adj. .animate.
cev6o /cev.o/ <ce.v\.o> masc. .a food co4vu& /c.vu~/ <co.\.vu~> v.intr. .to stick.
item.
co6vu& /c.vu~/ <co.\.vu~> v.tr. .to strike.
ceh /ceh/ <ce.h\> fem. .a funeral pyre.
cotrf /co.t\.r\p/ <co.t\.r\.ph\> advb.
cEtNy /c\i.t\n.j\/ <c\.t\.nj\> neut. .1. .on
life-spirit 2. the supreme being. all sides.
cE{a /c\it.r\/ <c\.tr\> masc. .the sixth co{aIs /ct.ris/ <co.trii.s\> adj. .thirty
month of the Vikram year. four.
cok /ck/ <co.k\> masc. .a square. co9 /cot/ <co.th\> fem. .fouth day of
both of the fortnights of a lunar month.
cok6I /ck.i/ <co.k\.ii> fem. .1. a
washing place in house 2. a place where co0ar /co.dar/ <co.dha.r\> adj.
four roads .immense (tears and rain)
cross.
copgu& /co.p\.gu~/ <co.p\.gu~> adj.
cok\ks /cok.k\s/ <co.kk\.s\> advb. quadruped.
.surely.
cop6vu& /co.p\.vu~/ <co.p\.\.vu~> v.tr.
coksI /ck.si/ <co.k\.sii> masc. .1. a .1. to lubricate 1. to grease.
surname 2. a dealer in gold and silver.
cop6I /cop.i/ <co.p\.ii> fem. .a book.
cokI /c.ki/ <co.kii> fem. .1. a police
station 2. a watch-gate. cop6o /cop.o/ <co.p\.o> masc. .an
account book.
co`a /co.ka/ <co.kha> masc. .rice.
copn /co.p\n/ <co.p\.n\> adj. .fifty
co~`a.; /cok.ka.i/ <co.khkha.ii> adj. four.
.cleanliness.
copanIyu& /co.pa.ni.ju~/ <co.pa.nii.ju~> neut.
co~`u& /cok.ku~/ <co.khkhu~> adj. .clean. .a pamphlet.
2atI /ca.ti/ <cha.tii> fem. .the chest. 2a&6vu& /ca~.vu~/ <cha~.\.vu~> v.tr. .to
leave surplus food in the dining plate.
2anu& /ca.nu~/ <cha.nu~> adj. . secret.
2I /ci/ <chii> fem. .excretion.
2ap /cap/ <cha.p\> fem. .1. an
impression 2. a print. 2I /ci/ <chii> advb. .an expression
showing hatred.
64
2Invvu& /ci.n\v.vu~/ <chii.n\.v\.vu~> v.tr. 2e6o /ce.o/ <che.o> masc. .the end.
.to snatch.
2etrpI&6I /ce.t\r.pi.i/
2Ip /cip/ <chii.p\> fem. .a shell. <che.t\.r\.pi~.ii> fem. .a cheating.
2U4 /cu/ <chuu.\> fem. .1. leave 2. 2etrvu& /ce.t\r.vu~/ <che.t\.r\.vu~> v.tr.
speciousness. .1. to cheat 2. to deceive.
j /\/ <\> part.. emphasis marker. jnm /\.n\m/ <\.n\.m\> masc. .birth.
j6bu& /\.bu~/ <\.\.bu~> neut. .the jaw. jpvu& /\p.vu~/ <\.p\.vu~> v.tr. .to mutter
s deitys name as a part of some ritual.
j6-rt /\.b\.r\t/ <\.\.bh\.r\.t\>
adj. stupid. jm8 /\.m\/ <\.m\.\> neut. .a
formal dinner.
j6vu& /\.vu~/ <\.\.vu~> v.tr. .to fix
things with nails etc. jm8var /\.m\.var/ <\.m\.\.va.r\>
masc. .a formal community dinner.
j6vu& /\.vu~/ <\.\.vu~> v.dat.. to
regain a lost thing. jm8u& /\m.u~/ <\.m\.u~> adj. .right.
66
jmvu& /\m.vu~/ <\.m\.vu~> v.tr. .1. to jvab /\.vab/ <\.va.b\> masc. .answer.
eat, 2. dine (formal).
jvu& /\.vu~/ <\.vu~> v.intr. .to go.
jma /\.ma/ adj. .<\.ma> 1. of the
credit side 2. accumulated. j= /\/ <\.\> masc. .reputation.
jma; /\.ma.i/ <\.ma.ii> masc. .a son- jhaj /\.ha/ <\.ha.\> neut. .a large
in-law. ship.
jmat /\.mat/ <\.ma.t\> fem. .a body of j&gl /\.g\l/ <\~.g\.l\> neut. .a forest.
monks.
j&tu /\n.tu/ <\~.tu~> neut. .an insect.
jmadar /\.ma.dar/ <\.ma.da.r\> masc.
.a head of a small police unit. j&p /\m.p\/ <\~.p\> masc. ..ease 2.
peace.
jmano /\.ma.no/ <\.ma.no> masc. .an
age or era. jagr8 /ag.r\/ <a.g\.r\.\> neut. .1.
sleeplessness 2. a religious vow of the
jmIn /\.min/ <\.mii.n\> fem. .land. women.
jra /\.ra/ <\.ra> advb. .a little. jajru& /a.ru~/ <a.\.ru~> neut. .a latrine.
jlso /\l.so/ <\.l\.so> masc. .a meeting ja6a; /a.ai/ <a.a.ii> fem. .thickness.
for entertainment.
ja6u& /a.u~/ <a.u~> adj. .1. fat 2. thick.
jlebI /\.le.bi/ <\.le.bii> fem. .a kind of
sweet. ja8 /a/ <a.\> fem. .information.
jLlad /\l.lad/ <\.lla.d\> masc. .an ja8vu& /a.vu~/ <a.\.vu~> v.tr. .to know.
executioner.
ja8Itu& /a.i.tu~/ <a.ii.tu~> adj. .famous.
jv /\v/ <\.v\> masc. .barley.
ja8e /a.e/ <a.e> advb. .as if.
jvLle /\.v\l.le/ <\.v\.lle> advb. .rarely.
67
jat /at/ <a.t\> fem. .1.a tribe 2. a caste jamIn /a.min/ <a.mii.n\> masc. .a
3. a community. surety.
jait /a.ti/ <a.ti> fem. .1. a caste 2. a jasUs /a.sus/ <a.suu.s\> masc. .1. a
group 3. a community. spy 2. a detective 3. a secret agent.
jatIy /a.ti.j\/ <a.tii.j\> adj. .sexual. jaso /a.so/ <a.so> masc. .a threatening
letter written anonymously.
jate /a.te/ <a.te> advb. .personally.
jaher /a.her/ <a.he.r\> adj. .1. open 2.
ja{aa /at.ra/ <a.tra> fem. .a pilgrim. public.
janvr /an.v\r/ <a.n\.v\.r\> neut. .an jaiXyu& /a.i.ju~/ <a.i.ju~> neut. .a kind of
animal. ventilator.
janEyo /a.n\i.jo/ <a.n\i.jo> masc. .a ja&3 /a~.g\/ <a~.gh\> fem. .the thigh.
member of the bride grooms marriage
party. ja&bu /a~m.bu/ <a~.bu> neut. .a kind of
berry.
jap /ap/ <a.p\> masc. .recitation.
ij@ivqa /i.i.vi.a/ <i.ii.vi.sa> fem. .a
jam /am/ <a.m\> masc. .a glass. desire for life.
jamvu& /am.vu~/ <a.m\.vu~> v.intr. .1. to ijd /id/ <i.d\> fem. .obstinacy.
be solidify 2. to congeal 3. to get
assembled. ijI /id.di/ <i.ddii> adj. obstinate.
68
@ru& /i.ru~/ <ii.ru~> neut. .cumin seed. jugl /u.g\l/ <u.g\.l\> neut. .1. a pair
2. a couplet.
@v /iv/ <ii.v\> masc. .embodied soul.
jugar /u.gar/ <u.ga.r\> masc.
@vj&tu& /iv.\n.tu~/ <ii.v\.\~.tu~> neut. .gambling.
.insects.
jugarI /u.ga.ri/ <u.ga.rii> masc. .a
@v6u& /iv.u~/ <ii.v\.u~> neut. .a small gambler.
insect.
juguPsa /u.gup.sa/ <u.gu.psa> fem.
@vtr /iv.t\r/ <ii.v\.t\.r\> neut. .life. .nausea.
@vtu& /iv.tu~/ <ii.v\.tu~> adj. .living. ju5\5u /u.u~/ <u.hhu~> adj. .lie.
@vn /i.v\n/ <ii.v\.n\> neut. .life. ju\du& /u.du~/ <u.du~> adj. .separate.
jubanI /u.ba.ni/ <u.ba.nii> fem. .oral jev6u& /ev.u~/ <e.v\.u~> adj. .as large
testimony. as.
jumlo /um.lo/ <u.m\.lo> masc. .total jevu& /e.vu~/ <e.vu~> adj. .similar.
Ex. total runs in criket.
jehad /e.had/ <e.ha.d\> fem. .a
julab /u.lab/ <u.la.b\> masc.. laxative. crusade.
juvar /u.var/ <u.va.r\> fem. .a kind of jEn /ain/ <\i.n\> masc. .a Jain.
corn.
jEn /\in/ <\i.n\> masc. .Jain religion.
juSso /us.so/ <u.sso> masc. .energy.
jEn /\in/ <\i.n\> adj. .pertaining to
jU /u/ <uu> fem. .a louse. Jain
religion.
jU; /u.i/ <u.ii> fem. .a kind of flower
plant. jo /o/ <o> advb. .1. if 2. provided that.
jUj /u/ <uu.\> adj. .little. jo; /oi-/ <o.ii> v.dat.. to need. (the
only verb in Gujarati which does not
jU5 /u/ <u.h\> neut. .a lie. have infinitive -vu)& .
jU5u& /u.u~/ <u.hu~> adj. .untrue. jo`m /o.k\m/ <o.kh\.m\> neut. .risk.
jU5u& /u.u~/ <hu.hu~> adj. .the left out jo`mavu& /o.k\.ma.vu~/ <o.kh\.ma.vu~>
food. v.intr. .to be at risk.
jU9 /ut/ <uu.th\> neut. .a group. jo`vu& /ok.vu~/ <o.kh\.vu~> v.tr. .to
weigh.
jUnu& /u.nu~/ <uu.nu~> adj. .old.
jogva; /og.va.i/ <o.g\.va.ii> fem.
je5 /e/ <e.h\> masc. .the eight month .provision.
of Vikram samvat.
joganu&jog /o.ga.nu~.og/ <o.ga.nu.o.g\>
je5 /e/ <e.h\> masc. .the husbands advb. . incidentally.
elder brother.
jogI /o.gi/ <o.gii> masc. .a sadhu.
je5a8I /e.a.i/ <e.ha.ii> fem. .the
husbands elder brothers wife. jo6 /o/ <o.\> fem. .a pair.
jel /el/ <e.l\> fem. .jail. jo68I /o.i/ <o.\.ii> fem. .spelling.
70
za6I /a.i/ <ha.ii> fem. .a dense zIlvu& /il.vu~/ <ii.l\.vu~> v.tr. .to catch.
bush.
zUkvu& /uk.vu~/ <huu.k\.vu~> v.intr. .to
za6u& /a.u~/ <ha.u~> neut. .a broom. bow.
za6o /a.o/ <ha.o> masc. .excretion. zUzvu& /u.vu~/ <huu.h\.vu~> v.intr. .to
fight desperately.
zap4vu& /a.p\.vu~/ <ha.p\..vu~> v.tr. .to
clean by striking a piece of cloth. zU&4vvu& /u~.\v.vu~/ <hu~.\.v\.vu~> v.tr.
.to snatch.
zap4vu& /a.p\.vu~/ <ha.p\.\.vu~> v.tr.
.to eat speedily. zU6vu& /u.vu~/ <huu.\.vu~> v.tr. .to
thrash.
zap4u& /ap.u~/ <ha.p\.u~> neut. .a
sudden rain that comes for a short time. zU6I /u.i/ <huu.ii> fem. .a small
bunch or bundle.
zar8 /a.r\/ <ha.r\.\> neut. .solder.
zU6o /u.o/ <uu.o> masc. .a big
zarvu& /ar.vu~/ <ha.r\.vu~> v.tr. .to bunch or bundle.
solder.
zu&be= /um.be/ <hu~.be.\> fem. .a
zalr /a.l\r/ <ha.l\.r\> masc. .a kind movement.
of pulse.
zUmvu& /um.vu~/ <uu.m].vu~> v.intr. .to
zalvu& /al.vu~/ <ha.l\.vu~> v.tr. .to hold hand over.
with hands.
zUrvu& /ur.vu~/ <huu.r\.vu~> v.intr. .to
zaX /a/ <ha.\> fem. .a flame (of grieve for some thing or some person.
fire).
zUlvu& /ul.vu~/ <uu.l\.vu~> v.intr. .to
za&`ru& /a~k.ru~/ <a~.kh\.ru~> neut. .a swing.
thorny shrub.
zulavvu& /u.lav.vu~/ <hu.la.v\.vu~> v.tr.
za&zr /a~.\r/ <ha~.h\.r\> neut. .a .1. to swing 2. to rock.
jingling anklet.
zU&p6u& /u~p.u~/ <hu~.p\.u~> neut. .a hut.
za&zrI /a~.ri/ <ha~.h\.rii> fem. .a
jingling anklet for children. zer /er/ <he.r\> neut. .poison.
za&po /a~.po/ <ha~.po> masc. .a gate. zerI /e.ri/ <he.rii> adj. .poisonous.
zI8u& /i.u~/ <hii.u~> adj. .small (in zerIlu& /e.ri.lu~/ <he.rii.lu~> adj.
size). .1.jealous 2. envious.
73
4kor /\.kor/ <\.ko.r\> fem. .1. a 4pku& /\p.ku~/ <\.p\.ku~> neut. .1. a drop
suggestion, 2. a mild scolding. 2. a dot.
4korvu& /\.kor.vu~/ <\.ko.r\.vu~> v.tr. .1. 4p4p /\p.\p/ <\.p\.\.p\> advb. .to
to suggest 2. to scold mildly. prattle.
4k\kr /\k.k\r/ <\.kk\.r\> fem. .1. a 4p/lI /\p.li/ <\.p\.lii> fem. .1. a light
collision 2. a resistance. stroke with a finger 2. a light slap.
4ko /t\.ko/ <\.ko> masc. .a shaved off 4po4p /\.po.\p/ <\.po.\.p\> advb.
head. .one by one.
4Xvu& /\.vu~/ <\.\.vu~> v.intr. .to be 4a&i4yo /a~.i.jo/ <a~.i.jo> masc. .a leg
removed. (derogatory).
4&4o /\.o/ <\~.o> masc. .a quarrel. i44o6I /i.o.i/ <i.o.ii> fem. .a kind of
bird.
4a7 /a/ <a.h\> fem. .cold.
i4Pp8I /ip.p\.i/ <i.pp\.ii> fem. .a
4a7u& /a.u~/ <a.hu~> adj. .1. cold 2. commentary.
stale.
4Ik6I /ik.i/ <i.k\.ii> fem. .a pill.
4a8u& /a.u~/ <a.u~> neut. .occasion.
4Ika /i.ka/ <ii.ka> fem. .criticism.
4ap4Ip /ap.ip/ <a.p\.ii.p\> fem. .an
external pomp. 4I`X /i.k\/ <ii.kh\.\> neut. .a quip.
4apu /a.pu/ <a.pu> masc. .an island. 4Icvu& /ic.vu~/ <ii.c\.vu~> v.tr. .to forge.
4al /al/ <a.l\> fem. .baldness. 4Ipvu& /ip.vu~/ <ii.p\.vu~> v.tr. .to strike.
4aXvu& /a.vu~/ <a.\.vu~> v.tr. .1. to avoid 4Ipu& /i.pu~/ <ii.pu~> neut. .a drop.
2. to avert.
4Il6I /il.i/ <ii.l\.ii> fem. .a small
4a&k8I /a~k.i/ <a~.k\.ii> fem. .a pin. mark on the forehead.
4a&kvu& /a~k.vu~/ <a~.k\.vu~> v.tr. .to chisel. 4IlI /i.li/ <i.li> fem. .a blot of disgrace.
75
4I&6oru& /i.o.ru~/ <i.o.ru~> neut. .a kind 4oc /oc/ <o.c\> fem. .1. a peak 2. a top
of vegetable. part.
4uk6I /uk.i/ <uu.k\.ii> fem. .a team. 4ocvu& /oc.vu~/ <o.c\.vu~> v.tr. .to prick.
4uk6o /uk.o/ <u.k\.o> masc. .a piece. 4oplI /op.li/ <o.p\.lii> fem. .a small
basket.
4Ucko /uc.ko/ <u.c\.ko> masc. .1. a
black art 2. a joke. 4oplo /op.lo/ <o.p\.lo> masc. .a big
basket.
4uval /u.val/ <u.vo> masc. .a towel.
4opI /o.pi/ <o.pii> fem. .a cap.
4U&kavvu& /u~.kav.vu~/ <u~.ka.v\.vu~> v.tr. .1.
to shorten 2. to abridge. 4opo /o.po/ <o.po> masc. .a hat.
4U&pvu& /u~p.vu~/ <u~.p\.vu~> v.tr. .to 4oXkI /o.ki/ <o.\.kii> fem. .a gang.
remove grass.
4oXI /o.i/ <o.ii> fem. .a small group.
4U&po /u~.po/ <u~.po.> masc. .a strangling.
4oXu& /o.u~/ <o.u~> neut. .a crowd.
4ekrI /ek.ri/ <e.k\.rii> fem. .a hill.
5elvu& /el.vu~/ <he.l\.vu~> v.tr. .to puch 6gXu& /\g.u~/ <\.g\.u~> neut. .1. a big
forward. slice of fruit 2. a piece of wood.
5elo /e.lo/ <he.lo> masc. .a puch. 63avu& /\.ga.vu~/ <\.gha.vu~> v.intr. .to
be stunned.
5e= /e/ <he.\> fem. .a light kick.
64\4o /\.o/ <\.o> masc. .a cork.
5okr /o.k\r/ <ho.k\.r\> fem. .a
stumbling. 68kvu& /\.\k.vu~/ <\.\.k\.vu~> v.intr.
.to roar.
5okvu& /ok.vu~/ <ho.k\.vu~> v.tr. .1. to
strike against 2. to hammer. 6f8u& /\p.u~/ <\.ph\.u~> neut. .a
short thick staff.
5ok&5ok /o.k\m.ok/ <ho.k\~.ho.k\>
advb. 6blu& /\b.lu~/ <\.b\.lu~> neut. .a tin
an act of striking repeatedly. box.
5o5 /o/ <ho.h\> adj. stupid. 6bI /\.bi/ <\.bii> fem. .a small
metalic, wooden or ivory box.
5o&so /o~.so/ <ha~.so> masc. .a fist blow.
6bo /\.bo/ <\.bo> masc. .a large tin-
6 box.
6`o /\.ko/ <\.kho> masc. .1. 6mro /\m.ro/ <\.m.ro> masc. .a kind
confusion 2. a dispute 3. a quauurel. of fragrant plant.
6ak8 /a.k\/ <a.k\.\> fem. .a witch. 6a&6 /a~/ <a~.\> adj. .1. shameless 2.
bullying.
6aku /a.ku/ <a.ku> masc. .robber.
6a&i6yo /a~.i.jo/ <a~..jo> masc. .1. a
6a3 /ag/ <a.gh\> masc. .1. a blot 2. a drumstick 2. a small stick used to play a
stain 3. a spot. Raas - a kind of collective dance.
6ai3yu& /a.gi.ju~/ <a.ghi.ju~> adj. .wild 6a&6I /a~.i/ <a~.ii> fem. .a small thin
(usually used to modify a dog.). stick.
6Usku& /us.ku~/ <u.s\.ku~> neut. .a sob. 7b /\b/ <h\.b\> fem. .1.a style 2. a
method.
6U&4I /u~.i/ <uu~.ii> fem. .the navel.
7s6vu& /\.s\.vu~/ <h\.s\.\.vu~> v.tr.
6U&6U& /u.u~/ <uu~.uu~> neut. .an ear .to drag.
of corn.
7Xvu& /\.vu~/ <h\.\.vu~> v.intr. .1. to
6ok /ok/ <o.k\> fem. .the neck. come out (of liquid) 2. to incline.
6oku& /o.ku~/ <o.ku~> neut. .the head. 7&g /\g/ <h\~.g\> masc. .manners.
6olvu& /ol.vu~/ <o.l\.vu~> v.intr. .1. to 7al /al/ <ha.l\> fem. .a shield.
swing 2. to oscillate.
7aX /a/ <ha.l\> masc. .a slpoe.
6o=I /o.i/ <o.ii> fem. .an old woman.
7aXvu& /a.vu~/ <ha.\.vu~> v.tr. .1.to
6oXo /o.o/ <o.o> masc. .the eyeball. lower 2. to let incline downwards 3. to
mould with a die.
7 7a&k8 /a~.k\/ <ha~.k\.\> neut. .a
cover.
80
tibyt /t\.bi.j\t/ <t\.bi.j\.t\> fem. trvu& /t\r.vu~/ <t\.r\.vu~> v.intr. .to float.
.health.
tr&g /t\.r\.g\/ masc. . <t\.r\~.g\> 1. a
tbIb /t\.bib/ <t\.bii.b\> masc. .a ripple 2. imagination.
doctor.
tr&gI /t\.r\.gi/ <t\.r\~.gi> adj.
tbelo /t\.be.lo/ <t\.be.lo> masc. .a .whimsical.
stable.
trap /t\.rap/ <t\.ra.p\> fem. .a sudden
tmru& /t\m.ru~/ <t\.m\.ru~> neut. .cricket attack.
(insect).
trIke /t\.ri.ke/ <t\.rii.ke> advb. .in the
tm&co /t\.m\.co/ <t\.m\~.co> masc. .a manner of.
country made pistol.
tru8 /t\.ru/ <t\.ru.\> masc. .young.
tmaku& /t\.ma.ku~/ <t\.ma.ku~> fem.
.tobacco. tkR /t\r.k\/ <t\.rk\> masc. .1. an
inference 2. a hypothesis.
tmaco /t\.ma.co/ <t\.ma.co> masc. .a
slap. tkR=aS{a /t\r.k\.as.tr\/ <t\.rk\.a.str\>
neut. .logic.
tmam /t\.mam/ <t\.ma.m\> adj. .all.
tl /t\l/ <t\.l\> masc. .sesame.
tmaru& /t\.ma.ru~/ <t\.ma.ru~> adj. .yours.
tlp /t\.l\p/ <t\.l\.p\> fem. .a frenzied
tma=o /t\.ma.o/ <t\.ma.o> masc. .a desire.
public show.
tlpvu& /t\.l\p.vu~/ <t\.l\.p\.vu~> v.intr.
tme /t\.me/ <t\.me> pron.. you. .to desire something or someone
intensely.
tr2o6vu& /t\r.co.vu~/ <t\.r\.cho.\.vu~>
v.tr. to renounce.
83
t&tu /t\n.tu/ <t\~.tu> masc. .a fiber. ta8 /ta/ <ta.\> fem. .a muscle strain.
t&{a /t\n.tr\/ <t\~.tr\> neut. .1. ta8vu& /ta.vu~/ <ta.\.vu~> v.tr. .1. to
management 2. administration. stretch 2. to drag.
tag6i0NNaa /ta.g\.din.na/
84
tar /tar/ masc. . <ta.r\> 1. a fiber 2. a ta&i{ak /ta~.trik/ <ta~.tri.k\> adj. .pertaining
string 3. a thread. to occultism.
tar /tar/ <ta.r\> masc. .a telegram. ta&i{ak /ta~.trik/ <ta~.tri.k\> masc. .an
occultist.
tarvvu& /ta.r\v.vu~/ <ta.r\.v\.vu~> v.tr. .1.
to summarize 2. to prepare a balance- ta&bu& /ta~.bu~/ <ta~.bu~> neut. .copper.
sheet.
itjorI /ti.o.ri/ <ti.o.rii> fem. .1. a safe
taraj /ta.ra/ <ta.ra.\> adj. .ruined. 2. a wardrobe.
tarI` /ta.rik/ <ta.rii.kh\> fem. .a date. iti9 /ti.ti/ <ti.thi> fem. .a date according
to Hindu calander.
taru& /ta.ru~/ <ta.ru~> adj. .your (sing).
itrSkar /ti.r\s.kar/ <ti.r\.ska.r\> masc.
taro /ta.ro/ <ta.ro> masc. .a star. .hatred.
taikRk /tar.kik/ <ta.rki.k\> adj. .logical.
itlk /ti.l\k/ <ti.l\.k\> neut. .an
talavelI /ta.la.ve.li/ <ta.la.ve.lii> fem. .a auspicious mark on the forehead.
strong facination.
tI`u& /ti.ku~/ <tii.khu~> adj. .1. hot 2.
talIm /ta.lim/ <ta.lii.m\> fem. .training. acrid 3. bitter.
taluko /ta.lu.ko/ <ta.lu.ko> masc. .a sub- tI6 /ti/ <tii.\> neut. .a locust.
district.
tI8u& /ti.u~/ <tii.u~> adj. .sharp.
tav /tav/ <ta.v\> masc. .fever.
tItI3o6o /ti.ti.go.o/ <tii.tii.gho.o>
tavvu& /tav.vu~/ <ta.v\.vu~> v.tr. .to purify masc. a grasshopper.
a thing by heating.
tIr /tir/ <tii.r\> neut. .an arrow.
tavIj /ta.vi/ <ta.vii.\> neut. .1.
talisman 2. an amulet. tI9Rya{aa /tirt.ja.tra/ <tii.rth\.ja.tra> fem.
.a pilgrimage.
taXvu& /ta.vu~/ <ta.\.vu~> neut. .the
palate. tI9RS9an /tirt.stan/ <ti.rth\.stha.n\>
neut. a pilgrimage place.
taXI /ta.i/ <ta.ii> fem. .a clapping.
tIv/ /ti.vr\/ <tii.vr\> adj. .1. intense 2.
ta&t8o /ta~t.o/ <ta~.t\.o> masc. .1.a actuate.
sting 2. a fiber 3. a thread.
tuC2 /tuc.c\/ <tu.cch\> adj.
.insignificant.
85
tuver /tu.ver/ <tu.ve.r\> fem. .a kind of te{aIs /te.tris/ <te.trii.s\> adj. .33 (thirty
pulse. three).
tu& /tu~/ <tu~> pron.. you (singular). te9I /te.i/ <t\.thii> advb. .1. therefore
2. so 3. hense.
tU4vu& /tu.vu~/ <tu.\.vu~> v.intr. .to be
destroyed. tem /tem/ <te.m\> advb. .in that manner.
tUt /tut/ <tu.t\> neut. .1. a lie 2. a hoax. ter /ter/ <te.r\> adj. .thirteen,
tej /te/ <te.\> adj. .1. speedy 2. intense ter= /te.r\/ <te.r\.\> fem. .thirteenth
3. sharp-edued 4. active. day of a bright or dark fortnight of the
Hindu calendar.
tej /te/ <te.\> neut. .light.
tel /tel/ <te.l\> neut. .oil.
tejSvI /te.\.svi/ <te.\.svii> adj.
1.brilliant 2. shining. te&talIs /t~.ta.lis/ <te.ta.lii.s\> adj. .forty
three.
tejab /te.ab/ <te.a.bii> masc. .acid.
te&s5 /t~.s\/ <te~.s\.h\> adj. .sixty
te@ /te.i/ <te.ii> fem. .good business. three.
te4lu& /te.lu~/ <te.\.lu~> adj. .of a certain tEyar /t\i.jar/ <t\i.ja.r\> adj. .ready to
proportion. use.
86
tEyarI /t\i.ja.ri/ <t\i.ja.rii> fem. tolo /to.lo/ <to.lo> masc. .an unit of
.readiness. weight.
to /to/ <to> advb. .1.then 2. in that case. toXvu& /to.vu~/ <to.l\.vu~> v.tr. .to weigh.
top /top/ <to.p\> fem. .a cannon. {a8 /tr\/ <tr\.\> adj. .three.
to p8 /to p\/ <to p\.\> advb. .even {aa4kvu& /tra.\k.vu~/ <tra.\.k\.vu~> v.intr.
then. .to raid or attack suddenly.
tofan /to.pan/ <to.pha.n\> neut. .1.riot {aa6 /tra/ <tra.\> fem. .a roar.
2. disturbance.
{aa8u& /tra.u~/ <tra.u~> adj. .ninety three.
tofanI /to.pa.ni/ <to.pha.nii> adj.
mischievous. {aas /tras/ <tra.s\> masc. .1. terror 2.
nuisance.
tor8 /to.r\/ <to.r\.\> neut. .an arch
of a gate. {aasvad /tras.vad/ <tra.s\.va.d\> masc.
terrorism.
tol /tol/ <to.l\> masc. .1.weight 2.
value. {aaiht /tra.hit/ <tra.hi.t\> adj. .third
party.
87
9elo /te.lo/ <the.lo> masc. .a big bag. dgaba@ /d\.ga.ba.i/ <d\.ga.ba.ii> fem.
treachery.
9ok6I /tok.i/ <tho.k\.ii> fem. .a small
dgo /d\.go/ <d\.go> masc. .treachery.
bundle.
d=aRvvu& /d\r.av.vu~/ <d\.ra.v\.vu~> v.tr. d=k /d\.\k/ <d\.\.k\> masc. .the tenth
1. to show 2. to suggest. part.
draj /d\.ra/ <d\.ra.\> fem. .ringworm d=m /d\.\m/ <d\.\.m\> fem. .tenth
(a skin disease). day of the Hindu fortnight.
diryo /d\.ri.jo/ <d\.ri.jo> masc. .the sea. d=a /d\.a/ <d\.a> fem. .condition.
drek /d\.rek/ <d\.re.k\> adj. .1.each 2. d=a&= /d\.a~/ <d\.a~.\> adj. decimal.
every.
d=I /d\.i/ <d\.i> fem. .1. hem of a
dro6o /d\.ro.o/ <d\.ro.o> masc. .a garment 2. wick.
raid.
d=era /d\.e.ra/ <d\.e.ra> masc. .the
dlal /d\.lal/ <d\.la.l\> masc. .a broker. tenth day of the bright half of the Aso
month.
dlalI /d\.la.li/ <d\.la.lii> fem.
.brokerage. ds /d\s/ <d\.s\> adj. .10 (ten).
dilt /d\.lit/ <d\.li.t\> adj. .1. oppressed d=ko /d\.ko/ <d\.s\.ko> masc. a
2. down-trodden. decade.
dan /dan/ <da.n\> neut. 1. a gift 2. a dasI /da.si/ <da.sii> fem. a male
donation. servant.
idvaXI /di.va.i/ <di.va.ii> fem. the dukan /du.kan/ <du.ka.n\> fem. a shop.
Hindu festival on the last day of the
Hindu year. dukaX /du.ka/ <du.ka.\> masc. a
famine.
idve4 /di.ve/ <di.ve.\> fem. a wick.
du`vu& /duk.vu~/ <du.kh\.vu~> v.intr. 1.
idvel /di.vel/ <di.ve.l\> neut. castor-oil. to pain 2. to ache.
dIn /din/ <din> adj. poor (literary). duinya /du.ni.ja/ <du.ni.ja> fem. 1. the
world 2. the universe.
dIp /dip/ <dii.p\> masc. a lamp.
dup4\4o /du.p\.o/ <du.p\.o> masc. a
dIpk /di.p\k/ <dii.p\.k\> masc. lamp. scarf.
duracarI /du.ra.ca.ri/ <du.ra.ca.rii> adj. dUr /dur/ <du.r\> adj. far away.
a person who behaves immorally.
dUr/bIn /dur.bin/ <du.r\.bii.n\> neut. 1.
dugRit /dur.g\.ti/ <du.rg\.tii> fem. a telescope 2. a binocular.
spiritual degeneration.
7 /dr\/ <dr\.h\> adj. 1. firm 2.
dugR&0 /dur.g\nd/ <du.rg\~.dh\> fem. strong.
unpleasant smell.
iQ4 /dr\.i/ <dr\.si> fem. sight.
dubRX /dur.b\/ <du.rb\.\> adj. weak.
de`re` /dek.rek/ <de.kh\.re.kh\> fem.
dulR- /dur.l\b/ <du.rl\.bh\> adj. rare. 1. watch 2. guardianship.
duva /du.va/ <du.va> fem. blessing. de`vu& /dek.vu~/ <de.kh\.vu~> v.tr. to see.
devta /dev.ta/ <de.v\.ta> masc. a fire. dEink /d\i.nik/ <d\i.ni.k\> adj. daily.
do7 /o/ <do.h\> adj. one and half. oh /droh/ <dro.h\> masc. a betrayal.
0U&srI /du~s.ri/ <dhu~.s\.rii> fem. a yoke. )yan /dja.n\/ <dhj.n\> neut. attention.
n=o /n\.o/ <n\.o> masc. intoxication. nag /nag/ <na.g\> masc. a male cobra.
nai4ka /na.i.ka/ <na.i.ka> fem. a short nadar /na.dar/ <na.da.r\> adj. bankrupt.
play.
nan`4a; /nan.k\.a.i/ <na.n\.kh\.a.ii>
na6a26I /na.a.c\.i/ <na.a.ch\.ii> fem. a kind of sweet.
fem. a many colored cotton string used
in various rituals. nanp /na.n\p/ <na.n\.p\> fem.
inferiority complex.
na6I /na.i/ <na.ii> fem. 1. a vain 2. an
artery. nanm /na.n\m/ <na.n\.m\> fem.
inferiority complex.
na6u& /na.u~/ <na.u~> neut. a string of a
garment. nanp8 /nan.p\/ <na.n\.p\.\> neut.
childhood.
na8vu& /na.vu~/ <na.\.vu~> v.tr. to
examine. nanu& /na.nu~/ <na.nu~> adj. small.
natal /na.tal/ <na.ta.l\> fem. the namu& /na.mu~/ <na.mu~> neut. a credit
Christmas. and debit account.
nato /na.to/ <na.to> masc. relation. nayk /na.j\k/ <na.j\.k\> masc. a hero of
a novel, a play etc.
na9 /nat/ <na.th\> masc. 1. a master 2.
the husband.
106
nar&gI /na.r\.gi/ <na.r\~.gii> fem. an naX /na/ <na.\> fem. a horse shoe.
orange.
naXcu& /na.cu~/ <na.\.cu~> neut. a funnel.
naraj /na.ra/ <na.ra.\> adj.
displeased. naXu& /na.u~/ <na.u~> neut. a rivulet.
narI /na.ri/ <na.rii> fem. a woman. inkas /ni.kas/ <ni.ka.s\> fem. export.
nav /nav/ <na.v\> fem. a small boat. in`als /ni.ka.l\s/ <ni.kha.l\.s\> adj.
open-hearted.
naivk /na.vik/ <na.vi.k\> masc. 1. a
sailor 2. a boatman. ingU7 /ni.gu/ <ni.guu.h\> adj.
mysterious.
na= /na/ <na.\> masc. destruction.
incovvu& /ni.cov.cu~/ <ni.cho.v\.vu~> v.tr.
nas /nas/ <na.s\> masc. inhalation of 1. to squeeze 2. to extract.
vapor for curing a disease.
injan&d /ni.a.n\nd/ <ni.a.n\~.d\> masc.
naspit /nas.p\.ti/ <na.s\.p\.ti> neut. a the joy caused by self-realization.
pear fruit or tree.
intarvu& /ni.tar.vu~/ <ni.ta.r\.vu~> v.tr. to
nas-ag /nas.bag/ <na.s\.bha.g\> fem. filter.
a retreat.
inTy /ni.tj\/ <ni.tj\> adj. eternal.
nasvu& /nas.vu~/ <na.s\.vu~> v.intr. to run
away. inTykmR /nit.j\.k\r.ma/ <ni.tj\.k\.rm\>
neut. daily worship.
naSto /nas.to/ <na.sto> masc. a
breakfast. indan /ni.dan/ <ni.da.n\> neut.
diagnosis.
nahk /na.h\k/ <na.h\.k\> advb.
unnecessarily. in0n /ni.d\n/ <ni.dh\.n\> neut. death.
inym /ni.j\m/ <ni.j\.m\> masc. a rule. inra&t /ni.ra~t/ <ni.ra~.t\> fem. 1. peace 2.
repose.
inymn /ni.j\.m\n/ <ni.j\.m\.n\> neut.
controlling. inrIxk /ni.ri.k\k/ <ni.ri.k\.k\> masc.
1. an observer 2. an inspector.
inyimt /ni.j\.mit/ <ni.j\.mi.t\> adj.
regular. inru]ar /ni.ru.tt\r/ <ni.ru.tt\.r\> neut. 1.
un-answering 2. silent, 3. speechless in
inyamk /ni.ja.m\k/ <ni.ja.m\.k\> masc. response.
1. director 2. controller.
inrupyogI /ni.rup.jo.gi/ <ni.ru.p\.jo.gii>
inyuikt /ni.juk.ti/ <ni.ju.kti> fem. adj. useless.
appointment.
inp8 /ni.ru.p\/ <ni.ruu.p\.\> neut.
inrxr /ni.r\.k\r/ <ni.r\.k\.r\> adj. narration.
illiterate.
inpvu& /ni.rup.vu~/ <ni.ruu.p\.vu~> v.tr.
inrpex /nir.pek.\/ <ni.r\.pe.k\> adj. to narrate.
independent.
injRn /nir.\n/ <ni.r\.n\> adj.
inr9Rk /ni.r\r.t\k/ <ni.rth\.k\> adj. uninhabited.
useless.
injRX /nir.\/ <ni.r\.\> adj. 1. dry 2.
inr&ku= /ni.r\.ku/ <ni.r\~.ku.\> adj. waterless.
uncontrolled.
108
indRy /nir.d\j/ <ni.rd\.j\> adj. cruel. inivR#n /nir.vign/ <ni.rvi.ghn\> adj. free
from obstacles.
indeR= /nir.de/ <ni.rde.\> masc. an
indication. invarvu& /ni.var.vu~/ <ni.va.r\.vu~> v.tr. to
prevent.
indoRq /nir.do/ <ni.rdo.s\> adj.
innocent. invas /ni.vas/ <ni.va.si> masc.
residence.
in0Rn /nir.d\n/ <ni.rdh\.n\> adj.
moneyless. invasI /ni.va.si/ <ni.va.sii> masc. a
resident.
in0aRr /nir.dar/ <ni.rdha.r\> masc.
determination. inv<]a /ni.vru.tt\/ <ni.vru.tt\> adj.
retired.
inbRX /nir.b\/ <ni.rb\.\> adj.
powerless. inv<i]a /ni.vrut.ti/ <ni.vru.tti> fem.
retirement.
in-Ry /nir.b\j/ <ni.rbh\.j\> adj.
fearless. inve6o /ni.ve.o/ <ni.ve.o> masc.
.settlement 2. verdict.
in-eRX /nir.be/ <ni.rbhe.\> adj.
unadulterated. invedn /ni.ve.d\n/ <ni.ve.d\.n\> neut. a
statement.
inmRX /nir.m\/ <ni.rm\.\> adj. without
dirt. in=an /ni.an/ <ni.a.n\> neut. 1. target
2. a mark.
inmaR8 /nir.ma/ <ni.rma.\> neut. a
creation. in=anI /ni.a.ni/ <ni.a.nii> fem. a mark.
nIcu& /ni.cu~/ <nii.cu~> adj. 1. low 2. vile. nI&d8 /nin.d\/ <nii~.d\.\> neut. the
act of removing weeds.
nI6r /ni.\r/ <nii.\.r\> adj. fearless.
nI&dvu& /nind.vu~/ <nii~.d\.vu~> v.tr. to
nItrvu& /ni.t\r.vu~/ <nii.t\.r\.vu~> v.intr. weed.
1. to ooze 2. to be filtered.
nuksan /nuk.san/ <nu.k\.sa.n\> neut.
nItyuR& /nit.rju~/ <nii.t\.rju~> adj. filtered. damage.
nIit /ni.ti/ <nii.ti> fem. morality. nUtn /nu.t\n/ <nuu.t\.n\> adj. new.
pgar /p\.gar/ <p\.ga.r\> masc. 1. pay p4ko /p\.ko/ <p\.\.ko> masc. a small
2. salary. piece of cloth used to wra round the
waist or
pgI /p\.gi/ <p\.gi> masc. 1. a foot-print the head.
reader 2. a village watchman.
p4p4 /p\.p\/ <p\.\.p\.\> advb.
pgeru& /p\.ge.ru~/ <p\.ge.ru~> neut. a quickly.
foortprint.
p4p4avvu& /p\.p\.av.vu~/
pcr&gI /p\c.r\.gi/ <p\.c\.r\~.gii> adj. <p\.\.p\.a.v\.vu~> v.tr. to wag.
colorful.
p4la; /p\.lai/ <p\.\.la.ii> fem. a
pcvu& /p\c.vu~/ <p\.c\.vu~> v.intr. to be village headmans duty.
digested.
p4el /p\.el/ <p\.e.l\> masc. 1. the pi6yo /p\.i.jo/ <p\.i.jo> masc. a bowl
headman of a caste 2. the headman of a made of leaves.
village 3. a surname so named 4. the
name of a community. p6I /p\.i/ <p\.ii> fem. a small
packet.
p4\4o /p\.o/ <p\.o> masc. a belt.
p6IkI /p\.i.ki/ <p\.ii.kii> fem. a very
p6 /p\/ <p\.\> neut. a layer. small packet.
pno /p\.no/ <p\.no> masc. breadth of prt /p\.r\t/ <p\.r\.t\> advb. in return.
cloth.
prt&{a /p\r.t\n.tr\/ <p\.r\.t\~.tr\> adj.
pnotI /p\.no.ti/ <p\.no.tii> fem. dependence.
misfortune.
prdado /p\r.da.do/ <p\.r\.da.do> masc.
pnotu& /p\.no.tu~/ <p\.no.tu~> adj. a great grand-father.
auspicious.
prdu` /p\r.duk/ <p\.r\.du.kh\> neut.
ppEyu& /p\.p\i.ju~/ <p\.p\i.ju~> neut. others misery.
papaya.
prde= /pre.de/ <p\.r\.de.\> masc. a
pr /p\r/ <p\.r\> postp. 1. on 2. over 3. foreign country.
above.
prdo /p\r.do/ <p\.r\.do> masc. a
prkIy /p\r.kij/ <p\.r\.kii.j\> adj. 1. curtain.
belonging to others 2. belongingto
foreign. pr0n /p\r.d\n/ <p\.r\.dh\.n\> neut.
others money or wealth.
pr` /p\.r\k/ <p\.r\.kh\> fem. 1. a test
2. an examination. pr0mR /p\r.d\r.ma/ <p\.r\.dh\.rm\>
masc. others religion.
pr`avvu& /p\r.kav.vu~/ <p\.r\.kha.v\.vu~>
v.tr. to tell unscrupulously. prnatIlu& /p\r.na.ti.lu~/ <p\.r\.na,tii.lu~>
adj. belonging to others caste.
116
plk /p\.l\k/ <p\.l\.k\> fem. a moment. pim /p\.cim/ <p\.ci.m\> fem. the
west (direction).
plk /p\.l\k/ <p\.l\.k\> fem. a
twinkling of the eye. ps&d /p\.s\nd/ <p\.s\~.d\> fem. choice.
pl48 /p\l.\/ <p\.l\.\.\> fem. a pStI /p\s.ti/ <p\.stii> fem. paper scrap.
battalion.
pha6 /p\.ha/ <p\.ha.\> masc. a
pl4vu& /p\.l\.vu~/ <p\.l\.\.vu~> v.tarns. mountain.
to change.
pha8o /p\.ha.o/ <p\.ha.o> masc. a
pl4o /p\l.o/ <p\.l\.o> masc. a big stone.
change.
pher8 /p\.he.r\/ <p\.he.r\.\> neut. a
plXvu& /p\.l\.vu~/ <p\.l\.\.vu~> v.intr. kind of shirt.
to be drenched.
119
p&9 /p\n.t/ <p\~.th\> masc. 1. a road, 2. pagl /pa.g\l/ <pa.g\.l\> adj. 1. mad 2.
a sect 3. a cult. lunatic.
p&dr /p\n.d\r/ <p\~.d\.r\> adj. fifteen. pa36I /fem./ <pa.gh\.ii> fem. turban.
paku& /pa.ku~/ <pa.ku~> adj. ripened. pa@ /pa.i/ <pa.ii> adj. mean.
paku& /pa.ku~/ <pa.ku~> adj. properly pa4 /pa/ <pa.\> masc. a plank of
cooked. wood.
pa5 /pa/ <pa.h\> masc. a school patXu& /pat.u~/ <pa.t\.u~> adj. thin.
lesson.
pa9r8u& /pa.t\r.u~/ neut. a carpet.
pa5vvu& /pa.\v.vu~/ <pa.h\.v\.vu~> v.tr.
to send. padrI /pad.ri/ <pa.d\.rii> masc. a
Christian priest.
pa6vu& /pa.vu~/ <pa.\.vu~> v.tr. to
cause to fall. pan /pan/ <pa.n\> neut. a leaf.
pa6I /pa.i/ <pa.ii> fem. a female calf panI /pa.ni/ <pa.nii> fem. the heel.
of a buffalo.
panu& /pa.nu~/ <pa.nu~> neut. 1. a leaf of a
pa6u& /pa.u~/ <pa.u~> neut. a calf of a book 2. a playing card.
buffalo.
panetr /pa.ne.t\r/ <pa.ne.t\.r\> neut. a
pa6o /pa.o/ <pa.o> masc. a male calf wedding sari.
of a buffalo.
pap6 /pa.p\/ <pa.p\.\> masc. a food
pa6o= /pa.o/ <pa.o.\> masc. item.
neighborhood.
pap6I /pap.i/ <pa.p\.ii> fem. a pod
pa6o=I /pa.o.i/ <pa.o.ii> masc. a of a kind of pulse.
neighbor.
papI /pa.pi/ <pa.pii> adj. sinful.
pa6o=8 /pa.o.\/ <pa.o.\.\> fem.
a female neighbor. pamr /pa.m\r/ <pa.m\.r\> adj.
miserable.
pai8yaru& /pa.i.ja.ru~/ <pa.i.ja.ru~> neut.
a water room in a house. pamvu& /pam.vu~/ <pa.m\.vu~> v.dat. to
gain.
pa8I /pa.i/ <pa.ii> neut. water.
payjamo /paj.a.mo/ <pa.j\.a.mo> masc.
trousers.
122
pa&jru& /pa~.ru~/ <pa~.\.ru~> neut. a cage. ip=ac /pi.ac/ <pi.a.c\> neut. ghost.
punjRNm /pu.n\r.\n.m\/
pIsvu& /pis.vu~/ <pii.s\.vu~> v.tr. to grind.
<pu.n\.r\.nm\> masc. a rebirth.
pIXa= /pi.a/ <pii.a.\> fem.
punlRGn /pu.n\r.l\g.n\/ <pu.n\.rl\.gn\>
yellowness.
neut. a remarriage.
pIXu& /pi.u~/ <pii.u~> adj. yellow.
puint /pu.nit/ <pu.ni.t\> adj. holy.
pI&`vu& /pi~k.vu~/ <pi~.kh\.vu~> v.tr. to
purbhar /pur.b\.har/ <pu.r\.b\.ha.r\>
ransack.
adj. at the climax.
pI&jvu& /pi~.vu~/ <pi~.\.vu~> v.tr. 1. to
purv5o /pur.v\.o/ <pu.r\.v\.ho> masc.
card 2. to comb 3. to lengthen a talk etc.
unduly. supply.
125
pulav /pu.lav/ <pu.la.v\> masc. a food pU5 /pu/ <puu.h\> fem. the back.
item (made of rice).
pUtXI /put.i/ <puu.t\.ii> fem. 1. a doll
puQkX /pu.k\/ <pu.sk\.\> adj. 2. the pupil of the eye.
plentiful.
pUrk /pu.r\k/ <pu.r\.k\> adj.
puQp /pu.p\/ <pu.sp\> neut. a flower. supplementary.
pUrI /pu.ri/ <puu.rii> fem. a food item. pU&@ /pu~.i/ <puu~.ii> fem. wealth.
pUru& /pu.ru~/ <puu.ru~> adj. complete. pU&jo /pu~.o/ <puu~.o> masc. dirt.
pU8R /pur.\/ <puu.r\> adj. complete. p<(vI /pru.tvi/ <pruth\.vii> fem. the
earth.
pU8Rivram /pur.\.vi.ram/
<puu.r\.vi.ra.m\> neut. a full-stop. pe4 /pe/ <pe.\> neut. 1. the stomach 2,
the belly.
pU8aR&k /pur.a~k/ <puu.ra~.k\> masc. an
integer. pe4-ru& /pe.b\.ru~`/ <pe.\.bh\.ru~> adj.
self-centered.
pUi8Rma /pur.i.ma/ <puu.ri.ma> fem. a
full moon day. pe4avvu& /pe.av.vu~/ <pe.a.v\.vu~> v.tr. 1.
to light 2. to ignite 3. to kindle.
pUvR /pur.v\/ <puu.rv\> adj. east.
pe4I /pe.i/ <pe.ii> fem. a box.
pUvRg/h /pur.v\.gr\.h\/ <puu.rv\.gr\.h\>
masc. prejudice. pe7I /pe.i/ <pe.hii> fem. a business
house.
pUvRj /pur.v\/ <puu.rv\.\> masc. an
ancestor. pe7u& /pe.u~/ <pe.hu~> neut. the gum of
a tooth.
pUvRjNm /pur.v\.\n.m\/
<puu.rv\.\.nm\> masc. a previous pe8I /p.i/ <pe.ii> fem. a frying pan.
birth.
pelu& /pe.lu~/ <pe.lu~> pron. that.
pUvRpx /pur.v\.p\k.\/ <puu.rv\.p\.k\>
masc. an initail argument. pe=ab /pe.ab/ <pe.a.b\> masc. urine.
pe&6o /pe.o/ <pe~.o> masc. a kind of pote /po.te/ <po.te> pron. self.
sweet.
po9I /po.ti/ <po.thii> fem. an unbound
pe&tro /p~t.ro/ <pe~.t\.ro> masc. a book.
stratagem.
podXo /pod.o/ <po.d\.o> masc. a lump
pE6u& /p\i.u~/ <p\i.u~> neut. a wheel. of fresh dung.
pok /pok/ <po.k\> fem. a lod cry of pop6o /pop.o/ <po.p\.o> masc. a thin
wailing. crust.
pokX /po.k\/ <po.k\.\> adj. hollow. poy8u& /poj.u~/ <po.j\.u~> neut. a white
lotus.
pokar /po.kar/ <po.ka.r\> masc. a loud
cry. polad /po.lad/ <po.la.d\> neut. steel.
pocu& /po.cu~/ <po.chu~> adj. soft. polu& /po.lu~/ <po.lu~> adj. hollow.
po5 /po/ <po.h\> fem. a caravan. poq /po/ <po.s\> masc. the third
month of the Vikram samvat.
po7vu& /po.vu~/ <po.h\.vu~> v.intr. to
sleep (literary, formal). poqk /po.\k/ <po.s\.k\> adj. nutritive.
po8oso /po.o.so/ <po.o.so> adj. 3/4th poX /po/ <po.\> fem. a street
of hundred. (originally with a gate).
pot /pot/ <po.t\> neut. texture. po&k /p~k/ <po~.k\> masc. roasted green
grains of ceratin corns such as wheat,
potu& /po.tu~/ <po.tu~> neut. a wet piece of etc.
cloth used for cleaning various surfaces.
128
p/ka= /pr\.ka/ <pr\.ka.\> masc. light. p/ja /pr\.a/ <pr\.a> fem. people.
p/a8 /pr\/ <pra.\> masc. breath. p/et /pret/ <pre.t\> neut. a ghost.
p/a8I /pra.i/ <pra.ii> neut. an animal. p/em /prem/ <pre.m\> masc. love.
fraX /p\.ra/ <ph\.ra.\> masc. light f&6 /p\n/ <ph\~.\> masc. fund.
food taken while fasting.
f&fosvu& /p\m.pos.vu~/ <ph\~.pho.s\.vu~>
firyad /p\.ri.jad/ <ph\.ri.ja.d\> fem. a v.tr. to search minutely.
complain.
fakvu& /p\k.vu~/ <pha.k\.vu~> v.tr. to
firyadI /p\.ri.ja.di/ <ph\.ri.ja.dii> have a mouthful of a powdery thing.
masc. a complainant.
fakI /pa.ki/ <pha.kii> fem. powdered
frI /p\.ri/ <ph\.rii> advb. again. medicine.
fXaw /p\.a.u~/ <ph\.a.u~> adj. fruit fa6 /pa/ <pha.\> fem. a splitting.
bearing (plants, trees etc).
fat6o /pat.o/ <pha.t\.o> masc. a
fiXyu& /p\.i.ju~/ <ph\.i.ju~> neut. a eunuch.
street.
fans /pa.n\s/ <pha.n\.s\> fem. a
f&goXvu& /p\.go.vu~/ <ph\~.go.\.vu~> lantern.
v.tr.
to throw. faydakark /pa.j\.da.ka.r\k/
f&4avu& /p\.a.vu~/ <ph\~.a.vu~> v.intr. to <pha.j\.da.ka.r\.k\> adj. beneficial.
change direction.
135
fal /pal/ <pha.l\> masc. crop. fa&so /pa~.so/ <pha~.so> masc. noose.
faXo /pa.o/ <pha.o> masc. an allotted fIfu& /pi.pu~/ <phii.phu~> neut. 1. a husk
share. 2. an empty pod.
fUlvu& /pul.vu~/ <phuu.l\.vu~> v.intr. . to fo: /poi/ <pho.ii> fem. fathers sister.
swell 2. to blossom.
fok /pok/ <pho.k\> adj. meaningless.
fU&k /pu~k/ <phuu~.k\> fem. a puff.
foj /po/ <pho.\> fem. army.
fU&kvu& /pu~k.vu~/ <phuu~.k\.vu~> v.tr. 1. to
blow 2. to puff. fo6vu& /po.vu~/ <pho.\.vu~> v.tr. to
break
fe8 /pe/ fem. a serpents hood. violently.
fefsu& /pep.su~/ <phe.ph\.su~> neut. a
lung. fotrI /pot.ri/ <pho.t\.rii> fem. husk.
137
bkru& /b\k.ru~/ <b\.k\.ru~> neut. a goat. bcku& /b\c.ku~/ <b\.c\.ku~> neut. a bite.
bkro /b\k.ro/ <b\.k\.ro> masc. a male bct /b\.c\t/ <b\.c\.t\> fem. a saving.
goat.
bcp8 /b\c.p\/ <b\.c\.p\.\> neut.
bkvu& /b\k.vu~/ <b\.k\.vu~> v.intr. to childhood.
prattle.
bcvu& /b\c.vu~/ <b\.c\.vu~> v.intr. to be
bixs /b\k.i/ <b\.ki.s\> <b> fem. a saved.
gift.
bcav /b\.cav/ <b\.ca.v\> masc. a
b`tr /b\k.t\r/ <b\.kh\.t\.r\> neut. an protection, a defense.
armor.
bCcu& /b\c.cu~/ <b\.ccu~> neut. a child.
bi`yo /b\.ki.jo/ <b\.khi.jo> masc. a
stitch. bjar /b\.ar/ <b\.a.r\> neut. market.
baj /ba/ <ba.\> masc. a hawk. bar /bar/ <ba.r\> adj. 1. twelve, 2. 12.
baj5 /ba.\/ <ba.\.h\> masc. a foot- bar8u& /bar.u~/ <ba.r\.u~> neut. a door.
stool.
barmu& /bar.mu~/ <ba.r\.mu~> adj. twelfth.
bajrI /ba.ri/ <ba.\.rii> fem. millet.
barmu& /bar.mu~/ <b\.r\.mu~> neut. a
ba@ /ba.i/ <ba.ii> fem. a game. religious rite performed on the twelfth
day after a persons death.
ba@gr /ba.i.g\r/ <ba.ii.g\.r\> masc. a
juggler. bar= / bars /ba.r\, ba.r\s/
<ba.r\.\/ ba.r\.s\> fem. twelfth day
bazvu& /ba..vu~/ <ba.h\.vu~> v.intr. 1. to of either of the fortnights.
embrace, 2. to quarrel.
barsa` /bar.sak/ fem. frame of a door.
ba4lI /ba.li/ <ba.\.lii> fem. a bottle.
bara`6I /ba.ra.k\.i/ fem. a series of
ba8 /ba/ <ba.\> neut. an arrow. simple syllables organized in a particular
order.
ba8avXI /ba.a.v\.i/ <ba.a.v\.ii>
masc. an expert archer. baraxrI /ba.ra.k\.ri/ fem. a series of
simple syllables organized in a particular
batl /ba.t\l/ <ba.t\.l\> adj. cancelled. order.
bav6u& /bav.u~/ neut. the upper arm. ba&k6o /ba~k.o/ <ba~.k\.o> masc. a
bench.
bavn /ba.v\n/ adj. 1. fifty two, 2. 52.
ba&0vu& /ba~d.vu~/ <ba~.dh\.vu~> v.tr. 1.to
bavlu& /bav.lu~/ neut. a statue. tie 2. to wrap.
ibLlo /bil.lo/ <bi.llo> masc. 1. a badge, bIbI /bi.bi/ <bii.bii> fem. wife (mainly
2. a medal. in Muslim dialect).
ib&b /bimb/ <bi~.b\> neut. a reflection. bIvu& /bi.vu~/ <bii.vu~> v.intr. to fear.
bUcu& /bu.cu~/ <buu.cu~> adj. a flat-nosed. be6I /be.i/ <be.ii> fem. shackles.
bU4 /bu/ <buu.\> fem. ear-lobe. be6u& /be.u~/ <be.u~> neut. a pair of
water-pot.
bUm /bum/ <buu.m\> fem. a shout.
be6oX /be.o/ <be.o.\> adj.
bUmlu& /bum.lu~/ <buu.m\.lu~> neut. a misshaped.
kind of fish.
be7&gu& /be.\.gu~/ <be.h\~.gu~> adj.
be /be/ <be> adj. two. disorderly.
be4 /be/ <be.\> masc. an island. bepgu& /be.p\.gu~/ <be.p\.gu~> adj. biped.
be4I /be.i/ <be.ii> fem. a daughter.
bebakXu& /be.bak.u~/ <be.ba.k\.u~> adj.
be4o /be.o/ <be.o> masc. a son. perplexed.
145
be-an /be.ban/ <be.bha.n\> adj. bErI /b\i.ri/ <b\i.rii> fem. wife (now a
unconscious. derogatory word, particularly in urban
and educated class).
berojgar /be.ro.gar/ <be.ro.\.ga.r\>
adj. unemployed. bo`u& /bo.ku~/ <bo.khu~> adj. toothless.
bel6I /bel.i/ <be.l\.ii> adj. a pair (of bogdu& /bog.du~/ <bo.g\.du~> neut. a
two persons). tunnel.
bevkUf /bev.kup/ <be.v\.ku.ph\> adj. bocI /bo.ci/ <bo.cii> fem. the neck.
stupid.
boj /bo/ <bo.\> masc. 1. burden 2.
bev6 /be.v\/ <be.v\.\> adj. folded. weight.
be=rm /be.\.r\m/ <be.\.r\.m\> adj. bo6u& /bo.u~/ <bo.u~> adj. a shaved off
shameless. head.
be=u)0 /be.udd/ <be.u.dhdh\> adj. bo8I /bo.i/ <bo.ii> fem. the first
swooned. cash-sale of the day.
besvu& /bes.vu~/ <be.s\.vu~> v.intr. to sit. bol /bol/ <bo.l\> masc. a speech.
Bya=I /bja.i/ <bja.ii> adj. eighty two. -jn /b\.\n/ <b\.\.n\> neut.
1. devotional song, 2. hymn
b/a8 /brah.m\/ <bra.hm\.\> masc.
Brahmin. -jvvu& /b\.\v.vu~/ <bh\.\.v\.vu~> v.tr.
to perform (a play etc.)
- -jvu& /b\.vu~/ <bh\.\.vu~> v.tr. 1. to
worship through singing, 2. to recite.
-kt /b\k.t\/ <bh\.kt\> masc.
worshiper (male) -ijyu& /b\.i.ju~/ <bp\.ji.yu~> neut. a kind
of fried food made of gram flour.
-kta8I /b\k.ta.i/ <bh\.kta.ii> fem.
1. worshiper (female), 2. wife of a -4kvu& /b\.\k.vu~/ <bh\.i.ju~> v.intr. to
worshiper. roam.
-aro /ba.ro/ <bha.ro> masc. a bundle -aXvu& /ba.vu~/ <bha.\.vu~> v.tr. to see.
of grass or wood.
-a&g /ba~.g\/ <bha~.g\> fem. 1. hemp,
-alo6u& /ba.lo.u~/ <bha.lo.u~> neut. an 2. a drink containing hemp.
arrow.
-a&gfo6 /ba~g.po/ <bha~.g\.pho.\>
-av /bav/ <bha.v\> masc. rate. fem. breakage.
-I` /bik/ <bhii.kh\> fem. begging. -Uko /bu.ko/ <bhuu.ko> masc. powder.
-I6 /bi/ <bhii.\> fem. crowdedness. -U` /buk/ <bhuu.kh\> fem. hunger.
-Ul /bul/ <bhuu.l\> fem. 1. mistake, 2. -eg /beg/ <bhe.g\> masc. admixture.
error.
-egu& /be.gu~/ <bhe.g\> adj. 1. mixed, 2.
-Ulvu& /bul.vu~/ <bhuu.l\.vu~> v.intr. to collected.
forget.
-ej /be/ <bhe.\> masc. humidity.
-Ulu& /bu.lu~/ <bhuu.lu~> adj. astray.
-eju& /be.u~/ <bhe.u~> neut. 1.the brain,
-Uvo /bu.vo/ <bhuu.vo> masc. a 2. intellect.
remover of ghosts.
-e4 /be/ <bhe.\> fem. a meeting.
-Usko /bus.ko/ <bhuu.s\.ko> masc. a
jump downward. -e4 /be/ <bhe.\> fem. a gift.
-e&= ~ -e&s /b~s ~ b~/ <bhe~.\ ~ bhe~.s\> -oXvvu& /bo.\v.vu~/ <bho.\.v\.vu~> v.tr.
fem. a buffalo. to cheat.
-o: /bo.i/ <bho.ii> masc. a community -oXu& /bo.u~/ <bho.u~> adj. a simple-
so named. hearted.
mrd /m\.r\d/ <m\.r\.d\> masc. male. mla: /m\.lai/ <m\.la.ii> fem. cream.
158
magvu& /mag.vu~/ <ma.g\.vu~> v.tr. to ask mata /ma.ta/ <ma.ta> fem. 1. mother, 2.
for. goddess.
magu& /ma.gu~/ <ma.gu~> neut. a proposal ma{a /mat.r\/ <ma.tr\> advb. 1. only, 2.
for betrothal. merely.
mI5u& /mi.u~/ <mii.hu~> adj. sweet. mudt /mu.d\t/ <mu.d\.t\> fem. a fixed
time.
mI8 /mi::/ <mii.\> neut .wax.
mul /mud.d\l/ <mu.dd\.l\> fem. the
mI8b]aI /mi:.b\t.ti/ <mii.\.b\.ttii> principal amount.
fem. candle.
muo /muddo/ <mu.ddo> masc. issue.
mI&6u& /mi.u~/ <mii.u~> neut. a figure
of zero. muk /mud.r\k/ <mu.dr\.k\> masc.
printer.
164
m<Tyu& /mrut.ju~/ <mru.tju~> neut. death. me&= /m~/ <me.\> fem. soot.
moiryo /mor.(i).jo/ <mo.ri.jo> masc. a mo& /m~/ <mo~> neut. 1. the mouth, 2.
kind of wild corn. face.
yar /jar/ <ja.r\> masc. friend. yoin /jo.ni/ <jo.ni> fem. a females
generative organ.
ya&i{ak /ja~t.rik/ <ja~.tri.k\> adj. machine-
like. yOvn /jau.ban/ <j\u.v\.n\> neut. youth.
yuikt /juk.ti/ <ju.kti> fem. 1. skill, 2.
trick.
r
yug /jug/ <ju.g\> masc. an age.
yu)0 /jud.d\/ <ju.dhdh\> neut. war. rkm /r\.k\m/ <r\.k\.m\> fem. a thing.
rjt /r\.\t/ <r\.\.t\> neut. silver. rtn /r\.t\n/ <r\.t\.n\> neut. the pupil
of the eye.
rjnI /r\.ni/ <r\.\.nii> fem. night.
rtl /r\.t\l/ <r\.t\.l\> masc. a measure
rjpUt /r\.put/ <r\.\.pu.t\> masc. a of weight.
man belonging to Rajput community.
rtva /r\t.va/ <r\.t\.va> masc. a kind of
rja /r\.a/ <r\.a> fem. 1. a holiday, 2. a skin disease.
leave.
170
rsoXI /r\.so.i/ <r\.so.ii> fem. a bug- r&gvu& /r\g.vu~/ <r\~.g\.vu~> v.tr. to color.
like tumor.
r&gIn /r\.gin/ <r\~.gii.n\> adj. colorful.
rSto /r\s.to/ <r\.sto> masc. 1. a road, 2.
a cure, 3. a solution. ra: /ra.i/ <ra.ii> fem. 1. mustard plant,
2. mustard.
rSsI /r\s.si/ <r\.ssii> fem. a thick
string. raxs /rak.\s/ <ra.k\.s\> masc. 1. a
monster, 2. a demon, 3. a devil.
rhSy /r\.h\s.j\/ <r\.h\.sj\> neut. secret.
raxsI /rak.\.si/ <ra.k\.sii> adj. 1.
rhe5a8 /r\.he.a/ <r\.he.ha.\> neut. devilish, 2. monstrous.
1. a house, 2. an abode, 3. a residence.
ra` /ra.k/ <ra.kh\> fem. ashes.
rhe8Ikr8I /r\.he.i.k\r.i/
<r\.he.ii.k\.r\.ii> fem. 1. life style, ra`6I /rak.i/ <ra.kh\.ii> fem. a
2. manners. thread that sisters tie on the arm of the
brothers for their protection.
rhevu& /r\.he.vu~/ <r\.he.vu~> v.intr. 1. to
live, 2. to dwell, 3. to reside. ra`vu& /rak.vu~/ <ra.kh\.vu~> v.tr. to
keep.
rXvu& /r\.vu~/ <r\.\.vu~> v.intr. to earn.
ra`o6Iyu& /ra.ko.i.ju~/ <ra.kho.ii.ju~>
riXyam8u& /r\.i.ja.m\.u~/ adj. grey.
<r\.i.ja.m\.u~> adj. 1. beautiful, 2.
pleasant. rag /rag/ <ra.g\> masc. tune.
r&k /r\k/ <r\~.k\> adj. poor. raj /ra/ <ra.\> neut. a kingdom.
ramo /ra.mo/ <ra.mo> masc. a domestic irvaj /ri.va/ <ri.va.\> masc. a custom.
servant.
irsavu& /ri:sa.vu~/ <ri.sa.vu~> v.intr. to be
ray8 /ra.j\/ <ra.j\.\> fem. a tree. displeased.
rok6 /ro.k\/ <ro.k\.\> fem. cash. rovu& /ro.vu~/ <ro.vu~> v.intr. to cry.
rokvu& /rok.vu~/ <ro.k\> v.tr. to stop. roq /ro/ <ro.s\> masc. 1. anger, 2.
wrath.
roka8 /ro.ka/ <ro.ka.\> neut. delay.
rO /r\u.dr\/ <r\u.dr\> adj. 1. terrible,
rog /rog/ <ro.g\> masc. disease. 2. horrible.
lgI /l\.gi/ <l\.gii> advb. 1. till, 2. up to. l4ku& /l\.ku~/ <l\.\.ku~> neut. a graceful
expression or physical attitude.
lgolg /l\.go.l\g/ <l\.go.l\.g\> postp.
very near. l6t /l\.\t/ <l\.\.t\> fem. a fight.
lvro /l\v.ro/ <l\.v\.ro> masc. a bruise lherI /l\.he.ri/ <l\.he.rii> adj. joyful.
caused by the nail etc.
lXvu& /l\.vu~/ <l\.\.vu~> v.intr. to bend
lvvu& /l\v.vu~/ <l\.v\.vu~> v.intr. 1. to down.
prate, 2. to chatter.
l&g6u& /l\g.u~/ <l\~.g\.u~> adj. 1. lame,
lvajm /l\.va.\m/ <l\.va.\.m\> neut. a 2. cripple.
periodic subscription.
l&g6o /l\g.o/ <l\~.g\.o> masc. a type
lvadI /l\.va.di/ <l\.va.dii> fem. of a mango.
pertaining to arbitration.
l&gr /l\.g\r/ <l\~.g\.r\> neut. an
lvaru& /l\.va.ru~/ <l\.va.ru~> neut. 1. a kid anchor.
(of goat) 2. a lamb.
l&gUr /l\.gur/ <l\~.guu.r\> masc. a
lvaro /l\.va.ro/ <l\.va.ro> masc. prattle. monkey.
la` /lak/ <la.kh\> adj. one hundred lat /lat/ <la.t\> fem. a kick.
thousand.
lad /lad/ <la.d\> fem. excretion of
la`u& /la.ku~/ <la.khu~> neut. a birth- some quadrupeds such as horse.
mark.
ladvu& /lad.vu~/ <la.d\.vu~> v.tr. to load.
lag /lag/ <la.g\> masc. 1. a support, 2.
an opportunity. ladI /la.di/ <la.dii> fem. flooring tile.
lagt /la.g\t/ <la.g\.t\> fem. local lap4 /la.p\/ <la.p\.\> fem. a slap.
taxes.
laprva /la.p\r.va/ <la.p\.r\.va> adj.
lagvg /lag.v\g/ <la.g\.v\.g\> fem. careless.
influence (for getting gain illegally).
lap=I /lap.i/ <la.p\.ii> fem. a sweet of
lagvu& /lag.vu~/ <la.g\.vu~> v.exp. to feel. that name.
laj /la/ <la.\> fem. 1. credit, 2. layk /la.j\k/ <la.j\.k\> adj. suitable.
reputation.
lal /lal/ <la.l\> adj. red.
la4I /ma.i/ <la.ii> fem. timber-market.
lalc /la.l\c/ <la.l\.c\> fem. greed.
la5I /la.i/ <la.hii> fem. a thick stick.
lalcu& /lal.cu~/ <la.l\.cu~> adj. greedy.
la6 /la/ <la.\> masc. pl. endearment.
180
lalsa /lal.sa/ <la.l\.sa> fem. intense il&g /li.g\/ <li~.g\> neut. 1. a sign, 2.
desire. the idol of Lord Shiva, 3. the generative
organ of the male.
lala= /la.la/ <la.la.\> fem. redness.
il&bu /lim.bu~/ <li~.bu~> neut. a lemon.
lailma /la.li.ma/ <la.li.ma> fem.
redness. il&bu6I /lim.bu.i/ <li~.bu.ii> fem. a
lemon-tree.
lalI /la.li/ <la.lii> fem. redness.
il&boXI /lim.bo.i/ <li~.bo.ii> fem. the
lavrI /lav.ri/ <la.v\.rii> fem. a kind of fruit of a neem tree.
bird.
lI` /lik/ <lii.kh\> fem. 1. an egg of a
lavvu& /lav.vu~/ <la.v\.vu~> v.tr. 1. to louse, 2. a nit.
bring, 2. to fetch, 3. to buy.
lIcI /li.ci/ <lii.cii> fem. a kind of fruit-
la= /la/ <la.\> fem. a corpse. tree or its fruit.
laX /la/ <la.\> fem. 1. saliva, 2. lI4I /li.i/ <lii.ii> fem. a line.
spittle.
lIm6I /lim.i/ <lii.m\.ii> fem. a kind
laXo /la.o/ <la.o> masc. a burning of neem tree.
coal.
lIm6o /lim.o/ <lii.m\.o> masc. a
la&38 /la~.g\/ <la~.g\.\> fem. fasting. neem tree.
la&c /la~c/ <la~.c\> fem. a bribe. lIlm /li.l\m/ <lii.l\.m\> neut. emerald.
la&bu& /la~.bu~/ <la~.bu~> adj. long. lIla /li.la/ <lii.la> fem. play.
lI&pvu& /li~p.vu~/ <lii~.p\.vu~> v.tr. to daub lU8 /lu/ <luu.\> neut. salt.
with cow-dung, clay etc.
lU8o /lu.o/ <luu.o> masc. the effects
luCca: /luc.cai/ <lu.cca.ii> fem. of combination with salt.
cunningness.
lUm /lum/ <luu.m\> fem. a bunch.
luCcu& /luc.cu~/ <lu.ccu~> adj. cunning.
lUlI /lu.li/ <luu.lii> fem. the tongue
lu2i8yu& /lu.c\.i.ju~/ <lu.ch\.i.ju~> neut. (derogatory).
jute cloth for wiping.
lUlu& /lu.lu~/ <lu.lu~> adj. lame.
lu4aru /lu.a.ru/ <lu.a.ru> masc. a
robber. le` /lek/ <le.kh\> masc. 1. an article,
2. a writing.
luhar /lu.har/ <lu.ha.r\> masc. a
blacksmith. le`k /le.k\k/ <le.kh\.k\> masc. a
writer (male)
lu&gI /lu.gi/ <luu~.gii> fem. a cylindrical
garment worn round the waist and le`n /le.k\n/ <le.kh\.n\> neut.
covering the legs. writing.
lU /lu/ <luu> fem. sunstroke. le`u& /le.ku~/ <le.khu~> neut. account.
lU`s /lu.k\s/ <luu.kh\.s\> fem. a kind le`e /le.ke/ <le.khe> advb. at the rate.
of skin-disease.
le8dar /l.dar/ <le.\.da.r\> adj. a
lU`u& /lu.ku~/ <luu.khu~> adj. dry
creditor.
(without oil, ghee etc.).
le8de8 /le.de/ <le.\.de.\> fem.
lug6a&l]aa& /lug.a~.l\t.ta~/
relation of financial transaction.
<luu.g\.a~.l\.tta~> neut. pl. clothes and
similar other things. lep /lep/ <le.p\> masc. coating.
lokgIt /lok.git/ <lo.k\.gii.t\> neut. a lo7I /lo.i/ <lo.hii> fem. an iron pan.
folksong.
lo7u& /lo.u~/ <lo.hu~> neut. iron.
lokccaR /lok.c\r.ca/ <lo.k\.c\.rca> fem.
popular talk. lop /lop/ <lo.p\> masc. 1. merger, 2.
assimilation.
lok@vn /lok.i.v\n/ <lo.k\.ii.v\.n\>
neut. social life. lopvu& /lop.vu~/ <lo.p\.vu~> v.intr. to
hide.
lokip/y /lok.pri.j\/ <lo.k\.pri.j\> adj.
popular. lofr /lo.p\r/ <lo.ph\.r\> adj. a
vagabond.
lok-oGy /lok.bog.j\/ <lo.k\.bho.gj\>
adj. capable of being understood by the lo- /lob/ <lo.bh\> masc. greed.
masses.
lo-am8u& /lo.bam.u~/ <lo.bha.m\.u~>
lokmt /lok.m\t/ <lo.k\.m\.t\> masc.
adj. enticing.
public opinion.
lo-I /lo.bi/ <lo.bhii> adj. greedy.
lok=ahI /lok.a.hi/ <lo.k\.a.hii> fem.
democracy. lohcu&bk /loh.cum.b\k/ <lo.h\.cu~.b\.k\>
lokiht /lok.hit/ <l> neut. public welfare. neut. a magnet.
vkta /v\k.ta/ <v\.kta> masc. a speaker. v3ar /v\.gar/ <v\.gha.r\> masc. the
act of sizzling a liquid dish with boiled
v`t /v\.k\t/ <v\.kh\.t\> masc. time. mixture of ghee or oil and spices.
vtn /v\.t\n/ <v\.t\.n\> neut. native v0u /v\.du/ <v\.dhu> adj. more.
place.
v0U /v\.du/ <v\.dhuu> fem. a wife.
vtnI /v\t.ni/ <v\.t\.ni> adj. a native.
v0ervu& /v\.der.vu~/ <v\.dhe.r\.vu~> v.tr.
vtI /v\.ti/ <v\.tii> postp. on behalf of. to offer as a sacrifice.
vd /v\d/ <v\.d\> fem. the dark half of a vn /v\n/ <v\.n\> neut. forest.
lunar month.
vnraj /v\n.ra/ <v\.n\.ra.\> masc. the
vdn /v\.d\n/ <v\.d\.n\> neut. the face king of the forest- lion.
(poetic).
vnSpit /v\.n\s.p\.ti/ <v\.n\.sp\.ti>
vI /v\d.di/ <v\.ddii> fem. reminder fem. 1. trees, plants, etc. 2. vegetation.
(in mathematics).
vpra= /v\p.ra/ <v\.p\.ra.\> masc. 1.
v0 /v\d/ <v\.dh\> masc. a slaughter. use, 2. consumption.
vr8 /v\.r\/ <v\.r\.\> fem. 1. a caste, vru /v\.ru/ <v\.ru> neut. a wolf.
2. a social class.
vre6u& /v\.re.u~/ <v\.re.u~> neut. a rope.
vr8aigyu& /v\r.a.gi.ju~/ <v\.r\.a.gi.ju~>
adj. 1. foppish, 2. vainly showy. vro /v\.ro/ <v\.ro> masc. a caste
dinner.
vr8I /v\r.i/ <v\.r\.ii> fem. selection.
vgR /v\r.g\/ <v\.rg\> masc. a class.
vrtvu& /v\.r\t.vu~/ <v\.r\.t\.vu~> v.intr.
to behave. vgRivg/h /v\rg.vig.r\h/
<v\.rg\.vi.gr\.h\> masc. a class-war.
vrtaro /v\r.ta.ro/ <v\.r\.ta.ro> masc. 1.
a prediction, 2. a forcast. vcRs /v\r.c\s/ <v\.rc\.s\> neut.
controlling power.
vrdan /v\r.dan/ <v\.r\.da.n\> neut.
blessing from a god, a saint etc. vcRSvI /v\r.c\s.vi/ <v\.rc\.svii> adj.
powerful.
vrmaXa /v\r.ma.a/ <v\.r\.ma.a> fem.
the garland that bride puts round the v8R /v\r.\/ <v\.r\> masc. color.
neck of the bridegroom.
v8R /v\r.\/ <v\.r\> masc. letter.
vrraja /v\r.ra.a/ <v\.r\.ra.a> masc. a
bridegroom. v8R /v\r.\/ <v\.r\> fem. caste.
vrvu& /v\r.vu~/ <v\.r\.vu~> adj. 1. ugly, 2.
v8Rn /v\r.\n/ <v\.r\.n\> neut. 1.
misshaped, 3. wicked.
description, 2. narration.
vrsI /v\r.si/ <v\.r\.sii> fem. ceremony
v8Rvvu& /v\r.\v.vu~/ <v\.r\.v\.vu~> v.tr.
performed on the first anniversary of
someones death. 1. to describe, 2. to narrate.
v&trI /v\n.t\.ri/ <v\~.t\.ri> fem. a female vack /va.c\k/ <va.c\.k\> masc. reader.
ghost.
vacn /\va.c\n/ <va.c\.n\> neut.
v&dn /v\n.d\n/ <v\~.d\.n\> neut. a reading.
respectful bow.
vacnaly /va.c\.na.l\j/ <va.c\.na.l\.j\>
v&dna /v\n.da.na/ <v\~.d\.na> fem. 1. a neut. a library.
bowing, 2. a salutation, 3. a prayer.
vaca /va.ca/ <va.ca> fem. a speech
v&do /v\n.do/ <v\.ndo> masc. a
cockroach. vaCya9R /vac.jar.t\/ <va.cja.rth\> adj.
literal meaning.
v&= /v\m/ <v\~.\> masc. descendents.
va26I /vac.i/ <va.ch\.ii> fem. a
v&=pr&pra /v\m.p\.r\m.p\.ra/ female calf.
<v\~.\.p\.r\~.p\.ra> fem. a femily-tree.
vaj /va/ <va.\> adj. tired.
va /va/ <va> advb. or.
vajape4I /va.a.pe.i/ <va.a.pe.ii> fem.
va /va/ <va> masc. wind. a harmonium.
va3 /va/ <va.gh\> masc. tiger. va6kI /va.ki/ <va.\.kii> fem. a cup-
like small vessel.
190
va6I /va.i/ <va.ii> fem. a farm of vadXu& /va.d\/ <va.\.u~> neut. a cloud.
nursing fruit or flower plants.
van /van/ <va.n\> masc. complexion.
va6o /va.o/ <va.o> masc. a backyard.
vangI /van.gi/ <va.n\.gii> fem. an item.
va7 /va/ <va.h\> masc. 1. a cut, 2. a
wound. vanr /va.n\r/ <va.n\.r\> masc. a
va7vu& /va.vu~/ <va.h\.vu~> v.tr. 1. to monkey.
cut, 2. to reap.
vam8u& /vam.u~/ <va.m\.u~> adj.
vai8jy /va.i.j\/ <va.i.j\> neut. 1. inferior.
trade, 2. commerce.
vamn /va.man/ <va.m\.n\> adj.
vai8y8 /va.i.j\/ <va.i.j\.\> fem. 1. dwarfish.
a woman belonging to the Vania caste,
2. a Vanis wife. vay6a: /vaj.ai/ <va.j\.a.ii> fem. over
wisdom.
vai8yo /va.i.jo/ <va.i.jo> masc. a man
of the Vania caste. vay6u& /vaj.u~/ <va.j\.u~> adj. causing
gas in the body.
va8I /va.i/ <va.ii> fem. speech.
vaydo /vaj.do/ <va.j\.do> masc. 1.
vat /vat/ <va.t\> fem. 1. a story, 2. a promise, 2. a forward transaction.
narrative.
vayro /vaj.ro/ <va.j\.ro> masc. wind.
vatcIt /vat.cit/ <va.t\.ci.t\> fem.
conversation. vayro /vaj.ro/ <va.j\.ro> masc. a
popular or current trend.
vatavr8 /va.ta.v\.r\/ <va.ta.v\.r\.\>
neut. atmosphere. vayVy /va.j\v.j\/ <va.j\.vj\> adj. North-
West.
vaTsLy /vat.s\l.j\/ <va.ts\.lj\> neut.
affection. vayu /va.ju/ <va.ju~> masc. 1. wind, 2.
air.
vad /vad/ <va.d\> masc. 1. debate, 2.
ism. vayu /va.ju/ <va.ju> masc. 1. gas, 2.
indigestion.
vadX /va.d\/ <va.d\.\> neut. a cloud.
varvu& /var.vu~/ <va.r\.vu~> v.tr. 1. to
restraint, 2. to prohibit.
191
val /val/ <va.l\> masc. a kind of pluse. vaStivk /vas.t\.bik/ <va.st\.vi.k\> adj.
real.
valoX /va.lo/ <va.lo.\> fem. a green
pod of kind of pulse used as a vegetable. vaStu /vas.tu/ <va.stu> neut. a ritual
performed before occupying a house.
vav /vav/ <va.v\> fem. a step-well.
vaStupUja /vas.tu. pu.a./ <va.stu.puu.a>
vav4o /vav.o/ <va.v\.o> masc. a flag. fem. a ritual performed before
occupying a house.
vav6 /va.v\/ <va.v\.\> masc. 1.
whereabouts, 2. news. vah /vah/ <va.h\> advb. 1. well-done,
2. bravo.
vav8I /vav.i/ <va.v\.ii> fem. a
sowing. vahn /va.h\n/ <va.h\.n\> neut. a
vehicle.
vavu& /va.vu~/ <va.vu~> v.intr. to blow.
192
va&k6o /va~k.o/ <va~.k\.o> masc. dowry va&so /va~.so/ <va~.so> masc. the back.
given to the bridegroom by the bride
side. ivk4 /vi.k\/ <vi.k\.\> adj. 1. tough, 2.
difficult.
va&ku& /va~.ku~/ <va~.ku~> adj. 1. crooked, 2.
bent, 3. curved. ivkraX /vik.ra/ <vi.k\.ra.\> adj.
terrible.
va&ku&cUku& /va~.ku~.cu~.ku~/ <va~.ku~.cuu.ku~> ivkLp /vi.k\l.p\/ <vi.k\.lp\> masc. an
adj. zigzag. alternative.
ivkarI /vi.ka.ri/ <vi.ka.rii> adj. apt to ivcar /vi.car/ <vi.ca.r\> masc. thought.
change.
ivcark /vi.ca.r\k/ <vi,ca.r\.k\> masc. a
ivkas /vi.kas/ <vi.ka.s\> masc. 1. thinker.
growth, 2. development.
ivcar8a /vi.car.a/ <vi.ca.r\.a> fem. 1.
ivk<t /vik.rut/ <vi.kru.t\> adj. thinking, 2. consideration.
distorted.
ivcarvu& /vi.car.vu~/ <vi.ca.r\.vu~> v.tr. to
ivxep /vik.ep/ <vi.ke.p\> masc. think.
obstruction.
ivic{a /vi.cit.r\/ <vi.ci.tr\> adj. strange.
iv`vad /vik.vad/ <vi.kh\.va.d\> masc.
1. discord, 2. dispute. ivC2ed /vic.ced/ <vi.cche.d\> masc. a
cut.
iv`U4u& /vi.ku.u~/ <vi.khuu.u~> adj.
separated and lonely. ivjy /vi.\j/ <vi.\.j\> masc. victory.
ivpul /vi.pul/ <vi.pu.l\> adj. abundant. ivyavu& /vi.ja.vu~/ <vi.ja.vu~> v.intr. (of
beasts) to give birth.
ivp/ /vip.r\/ <vi.pr\> masc. a Brahmin.
ivrmvu& /vi.r\m.vu~/ <vi.r\.m\.vu~> v.intr.
ivPlv /vip.l\v/ <vi.pl\.v\> masc. a to stop.
revolt.
ivrh /vi.r\h/ <vi.r\.h\> masc.
iv-kt /vi.b\k.t\/ <vi.bh\.kt\> adj. separation from dear ones.
divided.
ivragI /vi.ra.gi/ <vi.ra.gii> adj. a
iv-ikt /vi.b\k.ti/ <vi.bh\.kti> fem. a hermit.
case.
ivra4 /vi.ra/ <vi.ra.\> adj. 1. huge, 2.
iv-ag /vi.bag/ <vi.bha.g\> masc. a magnificent.
section.
ivram /vi.ram/ <vi.ra.m\> masc. 1. rest,
iv-ajk /vi.ba.\k/ <vi.bha.\.k\> adj. 2. pause.
dividing.
ivro0 /vi.rod/ <vi.ro.dh\> masc. 1. an
iv-ajn /vi.ba.\n/ <v> neut. division. objection, 2. opposition.
vI=I /vi.i/ <vii.ii> fem. an inn. ve6vu& /ve.vu~/ <ve.\.vu~> v.tr. to pluck
fruits.
vI&2I /vi~.ci/ <vii~.chii> masc. a scorpian
(male). ve7o /ve.o/ <ve.ho> masc. one of the
cuts on a finger-joint.
vI&28 /vi~.c\/ <vii~.ch\.\> fem. a
scorpian (female). ve8I /ve.i/ <ve.ii> fem. a braid of
hair.
vI&j8o /vi~.o/ <vii.\.o> masc. a fan.
vetn /ve.t\n/ <ve.t\.n\> neut. salary.
vI&4vu& /vi~,vu~/ <v> v.tr. to wrap.vI&4I /vi~.i/
<vii~.ii> fem. an ornamental ring. vetrvu& /ve.t\r.vu~/ <ve.t\.r\.vu~> v.tr. to
cut cloth for tailoring.
vI&4o /vi~.o/ <vii~.o> masc. a roll.
vetaX /ve.ta/ <ve.ta.\> masc. a ghost.
vI&0vu& /vi~d.vu~/ <vii~.dh\.vu~> v.tr. 1. to
vedna /ved.na/ <ve.d\.na> fem. pain.
bore, 2. to pierce, 3. to prick.
vervu& /ver.vu~/ <ve.r\.vu~> v.tr. to scatter. vE=a` /v\i.ak/ <v\i.a.kh\> masc. the
seventh month of the Vikram year.
veragI /ve.ra.gi/ <ve.ra.gii> masc. an
ascetic. vEQ8v /v\i.\v/ <v\i.s\.v\> masc. a
sect of Hinuism so named.
veran /ve.ran/ <ve.ra.n\> adj. 1.
desolate, 2. uninhabitated. Vyikt /vj\k.ti/ <vj\.kti> fem. 1. an
individual, 2. a person.
vero /ve.ro/ <ve.ro> masc. 1. a tax, 2. a
toll. Vyg/ /vjg.r\/ <vj\.gr\> adj. puzzled.
velo /ve.lo/ <ve.lo> masc. a creeper. Vy9a /vj\.ta/ <vj\.tha> fem. pain.
=Bd /\b.d\/ <\.bd\> masc. a word. =rab /\.rab/ <\.ra.b\> masc. 1. wine,
=Bdkoq /\b.da.ko/ <\.bd\.ko.s\> 2. liquor.
masc. a dictionary.
=rabI /\.ra.bi/ <\.ra.bii> adj. and
=mvu& /\m.vu~/ <\.m\.vu~> v.intr. to be masc. a drunkard.
pacified.
=rIf /\.rip/ <\.ri.ph\> adj.
=ytan /\j.tan/ <\.j\.ta.n\> masc. respectable.
Satan.
=rIr /\.rir/ <\.rii.r\> neut. the body.
=r8 /\.r\/ <\.r\.\> neut. shelter.
=rIrrcna /\.rir.r\c.na/
=r8agit /\r.a.g\.ti/ <\.r\.a.g\.ti> <\.rii.r\.r\.c\.na> fem. anatomy.
fem. 1. submission, 2. surrender.
=rIrs&b&0 /\.rir.s\m.ban.d\/
=r8a9IR /\r.ar.ti/ <\.r\.a.rthii> adj. <\.rii.r\.s\~.b\~.dh\> masc. sexual
and masc. a refugee. relation.
=rt /\.r\t/ <\.r\.t\> fem. 1. a bet, 2. a =S{a /\.tr\/ <\.str\> neut. a weapon.
condition.
202
=hId /\.hid/ <\.hii.d\> adj. and masc. =arvu& /ar.vu~/ <a.r\.vu~> v.tr. to make a
martyr. hole.
=a` /ak/ <a.kh\> fem. 1. credit, 2. =aXa /a.la/ <a.a> fem. a school.
reputation.
=a&t /a~nt/ <a~.t\> adj. .1quite, 2.
=a`a /a.ka/ <a.kha> fem. a branch. peaceful.
=a8u& /a.u~/ <ha.u~> adj. wise. i=kar /i.kar/ <i.ka.r\> masc. hunting.
i=`&6 /i.k\/ <i.kh\.r\> masc. a i=i=r /i.ir/ <i.i.r\> fem. the later half
kind of sweet. of winter.
i=`a /i.ka/ <i.kha> fem. 1. a tuft, 2. a i==u /i.u/ <i.u> neut. 1. a child, 2. an
pigtail, 3. a crest, 3. a flame of a lamp. infant.
i=ibr /i.bir/ <i.bi.r\> masc. 1. a tent, i=Qya /i.ja/ <i.sja> fem. 1. a female
2. a camp. student, 2. a female disciple.
i=yaX /i.ja/ <i.ja.\> neut. a fox. i=St /is.t\/ <i.st\> fem. discipline.
i=yaXu& /i.ja.u~/ <i.ja.u~> adj. grown or i=&g /ig/ <i~.g\> fem. a pod.
produced in winter.
i=&g6u& /ig.u~/ <i~.g\.u~> neut. a horn.
i=yaXo /i.ja.o/ <i.ja.o> masc. winter.
=I` /ik/ <ii.kh\> fem. advice.
i=r /ir/ <i.r\> neut. the head.
=I` /ik/ <ii.kh\> masc. a community
i=ra /i.ra/ <i.ra> fem. a bllod-vessel. so named.
i=la /i.la/ <i.la> fem. a slab of stone. =I`vu& /ik.vu~/ <ii.kh\.vu~> v.tr. to
learn.
204
=IXva /i.va/ <ii.\.va> masc. pl. a kind =etr&@ /et.r\n.i/ <e.t\.r\~.ii> fem. a
of skin disease. carpet.
=ukn /u.k\n/ <u.k\.n\> masc. hon. an =er6I /er.i/ <e.r\.ii> fem. sugar-
omen. cane.
+yam /jam/ <ja.m\> masc. The Lord q6\d=Rn /\.d\r.\n/ <s\. [.d\.r\.n\>
Krishna. neut. pl. the six different systems of
Vedic philosophy.
[a)0a /r\d.da/ <r\.dhdha> fem. 1.
trust, 2. faith, .3 belief. qiQ4 /\.i/ <s\.si> adj. sixty.
[aI /ri/ <rii> masc. an auspicious word skX /s\.k\/ <s\.k\.\> adj. fortunate.
used in the beginning of a writing.
sk&jo /s\.k\.o/ <s\.k\~.o> masc. 1. a
[aeiQ5 /re.i/ <re.shi> masc. a great gripping machine, 2. a grip.
merchant.
[aota /ro.ta/ <ro.ta> adj. 1. a hearer, 2. sik/y/s\k.ri.j\/ <s\.kri.j\> adj. active.
a listener.
s`8u& /s\k.u~/ <s\.kh\.u~> adj. 1.
lok /lo.ka/ <lo.k\> masc. a stanza. quiet, 2. tranquil.
sg6 /s\.g\/ <s\.g\.\> masc. 1. foot- sjvu& /s\.vu~/ <s\.\.vu~> v.tr. to put on
prints etc. 2. traces. clothes, ornaments.
s3Xu& /s\g.u~/ <s\.gh\.u~> adj. entire. s4\4o /s\.o/ <s\.o> masc. a risky
transaction in forward market.
sic{a /s\.cit.r\/ <s\.ci.tr\> adj.
illustrated. s6k /s\.\k/ <s\.\.k\> adj.
wonderstruck.
sco4 /s\.co/ <s\.co.\> adj. unfailing.
s6k /s\.\k/ <s\.\.k\> fem. a well-
sCca: /s\c.cai/ <s\.cca.ii> fem. honesty. built road.
sjnI /s\.ni/ <s\.\.nii> fem. a female s6vu& /s\.vu~/ <s\.\.vu~> v.intr. to rot.
friend.
s6s5 /s\.s\/ <s\.\.s\.h\> adj.
sixty seven.
207
smIp /s\.mip/ <s\.mii.p\> adj. 1. near, srko /s\r.ko/ <s\.r\.ko> masc. vinegar.
2. close.
sr`am8I /s\r.kam.i/
smIpta /s\.mip.ta/ <s\.mii.p\.ta> fem. <s\.r\.kha.m\.ii> fem. comparision.
1. nearness, 2. proximity.
sr`avvu& /s\r.kav.vu~/ <s\.r\.kha.v\.vu~>
smIsa&j /s\.mi.sa~/ <s\.mii.sa~.\> fem. v.tr. to compare.
the dusk.
sr`u& /s\r.ku~/ <s\.r\.khu~> adj. equal.
smUict /s\.mu.cit/ <s\.muu.ci.t\> adj.
proper. srgvo /s\r.g\.vo/ <s\.r\.g\.vo> masc.
a tree or its fruit like stick that can be
smuCcy /s\.muc.c\.j\/ <s\.muu.cc\.j\> used as vegetable.
masc. a collection.
sr3s /s\r.g\s/ <s\.r\.gh\.s\> neut. a
smUday /s\.mu.daj/ <s\.muu.da.j\> procession.
masc. a group.
212
sX /s\/ <s\.\> fem. wrinkle (on bed s&ket /s\.ket/ <s\~.ke.t\> masc. 1. sign,
shit etc.) 2. gesture.
sXI /s\.i/ <s\.ii> fem. a thin round s&ixPt /s\.kip.t\/ <s\~.ki.pt\> adj.
stick. abridged.
saxI /sak.i/ <sa.kii> masc. eye- satm /sa.t\m/ <sa.t\.m\> fem. seventh
witness. day of a lunar fortnight.
sag /sag/ <sa.g\> masc. 1. teak-tree, 2. satmu& /sat.mu~/ <sa.t\.mu~> adj. seventh.
teak-wood.
sa9 /sat/ <sa.th\> masc. company.
sagr /sa.g\r/ <sa.g\.r\> masc. ocean.
sa9X /sa.t\/ <sa.th\.\> fem. thigh.
sacvvu& /sa.c\v.vu~/ <sa.c\.v\.vu~> v.tr. .
to take care of, 2. to preserve. sai9yo /sa.ti.jo/ <sa.hi.jo> masc.
auspicious figure of Swastik.
sacu& /sa.cu~/ <sa.cu~> adj. 1. true, 2.
right. sa9I /sa.ti/ <sa.kii> masc. companion.
sadgI /sad.gi/ <sa.d\.gii> fem. sap /sap/ <sa.p\> masc. a male serpent.
simplicity.
sap8 /sa.p\/ <sa.p\.\> fem. a female
sadr /sa.d\r/ <sa.d\.r\> advb. serpent.
respectfully.
sapex /sa.pek.\/ <sa.pe.k\> adj.
sada: /sa.da.i/ <sa.da.ii> fem. relative.
simplicity.
sadu& /sa.du~/ <sa.du~> adj. 1. simple, .2 sapoilyu& /sa.po.li.ju~/ <sa.po.li.ju~> neut.
plain. young serpent.
is]aer /sit.ter/ <si.tte.r\> adj. seventy. is&0v /sin.d\v/ <si~.dh\.v\> neut. rock-
salt.
isTyoter /sit.jo.t\r/ <si.tjo.te.r\> adj.
seventy seven. is&0I /sin.di/ <si~.dhii> fem. a
community so named.
isTya=I /sit.ja.i/ <si.tja.ii> adj. eighty
seven. is&0I /sin.di/ <si~.dhii> fem. Sindhi
language.
is)0aNt /sid.dan.t\/ <si.dhdha.nt\>
masc. 1. principle, 2. doctrine, 3. is&h /simh/ <si~.h\> masc. lion.
theorem.
is&h8 /sim.h\/ <si~.h\.\> fem. lioness.
ispa: /si.pai/ <si.pa.ii> masc. soldier.
224
sI6I /si.i/ <sii.ii> fem. 1. ladder, 2. sugm /su.g\m/ <su.g\.m\> adj. easy.
staircase.
sug&0 /su:.g\nd/ <su.g\~.dh\> fem.
sI0u& /si.du~/ <sii.dhu~> adj. straight. fragrance.
sIm /sim/ <sii.m\> fem. land on the su36 /su.g\/ <suu.gh\.\> adj. neat
border of a village. and clean.
sIv8 /si.v\/ <sii.v\.\> neut. sewing. sud /sud/ <su.d\> fem. bright half of a
lunar month.
sIvvu& /siv.vu~/ <sii.v\.vu~> v.tr. 1. to
sew, 2. to stitch. su0rvu& /su.d\r.vu~/ <su.dh\.r\.vu~>
v.intr. t o improve.
sI&ca: /si.cai/ <sii~.ca.ii> fem.
irrigation. su0ra: /sud.ra.i/ <su.dh\.ra.ii> fem.
municipality.
sukan /su.kan/ <su.ka.n\> neut. helm.
su0a /su.da/ <su.dha> fem. nectar.
sukanI /su.ka.ni/ <su.ka.nii> masc.
helmsman. su0arvu/& su.dar.vu~/ <su.dha.r\.vu~> v.tr.
to improve.
sukavu& /su.ka.vu~/ <su.ka.vu~> v.intr. to
become dry.
225
su&dr /sun.d\r/ <su~.d\.r\> adj. sUr /sur/ <suu.r\> masc. musical tune.
beautiful.
sUrj /su.r\/ <suu.r\.\> masc. the sun.
suvaXu& /su.wa.u~/ <su.va.u~> adj.
smooth. sUr8 /su.r\/ <suu.r\.\> neut. a name
of an edible root.
sUkvvu& /su.k\v.vu~/ <suu.k\.v\.vu~> v.tr.
to dry. sUyR /sur.j\/ <suu.rj\> masc. the sun.
Str /st\r/ <st\.r\> neut. a layer. Snan /snan/ <sna.n\> neut. a bath.
Stvn /st\.v\n/ <st\.v\.n\> neut. praise. Snayu /sne.h\/ <sna.ju> masc. a muscle.
Stuit /stu.ti/ <stu.ti> fem. praise. Sneh /sneh/ <s> masc. 1. love, 2.
affection.
StuTy /stut.j\/ <stu.tj\> adj.
praiseworthy. Sp0aR /sp\r.da/ <sne.h\> fem.
competition.
Sto{a /stot.r\/ <sto.tr\> neut. a hymn of
praise. Sp=R /sp\r.\/ <sp\.r\> masc. touch.
S{aI /stri/ <strii> fem. a woman. SpQ4 /sp\.\/ <sp\.s\> adj. 1. clear, 2.
plain.
S{aE8 /str\i.\/ <stri.\> adj. womanly.
Sf4Ik /sp\.ik/ <sph\.ii.k\> masc.
S9pit /st\.p\.ti/ <sth\.p\.ti> masc. an crystal.
architect. Smr8 /sm\.r\/ <sm\.r\.\> neut.
recollection.
S9X /st\/ <sth\.\> neut. 1. a place, 2.
a location. Smrvu& /sm\r.vu~/ <sm\.r\.vu~> v.tr. to
remember.
S9aink /sta.nik/ <stha.ni.k\> adj. local.
Sm=an /m\.an/ <sm\.a.n\> neut.
S9apk /sta.p\k/ <stha.p\.k\> adj. funeral place.
founder.
Smark /sma.r\k/ <sma.r\.k\> neut. 1. a
S9apTy /sta.p\t.j\/ <stha.p\.tj\> neut. monument, 2. a memorial.
1. sculpture, 2. architecture.
iSmt /smit/ <smi.t\> neut. smile.
S9ayI /sta.ji/ <stha.jii> adj. stable.
Sm<it /smru.ti/ <smr.ti> fem. Hindu
scriptures.
229
Sm<it /smru.ti/ <smr.ti> fem. memory. Svraj /sv\.ra/ <sv\.ra.\> neut. self-
government.
Sv. /sv\/ <sv\.> adj. a short form of
SvgRS9, deceased. Svp /sv\.rup/ <sv\.ruu.p\> neut. 1.
shape, 2. form.
SvgRS9 /sv\r.g\s.t\/ <sv\.rg\.sth\> adj.
deceased. SvgR /sv\r.g\/ <sv\.rg\> neut. heaven.
hju /h\.u/ <h\.u> advb. 1. yet, 2. even hd /h\d/ <h\.d\> fem. boundary.
now.
hm8a& /h\m.a~/ <h\.m\.a~> advb. 1.
h5 /h\/ <h\.h\> fem. stubbornness. now, 2. presently.
hr8 /h\.r\/ <h\.r\.\> neut. a deer. hlvo /h\l.vo/ <h\.l\.vo> masc. a sweet.
hrs /h\.r\s/ <h\.r\.s\> masc. piles. hlesu& /h\.le.su~/ <h\.le.su~> neut. an oar.
ha na /ha na/ <ha na> fem. hesitation. ha&ja /ha~.a/ <ha~.a> masc. pl. the joints
of the body.
hain /ha.ni/ <ha.ni> fem. damage.
ha&f /ha~p/ <ha~.ph\> fem. panting.
hainktaR /ha.ni.k\r.ta/ <ha.ni.k\.rta> adj.
damaging. ha&fvu& /ha~p.vu~/ <ha~.ph\.vu~> v.intr. to
pant for breath.
har /har/ <ha.r\> masc. 1. garland, 2.
necklace. ha&isyo /ha~s.(i)jo/ <ha~.si.jo> masc. a
margin.
har /har/ <ha.r\> fem. defeat.
ha&sI /ha~.si/ <ha~.sii> fem. 1. a jest, 2. a
harvu& /har.vu~/ <ha.r\.vu~> v.intr. to be joking.
defeated.
ihckaru& /hic.ka.ru~/ <hi.c\.ka.ru~> neut.
hal /hal/ <ha.l\> masc. 1. condition, 2. cowardly.
circumstances.
ihjravu& /hi.ra.vu~/ <hi.\.ra.vu~> v.intr. to
halk6olk /hal\k.o.l\k/ languish in someones memory.
<ha.l\.k\.o.l\.k\> advb. unsteady.
iht /hit/ <hi.t\> neut. welfare.
halcal /hal.cal/ <ha.l\.ca.l\> masc.
condition. ihteC2u /hi.tec.cu/ <hi.te.cchu> adj. and
masc. a wel-wisher.
halt /ha.l\t/ <ha.l\.t\> fem. 1.
condition, 2. circumstances. ihna /hi.na/ <hi.na> fem. myrtle.
hIro /hi.ro/ <hii.ro> masc. diamond. het /het/ <he.t\> neut. 1. affection, 2.
love.
hI&cvu& /hi~c.vu~/ <hii~.c\.vu~> v.intr. to
swing (oneself). hetu /he.tu/ <he.tu> masc. 1. motive, 2.
intention.
hukm /hu.k\m/ <huu.k\.m\> masc. an
order. herangit /he.ran,g\.ti/ <he.ra.n\.g\.ti>
fem. 1. trouble, 2. difficulty.
hukko /huk.ko/ <hu.kko> masc. a
smoking pipe. helI /he.li/ <he.lii> fem. heavy rain.
hoha /ho.ha/ <ho.ha> fem. uproar. }aan /gnan/ <gna.n\> neut. knowledge.
hoXI /ho.i/ <ho.ii> fem. the Holi }aanI /gna.ni/ <gna.nii> adj. intelligent.
festival.
x
x8 /k\/ <k\.\> fem. .a moment.
(Work in progress)
Content
1. Introduction
2. Open class
2.1. Nouns
2.2. Adjective
2.3. Verbs
2.4. Adverbs
3. Closed class
3.1. Pronouns and other Pro-Forms
3.2. Noun adjuncts
3.2.1. Role markers
3.2.1.1 Case markers
3.2.1.2 Postpositions
3.2.2. Quantifiers
3.3. Verb adjuncts
3.3.1. Auxiliaries
3.3.1.1. Simple auxiliaries
3.3.1.2. Modal auxiliaries
3.4. Connectives
3.4.1. Coordinating connectives
3.4.2. Subordinating connectives
3.4.3. Correlative connectives
3.4.4. Adversative connectives
3.4.5. Explicative connectives
3.4.6. Causal connectives
3.5. Other closed classes
3.5.1. Emphasis markers
3.5.2. Interjections
3.5.3. Negators
3.5.4. Politeness markers
3.5.5. Tag-marks
4. Conclusion
238
1. Introduction
Gujarati words can be divided into: (1) Open class and (2) Closed class. Open class
consists of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, while closed class consists of pronouns
and other pro-forms, noun adjuncts, verb adjuncts, conjunctions and others.
2. Open Class
2.1 Nouns
Nouns have the following properties:
gender,
number
case.
Genders are three: masculine, feminine and neuter. All three genders are marked
and unmarked. Masculine is marked with -Ao, feminine with -:, and neuter is marked with
w&. Examples:
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
239
Feminine
Neuter
Gujarati has many nouns that end in Ao and :, but they are not masculine or
feminine respectively. Most traditional grammars treat them as exception. In fact, they
are not. The Ao and : of these nouns are not gender markers, they are the indivisible part
of their stem, and therefore it is wrong to treate them as gender markers and then list
them as exceptions. Consider 3o and pa8I, for example. Traditional grammars analyzed
them as follow:
. 3o
g.o
stem-Gender marker.
'a kind of reptile'
. pa8I
pa.i
stem-Gender marker
'water'
As and show, they treat Ao and : as gender markers, which is not a correct
analysis. The correct analysis is given bellow in and :
240
. 3o
go.
stem-Gender marker
'a kind of reptile'
. pa8I
pai-
stem-Gender marker
'water'
This analysis shows that 3o and pa8I are nouns with unmarked gender and their -Ao
and -: are not the gender markers.
Numbers are two: singular and plural. Singular is unmarked, while plural is
marked with Ao. Examples:
Singular Plural
Genitive case inflects for gender and number as the following paradigm shows:
Singular Plural
2.2 Adjectives
Gujarati adjectives fall into two categories: (1) variable and (2) invariable. Variable
adjectives vary in terms of the gender and number of the nouns they modify, whereas the
invariable adjectives do not vary. Consider the examples of saru& and su&dr, variable and
invariable adjectives respectively.
. saro 2okro
sar-o cokr-o
good-MSASC.SG boy-MASC.SG.
'a good boy'
. sarI 2okrI
sar-i cokr-i
good-FEM.SG boy-FEM.SG.
'a good girl'
. saru& 2okru&
sar-u~ cokr-u~
good-NEUT.SG boy-NEUT.SG.
'a good child'
. sara 2okraAo
sar-a cokr-a-o
good-MSASC.PL boy-MASC.PL.
'good boys'
. sarI 2okrIAo
sar-i cokr-i-o
good-FEM. boy-FEM.PL.
'a good girl'
. sara& 2okra&Ao
sar-a~ cokr-a~-o
good-NEUT.PL. boy-NEUT.PL.
'a good child'
In - the adjective saru& varies in terms of the gender of the noun it modifies. For
example, in , the noun is masculine and singular therefore the adjective saru& agrees with
the noun in masculine and singular. In the noun is feminine and singular and therefore
the adjective is also feminine and singular and so on. In , however, the noun is feminine
and plural the adjective does not show a plural marker. We can say that adjectives in
Gujarati remain unaffected in number when the noun they modify is feminine and plural.
Now consider the example of su&dr an invariable adjective:
242
. su&dr 2okro
sundar chhokr-o
beautiful boy-MASC.SG.
'a beautiful boy'
. su&dr 2okrI
sunder chhokr-i
beautiful boy-FEM.SG.
'a beautiful girl'
. su&dr 2okru&
beautiful chhokr-uN
beautiful boy-NEUT.SG.
'a beautiful child'
. su&dr 2okraAo
sundar chhokr-a-o
good boy-MASC.PL.
'beautiful boys'
. su&dr 2okrIAo
sunder chhokr-i-o
beautiful boy-FEM.PL.
'a beautiful girl'
. su&dr 2okra&Ao
sundar chhokr-aN-o
beautiful boy-NEUT.PL.
'beautiful child'
In - , su&dr is an invariable adjective and therefore it does not agree with the noun it
modifies.
2.3 Verbs
Gujarati verbs (non-inflected) have the following structure: verb stem + infinitive.
Example:
. hsvu&
h\s-vu~
verb stem + infinitive
'to laugh'
. r6vu&
r\-vu~
verb stem + infinitive
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'to cry'
A verb root may be intransitive, transitive or double transitive. It may be also simple or
causative. and are the examples of intransitive root. - and - are the examples of
transitive and double transitive roots respectively.
. kapvu&
kap-vu~
verb stem + infinitive
'to cut'
. pIvu&
pi-vu~
verb stem + infinitive
'to drink'
. Aapvu&
ap-vu~
verb stem + infinitive
'to give'
. moklvu&
mok\l-vu~
verb stem + infinitive
'to send'
to are also the examples of simple verbs, while bellow are the examples of
causative verbs. These are the verbs that are derived from simple verbs.
. hsavvu&
h\s.av.-vu~
verb stem +CAUS1+ INFINITIVE
'to make someone laugh'
. hsav6avvu&
has.av.av-vu~
verb stem + CAUS1 + CAUS2 + INFINITIVE
'to make someone laugh through some another person'
Gujarati inflected verbs have the following pattern: verb stem + inflectional material.
Inflectional material may consists of various features such as tense, person,
gender and number. Following table summaries some of the major inflections for the verb
hsvu&
Present (verb stem + tense, person, number)
Singular Plural
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Singular Plural
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
Verbs also inflect for imperative (present and future), desiderative, obligatory,
conditional, and infinitive constructions. Examples:
Imperative
Present
Second Person
Singular Plural/Hon.
Third Person
rmje (future)
Desiderative rmvu&
Obligatory rmvanu&
Conditional rmt
Infinitive rmvu&
Excluding desiderative, all verb forms inflect for gender and number. However,
conditional verb forms inflect optionally.
2.4 Adverbs
Like adjective, adverbs are also variable and non-variable in Gujarati. Variable adverbs
agree with the noun with which the verb agrees. There are various types of adverbs.
Some of them are adverb of time, adverb of place, adverb of manner, adverb of order,
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Time
Place
Manner
Order
Quantity
Doubt
Frequency
Negative
ma ma not (colloquial)
na na not
nhI& n\hi~ not
Connecting
p8 p\ but
pir8ame p\riame as a result, consequently
v0uma& v\duma~ in addition
joke jo ke however
td\wpra&t t\dupra~t morover
3. Closed class
3.1 Pronouns and other Pro-forms
Personal Pronouns
248
Gujarati personal pronouns differentiate three persons (first, second and third) and two
numbers (singular, plural). They have also inclusive and exclusive contrast in third person
plural. In addition, their second person plural form is also used as honorific.
Following table summarize regular and agentive pronouns:
Singular Plural
Genitive
Masc. maro Amaro taro tmaro teno teAono
Aap8o temno
Non-personal Pronouns
249
3.2.1.2 Postpositions
Gujarati postpositions fall in two classes: invariant and variant. The variant postpositions
agree with noun in gender and number. Examples:
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2 Present tense
Singular Plural
Second Person 2e 2o
Third Person 2e 2e
ho Future tense
Singular Plural
ho Past tense
Singular Plural
3.4 Connectives
3.4.1 Coordinating connectives
Gujarati distinguishes between conjunctive (Ane) and disjunctive (ke, A9va). In disjunctive it
distinguishes between inclusive (ke) and exclusive (A9va). Examples:
Conjunctive sentences:
. rme= Ane mhe= kale 3er j=e.
. mne lal Ane lIlo r&g gme 2e.
. rme= Aav=e Ane mIna j=e.
Disjunctive sentences:
. marI sa9e ko8 Aav=e? mIna ke lIla? (mIna Aav=e / lIla Aav=e / mIna Ane lIla bNne Aav=e.)
. marI sa9e mIna A9va lIla Aav=e. (mIna Aav=e / lIla Aav=e / *mIna Ane lIla bNne Aav=e.)
3.4.2 Subordinating connective
Subordinating conjunction is ke. Examples:
. te8e ku& ke hu& AavI=.
. rme=ne khejo ke Ae kale mare 3er Aave.
. mne htu& j ke Aek be idvsma& mne tav Aav=e.
3.4.3 Correlative connectives
je ...te is a correlative connective, which decline for all the cases. Consider the following
table:
Nominative je...te
Ergative je8e...te8e
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Dative jene...tene
Genitive jenu&...tenu&
Locative jema&...tema&, jenama&...tenama&
Instrumental jena9I....tena9I
Correlative also inflects for comparative to express size, quantity, etc.: Examples.
jev6u&...tev6u&. (size)
je4lu&..te4lu& (quantity)
jem...tem (manner)
jya&...Tya& (place)
3.5.3 Negators
na, nhI&, n and n9I are the negators in Gujarati. We use negators to prohibit an action and
also to negate a sentence or a phrase. Examples:
Prohibitative Negation
. tme kerI na `ata.
. tme bIju b0u& j `ajo, p8 kerI nhI& `ata.
. tme kerI n `aAo to saru&.
Sentential/Phrasal negation
. p/ rme= AaVyo?
jvab na. (Ramesh did not come.)
. rme= rmto n9I. (Ramesh may be doing something else.)
, rme= rm=e nhI&. (Ramesh will not play. He will do something else).
. rme= Aavu& na kre. (Ramesh would not do such thing. Some another person must have
done it).
. rme= pakI kerI n laVyo. (Ramesh brought a mango but it was not ripe.)
3.5.4 Politeness marker
@ is the politeness marker that is used with verb and nouns. Examples:
. kagXno jvab AapvanI k<pa kr=o@.
. bapu@ bhar gam gya 2e. kale Aav=e.
3.5.5 Tag-marks
Gujarati has two types of tag-marks:(1) Sentence initial tag-marks, and (2) Sentence final
tag-marks. Examples:
Sentence Initial tag-marks
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Gujarati Numerals
Cardinal
32 32
1 1 33 33
2 2 34 34
3 3 35 35
4 4 36 36
5 5 37 37
6 6 38 38
7 7 39 39
8 8 40 40
9 9 41 41
10 10 42 42
11 11 43 43
12 12 44 44
13 13 45 45
14 14 46 46
15 15 47 47
16 16 48 48
17 17 49 49
18 18 50 50
19 19 51 51
20 20 52 52
21 21 53 53
22 22 54 54
23 23 55 55
24 24 56 56
25 25 57 57
26 26 58 58
27 27 59 59
28 28 60 60
29 29 61 61
30 30 62 62
31 31 63 63
256
64 64 83 83
65 65 84 84
66 66 85 85
67 67 86 86
68 68 87 87
69 69 88 88
70 70 89 89
71 71 90 90
72 72 91 91
73 73 92 92
74 74 93 93
75 75 94 94
76 76 95 95
77 77 96 96
78 78 97 97
79 79 98 98
80 80 99 99
81 81 100 100
82 82
Remember:
In Gujarati each number symbol has its own name. They are , , , ,
, , , , and for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 0 respectively.
Ordinals:
first boy
second boy
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third boy
Fractions:
1
1
1
2
2
2
...
...
... ...