1

)( Pa

Boyle
"

"
P /1 a V
/ P =V = PV
= P1 V1 = P2 V2
2
isotherms
.

P PV

P V

.

:
n/1 aT
= T. n / n =T
3

Charls - Gay Lussac
"
"
T a V = V / T
= V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
-
C 273.15
.

V
4
C t , 0.0 - 273.15


.
Amonton

:
Ta P = P / T
= P1/T1 = P2/T2

Avogadro



 5


naV = V / n
= V1 / n1 = V2 / n2


na P = P / n
= P2 / n2 = P1 / n1

P aV /1 ) (
T aV ) (
:
6
= PV / T V a (1 / P) x T
= P1 V1 / T1 = P2 V2 / T2

) ( T3 >T2 > T1

P
T3
T2
T1

n :
-1 ) ( V a n
7
-2 ( P) an
- 3 /1 T) a (n
PV/T n
PV / T n x n= a PV/T
T x n x = PV
PV = R n T

.
R

R
:
8
P =1 atm T =273 K n
1mol V=22.414
:
PV
R
nT
1 atm .22.414
R
1mol . 273 K
R = 0.082 atm. .mol-1.K-1
:
1atm =101325 Pa ,1 = 10-3m3
R:
101325Pa x 22.414x10-3m3
mol x 273K 1
R = 8.314 Pa.m3.mol-1.K-1
= N.m-2.m3.mol-1.K-1 8.314
R = 8.314 J.mol-1.K-1
9
R = 1.99Cal.mol-1.K-1
1Pa = 1 N.m-2 & 1J= 1N.m
Cal J 4.18

) (d
.
PV = n RT
PV =( m/M)RT
m ) M (
m PM
d
V RT
d g . -1

:
10
-1


.
-2

.
-3


.
-4
.
11
-5

.

PV = N m
2
u
m u
2

. N
N = n NA

12

K
= m K u
2


:
K.E = 3 / 2 R T
C.. K.E =3720 J.mol-1 25

J 6.17 x 10-21 NA = K.E = K

2 3RT
u
M
13
R J 8.314
K-1 mol-1 T
K M
kg mol-1
m
s-1
C 100 C 25
m s-1 m s-1
Hg 370 180
HI 450 220
O2 910 440
H2 1770 3660



14
) (T
).(M

298K

1500K

ms-1

)298,1500
(K
-1
15




.
-2
) ( u



-3
.
16

"

" .
) r
( :
1 1
r r
M D

1
2 :
r1 D2 M2

r2 D1 M1 r1
r1
r2
17
r2
D2 , D1
M1 , M2
.

"
".
Pt
...+ Pt = P1 +P2 +P3 :

P3 P2 P1 2 1
3 .
P1 = X 1 . Pt
P2 = X 2 . Pt
18

)CH4(0C
)H2(0C
)CH4(200C
)CO2(40C
Z

P

PV/nRT )
( Compressibility Factor Z
P
Z

19

.


.

Vander
Walls
-1

Vmeas PV = nRT

20
) (nb

) : ( Videal
Vmeas. = Videal + nb
) ( b


n
:
Videal = Vmeas nb
-2
.
21
Pideal
Pmeas


P
Pideal = Pmeas + P
P

n

V

a
.
n2
P a
V2
22

Vander Walls
n2
(Pmeas a )(Vmeas. bn) nRT
V2
b , a

.

:
.
.


23




.

CO2

o
C
20 56.5
10 44.4
10- 26.1
50- 6.7
24