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Geology of El Misti volcano near the city of Arequipa,

Peru
Jean-Claude Thouret, Anthony Finizola, Michel Fornari, Annick
Legeley-Padovani, Jaime Suni, Manfred Frechen

To cite this version:


Jean-Claude Thouret, Anthony Finizola, Michel Fornari, Annick Legeley-Padovani, Jaime Suni,
et al.. Geology of El Misti volcano near the city of Arequipa, Peru. Geological Society of
America Bulletin, Geological Society of America, 2001, 113 (12), pp.1593-1610. <10.1130/0016-
7606(2001)1132.0.CO;2>. <hal-01306973>

HAL Id: hal-01306973


http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01306973
Submitted on 19 May 2017

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