NATIONAL UNIVERSITY JOSE FAUSTINO

SANCHEZ CARRION

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING, FOOD AND

ENVIRONMENTAL INDUSTRIES
EAP ENGINEERING AGRONOMIC

TEMA: GENOTYPE X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION OF MAIZE

(ZEA MAYS L.) NORTH WESTERN ETHIOPIA

ECOLOGY

AUTHOR:

PEA VEGA, ROSMERI MERCEDES

ADVISER:

ING. TIRADO MALAVER ROBERTO HUGO

HUACHO 2017
TEMA: GENOTYPE X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION OF MAIZE
(ZEA MAYS L.) NORTH WESTERN ETHIOPIA

2
 DEDICATION

Bye.
For having allowed me to reach this point and to have given myself health to achieve my goals,
in addition to his infinite goodness and love.

To my parents for being the fundamental pillar in all that I am, in all my education, both
academic and life, for their unconditional support perfectly maintained over time.

A DIOS.
Por haberme permitido llegar a este punto y haberme dado salud para alcanzar mis metas,
adems de su infinita bondad y amor.

A mis padres por ser el pilar fundamental en todo lo que soy, en toda mi educacin, acadmica
y de la vida, por su apoyo incondicional perfectamente mantenido en el tiempo.

3
 SUMMARY

The present investigation was carried out in the locality of Huando in the Experimental Farm
"The Maria". The general objective of the present study was: To determine the behavior,
adaptability and management of promising triple maize hybrids that lead to improved
profitability of the producers, and the specific objectives were:
To determine the genotype environment interaction of promising maize hybrids., To evaluate
grain characteristics of experimental hybrids obtained from single crosses.
The hybrids studied were five experimental and promising ones (SM45XSSD08) SV39,
(SM45XSV35) SV39, (SV15 XSM45) SV39, (SM15X SSD08) SV39, and commercial INIAP
H-551, AG-003 and INIAP H-553 (control), which corresponded to the treatments under study
in the zones of north western Ethiopia. The experimental design Bloques Completos a Random
was used for each zone. The Tukey test was applied to 95% to establish the statistical
differences between the means of the hybrids and the "t" test to determine the statistical
differences between the zones. The variables male and female flowering, plant height and ear
insertion, diameter, length and number of rows per ear, diseases, grain yield were evaluated.
In Based on the interpretation and analysis of the results, it was concluded: That the locality
Retes was the earliest with 51.22 days, while in the experimental materials the hybrid (SM45
X SV15) SV39 was the earliest with 52.38 days.
The plants with the highest height were those of Huando, 19 cm above Retes. In the
experimental materials the hybrid (SM45 X SV35) SV39 was the highest with 2.18 meters.
The commercial hybrid AG - 003 (T) followed by the experimental (SM45 x SSD08) SV39
showed the highest values with 17.78 and 17.16 centimeters respectively, with the commercial
INIAP H - 551 being the lowest value with 15.73 centimeters, being Huando the locality with
greater length with 16.75 centimeters.

In the number of rows of grains per ear the commercial hybrids INIAP H-553 and 551
obtained the highest and lowest values with 14.88 and 13.23 rows in their order, whereas of
the experimental ones the one that stood out in this variable was (SM45 x SSD08) SV39 with
14,13 rows, whereas for the localities factor Huando obtained the largest number of rows with
13.96.

4
 INDEX

TEMA: GENOTYPE X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.)

NORTH WESTERN ETHIOPIA ........................................................................................................ 2
DEDICATION ....................................................................................................................................... 3
SUMMARY............................................................................................................................................ 4
INDEX .................................................................................................................................................... 5
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................................. 8
1.1. BACKGROUND.................................................................................................................... 8
1.2. THEORETICAL BASES...................................................................................................... 9
1.2.1. Origin and Distribution of maize ................................................................................. 9
1.2.2. Taxonomy ....................................................................................................................... 9
1.2.3. Description ................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.4. Corn varieties............................................................................................................... 10
1.3. DEFINITION BASIC TERMS USED ............................................................................... 11
1.3.1. Line ............................................................................................................................... 11
1.3.2. Hybrid........................................................................................................................... 11
1.3.3. Classes of hybrids ........................................................................................................ 12
CHAPTER II: APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM ......................................................................... 12
2.1. IDENTIFICATION OR DETERMINATION OF THE PROBLEM ............................. 12
2.2. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM ........................................................................... 13
2.2.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.2 Specific.......................................................................................................................... 13
2.3. IMPORTANCE AND SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION .......................................... 13
2.4. LIMITACIONES DE LA INVESTIGACION .................................................................. 14
2.4.1. Geographic ................................................................................................................... 14
2.4.2. Temporal ...................................................................................................................... 14
2.4.3. Resource ....................................................................................................................... 14
2.5. FEASIBILITY OF THE STUDY ....................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER III: THE METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................... 15
3.1 PROPOSAL OF OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................ 15
3.1.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.2 Specific.......................................................................................................................... 15
3.2 HYPOTHESIS SYSTEM.................................................................................................... 15
3.3 SYSTEM OF VARIABLES ................................................................................................ 15

5
 3.4 OPERATION OF VARIABLES. ....................................................................................... 16
3.5 TYPE AND METHODS OF RESEARCH........................................................................ 16
3.5.1 Experimental Design ................................................................................................... 16
3.6 EXPLAIN THE DESIGN OF INVESTIGATION DEVELOPED ................................. 17
3.6.1 Handling the experiment ............................................................................................ 17
3.7 DESCRIBE POPULATION AND SAMPLE .................................................................... 17
3.7.1 Population .................................................................................................................... 17
3.7.2 Shows ............................................................................................................................ 18
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS AND RESULTS .................................................. 18
4.1. SELECTION AND VALIDATION OF INSTRUMENTS .............................................. 18
4.1.1 Physical and chemical analysis of soil. ....................................................................... 18
4.1.2 Factors under study..................................................................................................... 18
4.1.3 Genetic material .......................................................................................................... 18
4.1.4 Materials and equipment ............................................................................................ 19
4.1.5 Characteristics of the experimental plot. .................................................................. 19
4.1.6 Factors of study. .......................................................................................................... 20
4.2. DESCRIPTION OF OTHER DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES ......................... 20
4.2.1 Pre-Harvest Data ......................................................................................................... 20
4.3. STATISTICAL AND TABLE INTERPRETATION....................................................... 21
4.3.1 Experimental design. ................................................................................................... 21
4.3.2 Establishment and Management of the Experiment ................................................ 21
4.4. RESULTS, TABLES, GRAPHICS, DRAWINGS, FIGURES. ....................................... 23
4.4.1 After harvest ................................................................................................................ 23
4.5. DISCUSION OF RESULTS ............................................................................................... 24
4.5.1 Days to Male, Female Flowering, Plant Height and Height of Insertion of
Mazorca. ....................................................................................................................................... 24
4.5.2 Incidence of foliar diseases Red Ribbon, Curvularia, Helminthosphorium,
Fisoderma and Roya. .................................................................................................................. 25
4.5.3 Diameter, Length, Number of Rows of Grain per Coke, Weight of One Thousand
Grains and Grain Yield per Hectare. ........................................................................................ 25
4.5.4 Genotype vs. Environment Interaction ..................................................................... 26
CONCLUSIONS.................................................................................................................................. 27
RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................... 28
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................... 29
ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................................ 31
MATRIX OF CONSISTENCY .......................................................................................................... 35

6
 INTRODUCTION

Maize (Zea mays L.) belongs to the grass family Poaceae and tribe Maydeae. The maize plant
has characteristics of wide adaptability in the different ranges of growing conditions. Thus, it
has gained adaptation and productivity in all continents through introductions and breeding.
The genetic diversity of maize, being an out crossing crop, is very broad for conservation and
utilization in breeding programmes. Maize landraces exhibit significant morphological
variation and genetic polymorphism and are grown from sea level to 3800 m. Maize is one of
the worlds three most important cereals along with wheat and rice.
In Ethiopia, cereals account for about 82.34% of the annual national crop production. Maize
ranks first in total production and yield per unit area and second in rea coverage among all the
cereals. It is largely produced in western, central, southern and eastern regions (CSA, 2010).
Maize research has advanced from landraces to varieties, to maize hybrids: double cross, three-
way cross and single cross, and recently transgenic maize hybrids. The optimized use of adapted
and exotic germplasm in various production environments is a key to the continued success in
increasing grain yield and other trait-specific products: green ear, forage, oil, protein, starch,
etc. Ex situ maize gene banks have a role in supporting the production of breeder gene pools
with unique genetic diversity. Maize improvement in Ethiopia started half a century ago (Benti,
1988).
These resulted in the recommendation of several maize genotypes for the maize growing
regions of the country. Through time, most of these genotypes have been replaced by locally
developed and better adapted genotypes. But now a day increased private-sector participation
in the maize seed industry has been accompanied by greater concentration (Rashid et al., 2001).

7
CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

1.1. BACKGROUND

Fuster (1974) mentions that maize is an annual plant, native to South America, where the

aborigines cultivated it to take advantage of the nutritional value of their grains. Its cultivation

has now spread to many of the warm and temperate regions of the world. Important as a food

plant is also excellent fodder and has numerous industrial applications.

I.B.O. (2003) recommends the use of organic foliar fertilizers that solve the nutritional

imbalances of the plant immediately, improving its formation, increasing its flowering, filling

the fruit, being of better internal quality.

According to INFOAGRO (2009), maize yield is mainly determined by the final number of

grains per unit area, which is a function of the growth rate of the crop around the flowering

period. Therefore, in order to achieve high yields, the crop must achieve an optimal flowering

physiological state. Adequate availability of nutrients, especially when nutrients are required in

larger quantities (approximately five-six leaves developed), ensures good development, foliar

growth and high conversion efficiency of the intercepted radiation. The nutrients available in

the soil generally limit the production of maize, being necessary to know the requirements of

the crop and the supply of the soil to determine the fertilization needs.

The use of organic products is presented as an alternative in the processes of fertilization of the

crops; these products that in times past were very used by our ancestors.

Bastidas (2002) states that zeolite applications are based on their physico-chemical properties,

such as ion exchange capacity, absorption and dehydration - hydration as physical processes.

INDUMINETSA (2003) indicates that slow-release fertilizers use zeolite to control their

emission to the soil; bacteria convert urea into ammonia, subsequent leaching of the ammonia

8
allows this nitrification to occur over a period of months, otherwise accumulated nitrates would

rinse from the soil and contaminate both groundwater and surface water. Zeolite is used to

separate nitrogen from oxygen in the air and decreases nitrogen use by 20-30% (UREA).

1.2.THEORETICAL BASES

1.2.1. Origin and Distribution of maize

The geographic origin of the maize is not known with exactness although there is evidences

that place it in Mexico before the year 5000 AC, that is to say it is placed the primary center of

origin the south of Mexico and Central America, and a secondary origin of genetic diversity to

the high valleys such as Peru, Peru and Bolivia. (Cazco, 2006).

It currently has a wide geographic distribution and is found from the eastern and southeastern

regions of the USA, Central America, and the south.

1.2.2. Taxonomy

According to Tern (2008), the botanical classification of maize is:

Kingdom: Plantae

Series: Magnoliophyta

Class: Liliopsida

Order: Cyperales

Family: Poaceae

Genre: Zea

Species: mayz

Common Names: Corn, morochillo, yellow hard corn.

9
Scientific name: Zea mayz L.

1.2.3. Description

In this plant, the fruit and the seed form a single element: the grain or cariopse. The root is

fibrous. The stem is a cane of about 3cm in diameter, average value, and from 1 to 2.50 m in

length, depending on the varieties. The leaves are accentuated, paralelinervadas and alternate

implantation. It has masculine and feminine flowers in different places of the same plant

(monoica): the masculine flowers, in the end plume of the stem, and the feminine flowers, in

axillary spikes. (Fuster, 1974).

1.2.4. Corn varieties

Hybrid varieties come from the crossing of two pure lines and have the advantage of

manifesting heterosis or so-called hybrid vigor. In hybrid varieties, all individuals in the

population are identical but heterozygous, which means that they can not be reproduced in

individuals equal to themselves. The pure lines of auto-range plants could be preserved

indefinitely, generations after generations, if the plantings were kept free of foreign plants

(Gostincar, 1998).

Synthetic varieties may be unbalanced by the selective effect of the medium on the individuals

who are part of the initial population and may lose productive potential. Finally, it should be

noted that hybrid varieties are not conserved or, what is the same, their offspring is not equal to

the parents, offering a great variability (Gostincar, 1998).

The hybridization of maize has been able to improve the species, obtaining bigger harvests and

a greater yield. (Tico, 1995).

The Corn has been taken as a highly studied crop for scientific research in genetics studies. Its

genotype is continually being studied and since it is a monoecious plant, it provides a great deal

10
of information since it has a maternal (female) and a paternal (male) part, so that several

recombination (crosses) can be created and new hybrids can be created for the market.

The objectives of these crossings are aimed at obtaining high yields in production. Therefore,

plants that are more resistant to viruses, adverse climatic conditions and pests are selected in

bulk. (Cazco, 2006).

1.3.DEFINITION BASIC TERMS USED

1.3.1. Line

They are obtained from an allogama population by forced self-fertilization for several

generations, until the homozygosity reaches more than 90% (Cubero, 2002).

1.3.2. Hybrid

From the point of view of botany, hybridization means the crossing of lines, varieties, types,

species and different genres (Cubero, 2002).

Hybridization through pure lines is based on the use of heterosis or hybrid vigor, this being the

classic method for obtaining simple, triple and double hybrids; achieving successive self-

pollinating inbred lines, which, when crossed, originate the aforementioned hybrids.

In his book Plant Geotechnics hybridization is the use of the F1 generation of the cross between

two populations P1 X P2.

The hybridization in almond plants such as maize, is to take advantage of the F1 generation

from the crossing of two genetically different individuals. This F1 is superior to their parents

(Tadeo, SF).

11
1.3.3. Classes of hybrids

Simple hybrid

It is the one that produces greater homogeneity, of this type are almost all current corn hybrids;

is obtained by crossing two lines with a high degree of inbreeding, using as female the most

productive line.

Triple Hybrid

Triple-hybrid seed is less costly to produce than simple cross-seed; triple hybrids tend to be

more uniform and have a slightly higher yield than double hybrids. It is formed by the cross

between a simple hybrid of excellent performance that acts as a female and as the male, a pure

line that produces large amounts of pollen (Jugenheimer, 1981).

CHAPTER II: APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM

2.1.IDENTIFICATION OR DETERMINATION OF THE PROBLEM

Maize in different environments is attacked by a large number of pathogens that cause

significant economic damages to their production, due to which their breeding and production

are closely linked, in which it is necessary to identify the most suitable type of hybrid and

productive for the different areas.

Some additional features have been included that influence the adaptation and acceptance of

maize genotypes in a specific environment. These are: a) the kind of maturity; b) the type of

grain; and c) the color of the grain.

The different types of maize varieties used by farmers are also an important component of the

maize environment. Farmers use local varieties or their own varieties or seed from open-

pollinated varieties and various types 7 of hybrids. As a general rule, farmers on marginal lands

or in environments unfavorable for their cultivation use seeds of their own varieties thus

12
lowering the cost of this input. On the other hand, farmers in safe rainfed areas or under irrigated

crops adopt the use of hybrids more quickly and use higher levels of inputs; much of the winter

maize is planted with hybrids.

2.2.FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

2.2.1 General

How can the behavior, adaptability and management of promising triple hybrids of maize lead

to improved profitability of producers?

2.2.2 Specific

How do promising maize hybrids interact genotypically in the environment?

How are the grain characteristics of the experimental hybrids obtained evaluated from

simple crosses?

How to analyze the environments of the localities?

2.3.IMPORTANCE AND SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a unique species: because of the great genetic diversity of the plant, the

ear and the grain; for its adaptation to a wide range of environments; for its resistance to diseases

and insects; by its tolerance to different environmental stresses, by its multiple uses as food

human or animal and by the great variety of products that are obtained of this species.

It has evolved by natural selection, by the selection driven by farmers-breeders for thousands

of years and by professional breeders in the last 150 years. There is still a continuous series of

types of plants ranging from their wild ancestors to more advanced breeds, cultivars improved

and maintained for generations by farmers and improved open-pollinated varieties with a broad

genetic base, obtained professionally, at the end of all this spectrum of materials are the

different types of hybrids to meet special purposes and environments. (FAO, 2004).

13
The determination of genetic values in the fractions that make up the plant, such as the effects

and variances of ACG and ACE, as well as its interactions with the environment, will allow to

plan improvement strategies with greater probability of success. In the case of accepting the

stated hypothesis, the work proposes the need to develop new genotypes that have their own

characteristics, distinct from those desired for high performance materials.

2.4.LIMITACIONES DE LA INVESTIGACION

2.4.1. Geographic

This work consists in doing a study on the measurement of the behavior of both the varieties

and the hybrids to be used, without leaving aside the different environmental conditions that

occur during the vegetative period of the plant. The climatic factors that most influence maize

production are: precipitation (quantity and intensity) and Heliophania (hours of sun), according

to the stage of development of the crop in which they occur (germination, flowering, and filling

grain).

2.4.2. Temporal

This project lasts for 4 months from December to April.

2.4.3. Resource

Economic.

2.5. FEASIBILITY OF THE STUDY

For the present study the technological tools is sufficient to carry out such research, the

methodology used for such research is according to the purpose of science finally the study can

be applied in agricultural sector which leads to improve the profitability of producers.

14
CHAPTER III: THE METHODOLOGY

3.1 PROPOSAL OF OBJECTIVES

3.1.1 General

To determine the behavior, adaptability and management of promising triple corn hybrids that

lead to improved profitability of producers.

3.1.2 Specific

To determine the genotype environment interaction of promising maize hybrids.

To evaluate the grain characteristics of the experimental hybrids obtained from simple

crosses.

Conduct environmental analysis of localities.

3.2 HYPOTHESIS SYSTEM

HYPOTESIS 1: At least one of the promising maize hybrids adapts to the agroclimatic

conditions of the Huando and Retes zones, surpassing in performance the commercial hybrids

cultivated in them.

HYPOTHESYS 2: None of the promising maize hybrids are well adapted to the agroclimatic

conditions of Huando, Retes and do not outperform commercial hybrids cultivated in these

zones.

3.3 SYSTEM OF VARIABLES

VARIABLE 1: behavior, adaptability and management of promising triple corn hybrids

VARIABLE 2: improves the profitability of producers.

15
3.4 OPERATION OF VARIABLES.

VARIABLES Conceptual definition Dimensions Indicators

V1: behavior, Triple hybrid is the Genetic Adaptability

adaptability and crossing a simple variability of

Behavior
management of hybrid and a pure line Maize
Genetic crossing
promising triple
Seeds
corn hybrids
Types

V2: Improves It is the ability of a Producer Gross margin

profitability of business to generate performance

Operating result
producers profits and are
Production
Net Income
expressed in
system
percentages Net profit

3.5 TYPE AND METHODS OF RESEARCH

3.5.1 Experimental Design

In the present work of investigation was used the design of blocks completely random, with

nine treatments and four repetitions. It was not necessary to use means comparison tests,

because all variables were non-significant. Table 2 shows the variance analysis scheme.

16
3.6 EXPLAIN THE DESIGN OF INVESTIGATION DEVELOPED

3.6.1 Handling the experiment

All the practices and agricultural work necessary for the proper development of the crop were

carried out so as to be able to correctly evaluate the treatments under study.

Weed elimination was carried out, construction of furrows with the use of hoes for irrigation

and drainage of water. Prior to the beginning of the experiment, plowing, two dredging passes

so that the ground is well fluffy and facilitate the plowing of the land and later the furrows were

made, at a distance of 0.80 m.

3.7 DESCRIBE POPULATION AND SAMPLE

3.7.1 Population

The present research was carried out in the Huando and Retes zones during the rainy season of

December - April, 2012, of one hectare each, for which trials of triple hybrids of promisorous

maize previously selected for their adaptation were established. tropical regions of the Peruvian

Coast, whose agroclimatic characteristics are detailed:

a) South latitude: 02 12 '

b) West length: 79 27 '

c) Altitude: 17 m.s.n.m.

d) Annual average temperature: 24.7 C

e) Average annual precipitation: 923.8 mm.

f) Average relative humidity: 86%

g) Wind speed: 1.8 - 2.4 m / sec.

17
3.7.2 Shows

Plot size: 125 m long x 80 m wide = 10000 m2 in retes.

Size of the useful plot: 200m long x 50m wide = 10000 m2 in Ethiopia.

CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS AND RESULTS

4.1. SELECTION AND VALIDATION OF INSTRUMENTS

4.1.1 Physical and chemical analysis of soil.

The physical and chemical analysis of the soil was carried out prior to the beginning of the

research, whose sample was taken at a depth of about 0.20 m and then sent to the soil laboratory

for analysis.

The results were: low in nitrogen and high in phosphorus and potassium (the report of chemical

analysis of soils is annexed). By determinations made in the field these soils are of loamy

texture.

4.1.2 Factors under study

The application of eight organic and chemical nutrition alternatives, applied by foliate and

edaphic methods with the maize hybrid Brasilia, was studied.

4.1.3 Genetic material

The promissory hybrids evaluated were obtained from a series of selections of self fertilized

lines from local populations of yellow criollo maize, through the Genetic Improvement Program

of the Department of Scientific and Technological Research (DICYT), the State Technical

University of Huando, in comparison with the others are commercial witnesses.

The triple hybrids will be formed from the crossing of S6 parent lines from a population of

Mocache (45-1) Vinces (15-1, 35-1 and 39-1) Santo Domingo (SSD 08-1), these made the paper

18
of mothers and parents to verify the production of basic hybrid triple F1 seed, together with two

of the most used hybrids in the Huaral River High Basin, which are detailed below.

4.1.4 Materials and equipment

Balance

Backpack pump

Camera

Tape measure

Office Supplies

Herbicides

Insecticides

Corn seeds

Inputs (chemical fertilizers).

4.1.5 Characteristics of the experimental plot.

Experiment size: 28.8 m long x 26.0 m wide = 748.80 m2

Plot size: 5 m long x 3.60 m wide = 18.0 m2

Size of the useful plot: 5 m long x 1.80 m wide = 9.0 m2

Number of rows: 4 rows

Distance between rows: 0,90 m

Distance between plants = 0.20 m

Plants per row = 25 plants

19
 Plants per plot = 100 plants

Total population = 55,555 plants ha-1

4.1.6 Factors of study.

It is the combination of 2 localities of factor A and 8 hybrids of factor B with 4 replicates is

the result of 64 treatments.

4.2. DESCRIPTION OF OTHER DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES

4.2.1 Pre-Harvest Data

In each useful plot the following data were recorded:

1. Days to flowering (Male and Female)

The number of days between planting was recorded and the date when 50% plus one of the

plant panicles in the central rows emitted pollen.

2. Plant Height

Ten plants were taken at random in each useful plot and measured from ground level to the

insertion knot of the panicle, with a ruler graduated in centimeters.

3. Ear insertion height

The height of insertion of the ear was evaluated in centimeters measuring from the level of the

soil to the node of insertion of the main cob. For the recording of this data, the same ten plants

were considered in which the plant height was measured.

4. Root Root Rate

In order to determine the percentage of rootstock, plants with an inclination of 30 or more

were counted from the perpendicular at the base of the plant where the root zone begins.

20
5. Leaf diseases.

The severity of foliar diseases was evaluated at 72 days as follows:

Curvularia (Curvularia lunnata)

Leaf burn (Helminthosporium maydis)

Maize rust (Puccinia sorghi)

Red ribbon. (Spiroplasma kunkelli)

Physoderma (Physoderma maydis)

4.3. STATISTICAL AND TABLE INTERPRETATION

4.3.1 Experimental design.

For the execution in the field the complete block design was used at random, with four

replications and eight treatments.

All variables evaluated were subjected to analysis of variance and to the Tukey test P 0.05 to

establish the statistical difference between the means.

4.3.2 Establishment and Management of the Experiment

All the practices and agricultural work necessary for the proper development of the crop were

carried out so as to be able to correctly evaluate the treatments under study.

1. Soil Preparation

Two dredging passes were made in order to incorporate vegetal material to the soil and a

cleaning of stubble from the previous sowing, then the limitation with cuttings and labels,

dividing the plot area and its repetitions.

2. Sowing

21
Seed disinfection was carried out before sowing using Semevin (Thiodicarb) at a rate of 20 cc

/ kg seed.

3. Weed control

For weed control after sowing, 0.75 kg / ha-1 of Atrazine (Atrazine) and then 1.2 L / ha-1 of

Gramoxone (Paraquat) were applied between the streets, using a backpack sprayer with a flat

fan nozzle .

It was applied in post emergence at the 42 and 60 days of age of the crop, Gramoxone (Paraquat)

1 L / ha-1, in a directed form to the weeds that were located between the rows of the crop,

streets and around the boundaries of whole trial or experiment.

Manual weeding was also performed 30 and 60 days after sowing, in order to keep the crop free

of weeds.

4. Scraping

This work was carried out 10 days after sowing (dds), leaving in each site the healthy and more

vigorous plant.

5. Fertilization

Fertilization was handled with N, P, K; using UREA nitrogen source (46% N), with doses of

300 kg / ha, divided into three equal parts.

6. Insect control - pests

For insect pest control, 1 L / ha-1 (Piriclor) was applied applying 10, 18 and 31 dds, and in the

form of bait 25 kg of sand in mixture with Lambdacihalothrin (karate) 0.30 cc in 4.0 l of water

and applied to 42dds.

22
7. Harvesting

The harvest was done manually, collecting the ears of the area of each treatment, at 121 dds,

at which time it is assumed that the plant completed its vegetative cycle and the grains

reached the maximum accumulation of dry matter, after passing physiological maturity.

4.4. RESULTS, TABLES, GRAPHICS, DRAWINGS, FIGURES.

4.4.1 After harvest

1. Uniformity

At the time of harvest this parameter was recorded in ten cobs at random within the useful area

by the following scale:

Big

Good

Medium

Regular

Small

2. Ear length.

Of the total harvested ears in each useful plot, 10 ears were taken at random and then

individually measured in centimeters from the base to the apex.

3. Ear diameter

In the ten ears selected from the previous variable, a caliper or king's foot was used to determine

the diameter in the middle third of each ear.

23
4. Number of rows per ear

In the same ten ears of the previous variable (ear diameter), the number of rows of grains of

each ear was counted and its average

5. Weight of 1000 grains

In each of the treatments the weight of 1000 seeds, adjusted to 13% of humidity, was registered;

taking care that they are not affected by insect damage or diseases, weighing them in a precision

gram in grams.

6. Yield per hectare

The yield was determined by the weight of the grains coming from the useful plot, adjusted to

13% of humidity and transformed to t ha-1. To standardize the weight, the following formula

was used:

Where:

4.5. DISCUSION OF RESULTS

4.5.1 Days to Male, Female Flowering, Plant Height and Height of Insertion of

Mazorca.

In the Table, the averages of the number of days for male, female, plant height and ear insertion

are presented. According to the analysis of variance treatments showed high statistical

significance; with coefficients of variation being 1.48, 1.35, 3.55 and 5.83%, respectively

(Table 1, 2,3 and 4 of the Annex).

24
For the plant height variable the commercial hybrid AG - 003 showed the highest value with

2.49 m in statistical equality with the experimental hybrid (SM 45 x SSD 08) SV 39 with 2.48

m being statistically superior to the other hybrids both commercial and experimental.

Experimental hybrids (SM45 x SV35) SV39 obtained the lowest value with 2.18 and 2.23

respectively, higher than those shown by Freres () who, as average value, obtained 204.97 cm.

4.5.2 Incidence of foliar diseases Red Ribbon, Curvularia, Helminthosphorium,

Fisoderma and Roya.

In Table 5, the incidence rates of foliar diseases Red Ribbon, Curvularia, Helminthosphorium,

Fisoderma and Roya are presented in maize hybrids evaluated in two zones. According to the

analysis of variance performed, the treatments showed high statistical significance; with the

coefficients of variation 19.74, 15.24, 18.66, 17.08 and 18.66%, respectively (Table 5, 6, 7, 8

and 9 of the Annex).

In Helminthosphorium (Helminthosphorium maydis), the commercial hybrid INIAP H - 551

presented the highest incidence rate with an average of 1.94, being statistically superior to the

other hybrids that obtained averages of 1.25 and 1.75. The experimental hybrid (SM45 x

SSD08) SV39 presented the lowest average with 1.25 on the mentioned scale.

For the incidence of Roya (Puccinia sorghi) evaluated in scale 1 - 5. The commercial hybrid

INIAP H-551 (T) with 2.00 in the scale was statistically superior to the other hybrids with

averages between 1.13 and 1.63; (SM45 x SSD08) SV39 and (SM45 x SV15) SV39 and AG-

003 (T) with 1.13 each.

4.5.3 Diameter, Length, Number of Rows of Grain per Coke, Weight of One Thousand

Grains and Grain Yield per Hectare.

Table 6 shows the averages of diameter, length, number of rows per ear, weight of one thousand

grains and grain yield per hectare in maize hybrids.

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4.5.4 Genotype vs. Environment Interaction

In the analysis of combined variance for grain yield in the two assessment environments (Table

7), significant difference was found for sources of variation: interaction (genotype x

environment), indicating that genotypes respond differently to each one of the environments

evaluated. The value of the coefficient of variation (2.72%) is low, which suggests, according

to Reyes (1990), that the conduction of the experiments and the results obtained are reliable.

26
 CONCLUSIONS

The northern western town of Ethiopia had the highest averages of ear diameter and ear length,

while Retes had a better average weight of 1000 grains and grain yield.

Within the genotypes evaluated in the two environments through their values of stability

parameters, it was determined as the most stable, as a function of performance, the experimental

hybrid (SM45 x SV15) SV39.

The maize genotypes that stood out were (SM45 x SSD08) SV39; (SM45 x SV15) SV39.

The best environmental index and average yields were recorded for the town of Retes; and the

lowest environmental rates in the localities of Ethiopia.

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 RECOMMENDATIONS

To follow this type of study (genotype x environment interaction), in order to identify the best

response of the genotypes (SM45 x SSD08) x SV39-1, (SM45 x SV15) x SV39-1, (SM45 x

SV35) x SV39-1, (SV15 x SM45) x SV39-1, (SV15 x SSD08) x SV39-1, in different

environments and times, in order to guarantee the durability of the genotypes over time and

represent new options for farmers .

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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in maize (Zea mays) hybrids in the middle and low sin of the Department of Crdoba.

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AXTELL. J, 1999, Hetersis in Sorghum and Pearl Millet, Mexico, p. 375-384

BECK, D; VASAL, S. 1993. Our clients, their research capacities, and germplasm needs. In

R.N. Wedderburn, ed. International testing: evaluating and distributing maize gerplasm

products. CIMMYT Maize Program Special Mexico DF, MX, Report p 1-10.

CABASCANGO, R. 2011. Degree thesis, Evaluation of the agronomic behavior of five

promising triple hybrids of hard yellow maize (zea mays .l) and three commercial hybrids

during the rainy season in the Huando and Retes area. Technical university of Cotopaxi. Pp 1-

2.

CARBALLO, C .; Mrquez, S. 1970. Comparison of varieties of maize from the Bajo and the

Central table for its performance and stability. Agrociencias. 5 (1) 129-146.

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295

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DELGADO, J. and VERGARA, C. 2011. Degree thesis. Evaluation of the agronomic behavior

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FRERES, V. Thesis. Effects of organic, edaphic and foliar fertilization on agronomy and maize

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FUENTES, M. s.f. Development of yellow maize hybrids in Guatemala through different

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GONZLEZ, M. 2001. Interaction genotype x environment in proteinaceous pea (Pisum

sativum L.). Doctoral thesis. University of Valladolid. Department of Plant Production.

Palencia. 40p.

GORDON, R; CAMARGO, I; FRANCO, J; GONZLES, A. 2006. Adaptability and Stability

Assessment of 14 Maize Hybrids, Azuero, Panama. Mesoamerican Agronomy. 17 (2): 189-199

p.

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Spain. 1-10 p.

30
ANNEXES

31
32
33
34
 MATRIX OF CONSISTENCY

General problem General objective General hypothesis Variable X1: Indicators Population:

How can the behavior, To determine the At Huando and Retes, The behavior, Adaptability Retes and Huando
adaptability and behavior, adaptability at least one of the adaptability and
management of and management of promising maize management of Behavior Sample:
promising triple promising triple corn hybrids adapts to the promising triple hybrids Genetic 10 000m2 each
hybrids of maize lead hybrids that lead to agro climatic conditions of maize crossing locality
to improved improved profitability of of the yield zones to the
profitability of producers. commercial hybrids Dimensions: Gross Level of research:
producers? cultivated in them. Genetic variability of margin
Specific objectives experimental
Maize Operating
Specific problems Specific Hypotheses Kind of
To determine the result
How do promising genotype environment None of the promising Seeds investigation:
maize hybrids interact interaction of promising maize hybrids is well Types of triple hybrids Net income
Basic
genotypic ally in the maize hybrids. adapted to agro climatic Net profit
environment? conditions. Method of
To evaluate the grain investigation:
How are the grain characteristics of the They do not outperform Variable X2:
characteristics of the experimental hybrids commercial hybrids Improves profitability Comparative
experimental hybrids obtained from simple grown in the Huaral- of producers Design: Non-
obtained evaluated crosses. retes zones
experimental cross-
from simple crosses? Dimensions:
Carry out environmental sectional type
How to analyze the analyzes of the Producer Performance
Instruments:
environments of the localities.
Production system
localities? Rule graduated in
centimeters

35