REPRODUCTION AND GENETICS

Success criteria I can

HUMAN REPRODUCTION

Label the parts of the human reproductive system

Set up a table to describe the function of each part (2 example2 have been done for you)..

structure Function/female Function/male

Uterus Site of the growth of the baby
Cervix Helps hold the baby
Oviduct Egg cells travel down the oviduct to
the uterus
Ovaries Egg cells are released from the
ovaries
Vagina Takes the penis in/ Entrance for the
penis
Penis Becomes erect to deliver sperm
Sperm duct The sperm pass through the sperm ducts, and mix
with fluids produced by the glands.
Testes Produce sperm
Epididymis Stores sperm and transporte it into the testes
Scrotum Protects the testes
Seminal vesicle Holds liquid that mixes with sperm to form semen
Prostate gland Add special liquids to the sperm to make semen

Name the male and female gamete. Sperm and ova

Define fertilisation. The fusing of n
uclei
What is a zygote? Single cell that divides
The zygote develops to form an embryo and then a foetus. Give a brief description to differentiate between the
zygote, embryo and foetus. Zygote is when the sperm and egg first meet, and they make new cells by dividing and
they quickly grow larger. An embryo is when the baby produces lungs and a heart. The foetus is when the baby
starts to make other body parts
Label the parts of the foetus and describe the function of the parts you have labelled.
VARIATION
Define variation
Name the 2 factors which bring about variation.
Describe and give 2 examples of either/or variation.
Describe and give 2 examples of continuous variation.
STRUCTURE OF DNA

Look at
Look at the diagram above and fill in the blanks: Thread like strands called ____Chromosomes_______ are
found in the nucleus of a cell. Chromosomes are made up of tightly coiled structures called __DNA____ . DNA
is described as a double ___helix___ because it is double stranded and tightly coiled. A length of DNA which
codes for a particular trait or characteristic is called a ____gene____ .

DNA STRUCTURE
Look at the diagram below and describe the structure of DNA
DNA is made up of six smaller molecules -- a five carbon sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate
molecule and four different nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine).
 Explain what a human genome is.
A human genome is used to code what you are and explain what you are using a,t and g,c

Why is it important that DNA makes exact copies of itself?

CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

 Complete the table below to state the differences between mitosis and meiosis.
MITOSIS
One cell divides to form 2 new cells
Important for growth and repair in
the body
New cells have same number of
chromosomes as parent cell
No new variation in cells
Takes place around the body
MEIOSIS
One cell divides to form 4 daughter
cells
Important for the formation of sex
cells- egg and sperm cells
New cells have half the number of
chromosomes as parent cells
There is variation in the new ( (sex)
cells formed.
Takes place only in the sex organs.

Explain why it is important that the number of chromosomes gets halved during meiosis.
Meiosis is a specialized form of cell division that occurs in your gametes, or sex cells in egg and sperm cells. In
order for humans to be diploid (contain 2n chromosomes), the gametes that form a fertilized cell must be haploid
(contain n chromosomes). That way, when a sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting zygote produced will have 2n
chromosomes.

GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE

Explain why normal body cells have 2 genes controlling each characteristic. because we get 1 from mum and 1
from dad
Why do gametes have only one gene for each characteristic. they are haploid
Give a definition for the following:
Dominant genes is something that will appear in the offspring eg Bb-B is dominant gene
Recessive genes is a person's gene that doesnt appear in their parents eg. Bb-b is recessive gene
Genotype is a makeup of a cell that determines a specific characteristic- the letters Bb, Hh
Phenotype is a specific characteristic eg. Brown eyes, Dark hair

PUNNET SQUARES

Punnet squares can be used to show how genes are inherited and predict the outcome of the offspring.
If black fur is dominant over white fur in rabbits, use a punnet square to show the possible phenotypes and
genotypes of the following cross: A male rabbit homozygous for black fur crossed with a white furred female.
Would any of their offspring have white fur? Nope

F F

f Ff Ff

f Ff Ff

MUTATIONS
What is a mutation? A `spelling` mistake that alters the message carried by a gene
List 3 causes of mutations. Accidental damage, Radiation and Chemicals
Mutations can be silent (not noticed), harmful or useful.
Give one example of how a mutation can be harmful.-----------Sickle cell anaemia is a change in DNA and
changes the structure and function of a normal hemoglobin----------
Give one example of how mutations could be useful. -------------Natural selection, the ones who are stronger
will live, survival of the fittest.------------

Explain the meaning of scientific theory A scientific theory is a well-sustained explanation of some aspect of
the natural world that is acquired through the scientific method and repeatedly tested and confirmed through
observation and experimentation
Discuss evidence that supports the theory of evolution Organisms produce more offspring than the ones that
can survive
Explain selective breeding and give examples Selective breeding is the process of which a species with
favourable characteristics will breed selectively to make more favourable outcomes by choosing who they
want to have offspring with
Discuss Darwins idea of evolution by natural selection the process whereby organisms better adapted to
their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
Explain the importance of variation as a key feature of natural selection Variation is important in natural
selection because it can only increase or decrease the frequency of alleles that already exist in the population
Explain that evolution led to diversification of species like a tree, not a ladder
Define the term fitness in the context of natural selection Fitness in the context of natural selection is to
determine how good an animal is when they leave offspring. Such as a thick fur coat in the ice age. It is
basically about the chance of survival in the area they are in

Use the picture above to discuss the theory of evolution and how it depends on variation and natural
selection.
This gives variation and natural selection because the short giraffe cant eat the leaves and then the
giraffe dies
What do we mean by fitness in the context of selection?

Explain at least 3 types of evidence that support the theory of evolution.

1. Species share similarities that show signs of common ancestry
2. THERE ARE PROGRESSIONS OF SPECIES CHANGING OVER TIME.
3. SPECIES HAVE TRAITS THAT ARE THE REMNANTS OF PAST GENERATIONS.
4.

Name:___________________________
Date:_________________