FORMULA SHEET

USEFUL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

sin 2 cos 2 1
sin 2 1 cos 2 OR cos 2 1 sin 2
tan 2 1 sec 2
cot 2 1 csc 2
sin 2 A 2 sin A cos A
cos 2 A cos 2 A sin 2 A 2 cos 2 A 1 1 2 sin 2 A
2 tan A
tan 2 A
1 tan 2 A
1
sin 2 (1 cos 2 )
2
1
cos 2 (1 cos 2 )
2

INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

sin udu cos u C
cos udu sin u C
tan udu ln cos u C ln sec u C
csc udu ln(csc u cot u) C
sec udu ln(sec u tan u) C
cot udu ln sin u C
sec udu tan u C
2

csc udu cot u C

2

sec u tan udu sec u C

csc u cot udu csc u C
REDUCTION OF ORDER

y p( x) y q( x) y 0

e
1 Pdx
u 2
y1
y 2 y1 udx

Page 1 of 3
The University of Trinidad & Tobago
Final Examinations
(MATH)
VARIATION OF PARAMETERS

y p( x) y q( x) y r ( x)
y2 r yr
y p y1 d x y 2 1 dx
W W
W y1 y2 y2 y1

TABLEOF LAPLACETRANSFORMS
(b). Lt n
1 n!
(a). L {1} , n 1,2,3...
s s n 1
(c). Le at (d). L1 e at
1 a
sa s( s a)
(e). Lcos at (f). Lsin at 2 2
s a
s a2
2
s a
a2 a3
(g). L1 cos at (h). Lat sin at 2 2 2
s( s 2 a 2 ) s (s a )
ba s ( a b)
(i). Le at e bt
(j). L ae at be bt
( s a)( s b) ( s a)( s b)
(k). Lte at
1
(l). Lt n 1e at
n 1!
s a 2 s a n
sb
(m). Le at (1 at ) (n). L[(b a)t 1]e at
s
( s a) 2 ( s a) 2
2a 3
(o). Lsin at at cos at (p). Lt sin at
2as
(s 2 a 2 ) 2 (s a 2 ) 2
2

2as 2 s2 a2
(q). Lsin at at cos at (r). Lt cos at
(s 2 a 2 ) 2 (s 2 a 2 ) 2
sa
(s). Le at sin bt (t). Le at cos bt
b
( s a) b
2 2
( s a) 2 b 2

(u). Lsinh kt 2 2 (v). Lcosh kt 2 2

k s
s k s k
(w). L f (t ) sF (s) f (0) (x). L f (t ) s F (s) sf (0) f (0)
2

(y). L f ( n) (t ) s n F (s) s n1 f (0) s n2 f (0)... sf ( n2) (0) f ( n1) (0)


1
e
t
(z). L 0 f ( )d F ( s ) whereF(s) = L{f(t)} = st
f (t )dt
s t 0

e as
Lu(t a ) L (t a ) e as
s

Page 2 of 3
The University of Trinidad & Tobago
Final Examinations
(MATH)
 CONVOLUTION THEOREM: L f * g (t ) F (s) G(s)
t
And f * g (t ) f (t u ) g (u )du g * f (t )
0

FIRST SHIFTING THEOREM

L e at f (t ) F (s a)

SECONDSHIFTING THEOREM
L{u(t-a) f (t-a)} e -as L{ f (t )}

DIFFERENTIATION OF TRANSFORMS
L{tf (t )} F ( s )

INTEGRATION OF TRANSFORMS

f (t )
F ( s ) ds
L ~ ~
t s

Page 3 of 3
The University of Trinidad & Tobago
Final Examinations
(MATH)