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Waveguides and Cavity Resonator
Waveguides and Cavity Resonator
Waveguides
A. Nassiri
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 1
Waveguides
Waveguides are used to transfer electromagnetic power efficiently from one point
in space to another.
Two-wire line
Microstrip line
Coaxial line y
x
z
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 2
Waveguides
In practice, the choice of structure is dictated by: (a) the desired operating frequency
band, (b) the amount of power to be transferred, and (c) the amount of transmission
losses that can be tolerated.
Coaxial cables are widely used to connect RF components. Their operation is practical
for frequencies below 3 GHz. Above that the losses are too excessive. For example, the
attenuation might be 3 dB per 100 m at 100 MHz, but 10 dB/100 m at 1 GHz, and 50
dB/100 m at 10 GHz. Their power rating is typically of the order of one kilowatt at 100
MHz, but only 200 W at 2 GHz, being limited primarily because of the heating of the
coaxial conductors and of the dielectric between the conductors (dielectric voltage
breakdown is usually a secondary factor.)
Another issue is the single-mode operation of the line. At higher frequencies, in order to
prevent higher modes from being launched, the diameters of the coaxial conductors
must be reduced, diminishing the amount of power that can be transmitted. Two-wire
lines are not used at microwave frequencies because they are not shielded and can
radiate. One typical use is for connecting indoor antennas to TV sets. Microstrip lines
are used widely in microwave integrated circuits.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 3
Waveguides
In a waveguide system, we are looking for solutions of Maxwells equations that are
propagating along the guiding direction (the z direction) and are confined in the near
vicinity of the guiding structure. Thus, the electric and magnetic fields are assumed to
have the form:
E (x , y , z ;t ) = E (x , y )e jt jz
H (x , y , z ;t ) = H (x , y )e jt jz
Where is the propagation wave number along the guide direction. The
corresponding wavelength, called the guide wavelength, is denoted by g=2/ .
The precise relationship between and depends on the type of waveguide structure
and the particular propagating mode. Because the fields are confined in the
transverse directions (the x, y directions,) they cannot be uniform (except in very
simple structures) and will have a non-trivial dependence on the transverse
coordinates x and y. Next, we derive the equations for the phasor amplitudes E (x, y)
and H (x, y).
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 4
Waveguides
Because of the preferential role played by the guiding direction z, it proves convenient to
decompose Maxwells equations into components that are longitudinal, that is, along the z-
direction, and components that are transverse, along the x, y directions. Thus, we decompose:
E (x , y ) = xE x (x , y ) + yE y (x , y ) + zE z (x , y ) ET (x , y ) + zE z (x , y )
transverse longitudinal
E = jH (T jz ) (ET + zE z ) = j(H T + zH z )
H = jE (T jz ) (H T + zH z ) = j(ET + zE z )
E = 0 (T jz ) (ET + zE z ) = 0
H = 0 (T jz ) (H T + zH z ) = 0
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 5
Transverse and Longitudinal Components
2 2
(
E = xy + z E
2
)
2 2
= xy + 2 E
z
(
= xy + E
2 2
)
The wave equations E+ +k
2
xy
2 2
( ) E= 0
become now
xy H + 2 + k 2
2
( ) H= 0
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 6
Solution strategy
The first step can be carried out directly from the two curl
equations from the original Maxwells eqns. Writing these out:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 7
First step
E z H z
+ E y = jH x (1) + H y = jE x (4 )
y y
E z H z
E x = jH y (2 ) H x = jE y (5)
x x
E y E x H y H x
+ = jH z (3) + = jE z (6 )
x y x y
All
replaced by -. All fields are functions of x and y only.
z
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 8
Result
longitudinal transverse
1 H z E z
H x = j
kc x
2 y
where k c2 = 2 + k 2
kc is an eigenvalue
(to be discussed)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 9
The other components
1 H z E z
H x = 2 j
kc x y So find solutions for
Ez and Hz and then use
1 H z E z these 4 eqns to find all
H y = 2 + j the transverse components
kc y x
1 E z H z
E x = 2 + j
kc x y We only need to find
Ez and Hz now!
1 E z H z
E y = 2 j
kc y x
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 10
Wave type classification
TEM: Ez = 0 Hz = 0
TE: Ez = 0 Hz 0
TM Ez 0 Hz = 0
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 11
The TE modes of a parallel plate wave guide are preserved if
perfectly conducting walls are added perpendicularly to the electric
field.
E The added metal plate does not
disturb normal electric field and
H tangent magnetic field.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 12
TM waves (Hz=0)
xy E z + + k E z = 0
2
( 2 2
) j E z
Hx = 2
kc y
j E z
Longitudinal: 2nd order PDE for Hy = 2
Ez. we defer solution until we have
kc x
defined a geometry plus b/c. E z
Ex =
k 2
c x
Transverse solutions once
E z
Ez is found Ey =
kc2 y
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 13
Further Simplification
Et = 2
xy E z
k c
Ex Ey
Z TM = = =
Hy H x j
z E
H=
Z TM
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 14
Eigenvalues
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 15
We have the following propagation vector components for the modes
in a rectangular wave guide
2 = 2 = x2 + 2y + z2
m n
x = ; y =
a a
2 2
2 2
z = = = 2 x2 2y
2
z
g
2 2
m n
z =
2 2
a a
At the cut-off, we have
2 2
m n
z = 0 = (2f c )
2 2
a a
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 16
Operating bandwidth
All waveguide systems are operated in a frequency range that ensures that only the lowest
mode can propagate. If several modes can propagate simultaneously, one has no control
over which modes will actually be carrying the transmitted signal. This may cause undue
amounts of dispersion, distortion, and erratic operation.
A mode with cutoff frequency c will propagate only if its frequency is c, or <
c. If < c, the wave will attenuate exponentially along the guide direction. This
follows from the , relationship
2 c2
2 = c2 + 2c 2 2 =
c2
If c, the wavenumber is real-valued and the wave will propagate. But if < c,
becomes imaginary, say, = -j, and the wave will attenuate in the z-direction, with
a penetration depth = 1/:
j z z
e =e
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 17
Operating bandwidth
If the frequency is greater than the cutoff frequencies of several modes, then all of
these modes can propagate. Conversely, if is less than all cutoff frequencies, then
none of the modes can propagate.
If we arrange the cutoff frequencies in increasing order, c1< c2 <c3 < , then, to
ensure single-mode operation, the frequency must be restricted to the interval c1
<<c2, so that only the lowest mode will propagate. This interval defines the
operating bandwidth of the guide.
This applies to all waveguide systems, not just hollow conducting waveguides. For
example, in coaxial cables the lowest mode is the TEM mode having no cutoff
frequency, c1 = 0. However, TE and TM modes with non-zero cutoff frequencies do
exist and place an upper limit on the usable bandwidth of the TEM mode. Similarly, in
optical fibers, the lowest mode has no cutoff, and the single-mode bandwidth is
determined by the next cutoff frequency.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 18
The cut-off frequencies for all modes are
2 2
1 m n
fc = +
2 a a
With cut-off wavelengths
2
c =
2 2
m n
+
a a
With indices
TE modes m=0,1,2,3, TM modes m=1,2,3,
n=0,1,2,3, n=1,2,3,
(but m=n=0 not allowed)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 19
Cut-off
kc Cut-off
Or fc =
2 frequency
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 20
Write in terms of fc
2 2
k f 2
= kc = kc 2 c = kc 1 2
2 2 2
c fc
2 = kc2 k 2
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 21
Conditions for Propagation
1 f > fc is imaginary
with = j = j k 2 kc2
kc2
This says now that = jk 1 2
k
becomes j with
f c2
= k k 2 2
c = jk 1 2
this is a special case of
the result in the previous slide
f
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 22
Different wavelengths
2
g = = > This is the free space
f c2 wavelength
g for guide 1 2
f The free space
wavelength may
be written alternatively
Now if we introduce a cut-off wavelength 2
=
=v/fc where v is the corresponding velocity k
(=c, in air) in an unbounded 1 1 1
medium. We can derive: = 2 + 2
2
g c
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 23
Different wavelengths
2
g = = > This is the free space
f c2 wavelength
g for guide 1 2
f The free space
wavelength may
be written alternatively
Now if we introduce a cut-off wavelength 2
=
=v/fc where v is the corresponding velocity k
(=c, in air) in an unbounded 1 1 1
medium. We can derive: = 2 + 2
2
g c
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 24
Dispersion in waveguides
v g
vp = = = v>v
f 2
1 c
2 This can be > c!
f
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 25
Group velocity
1 f c2
vg = = v 1 2 = v<v
f g
So the group velocity is always less than in an unbounded
medium. And if the medium is free space then vgvp=v2=c2
which is also as previously discussed. Finally, recall that
the energy transport velocity is the group velocity.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 26
Dispersion in waveguides
v g
vp = = = v>v
f 2
1 c
2 This can be > c!
f
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 27
Wave Impedance
f c2
1 2 For f>fc Then the impedance is
f real and less than the surrounding
medium dielectric
In particular:
The factor k/ can be
f c2 shown to be:
k 1 2
f f c2 0
= = Z TM = 1 2 = = 377 (if air)
j f
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 28
Evanescent waves
2 f < fc is real
kc2 f c2
with = = k 1 2 = k 1 2
k f
We conclude that the propagation is of the form e-z i.e.
the wave is attenuating or is evanescent as it propagates in
the +z direction. This is happening for frequencies below
the cut-off frequency. At f=fc the wave is said to be cut-off.
Finally, note that there is no loss mechanism contributing
to the attenuation.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 29
Impedance for evanescent waves
f2
kc
Z TM =j 1 2
fc
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 30
TE Waves
j
Z TE = =
f c2
1 2
f
( )
E = Z TE z H
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 31
Dispersion
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 32
Wave Impedance
Normalized ZTE/
wave impedance
1
Z (ohms)
Evanescent
here ZTM/
1
f/fc
Normalized frequency
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 33
Dispersion for Waveguide
Propagating TE and TM modes
TEM
slope=/
c
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 34
Rectangular waveguide
b
, a
X
a
b
Assume perfectly conducting walls and perfect dielectric filling the wave guide.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 35
TM waves
E z (x, y ) = X (x )Y ( y )
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 36
Possible Solutions
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 37
Boundary conditions
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 38
Final solution
kc =
2
+ values of kc -eigenvalues!
a b
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 39
Mode numbers (m,n)
The m,n numbers will give different solutions for Ez (as well as
all the other transverse components. Each m,n combination will
correspond to a mode which will satisfy all boundary and wave
equations. Notice how the modes depend on the geometry (a,b)!
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 40
From previous formulas, we have directly upon using the value kc
2 2
1 m n
fc = +
2 a b
2 Note this!
c =
2 2
m n
+
a b
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 41
TE Modes
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 42
TEmn Results
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 43
View of TE10 mode for waveguide.
H field
E field
TE10
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 44
For mono-mode (or single-mode) operation, only the fundamental TE10 mode
should be propagating over the frequency band of interest.
1
f c (TE 01 ) =
2b
1
f c (TE 20 ) = = 2 f c (TE10 )
a
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 45
a 1
If b = f c (TE 01 ) = f c (TE 20 ) = 2 f c (TE10 ) =
2 a
Mono-mode Bandwidth
0 fc(TE10) fc(TE20) f
a
If a > b > f c (TE10 ) < f c (TE 01 ) < f c (TE 20 )
2
Mono-mode Bandwidth
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 46
a
If b < f c (TE 20 ) < f c (TE 01 )
2 Mono-mode Bandwidth
Useful Bandwidth
0 f (TE ) f
fc(TE10) fc(TE20) c 01
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 47
If a=b (square wave guide) f c (TE10 ) = f c (TE 20 )
0 fc(TE10) fc(TE20) f
fc(TE01)
fc(TE02)
In the case of perfectly square wave guide, TEm0 and TE0n
modes with m=n are are degenerate with the same cut-off
frequency.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 48
Example Design an air-filled rectangular wave guide for the following
operation conditions:
a. 10 GHz in the middle of the frequency band (single mode operation)
b. b=a/2
The fundamental mode is the TE10 with cut-off frequency
1 c 3 10 m / sec
8
f c (TE10 ) = = Hz
2a 2a 2a
For b=a/2, TE01 and TE20 have the same cut-off frequency
1 c c 2 c 3 108 m / sec
f c (TE 01 ) = = = = Hz
2b 2b 2 a a a
1 c 3 108 m / sec
f c (TE 20 ) = = Hz
a a a
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 49
The operation frequency can be expressed in terms of the cut-off frequencies
f c (TE10 ) f c (TE 01 )
f = f c (TE10 ) +
2
f c (TE10 ) + f c (TE 01 )
= = 10.0GHz
2
1 3 108
3 108
10.0 109 = +
2 2a a
a
a = 2.25cm b = = 1.125cm
2
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 50
An example
m n
2 2
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 51
An example
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 52
An example
It is not good to operate too close to cut-off for the reason that
the wall losses increases very quickly as the frequency approaches
cut-off. A good guideline is to operate between 1.25fc and 1.9fc.
This then would restrict the single mode operation to 8.2 to 12.5
GHz.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 53
An example
2
9.84
( )20 = 274.86
1 = 181.8 (Real)
13.12
So = 181.8 Np / m
or in dB 181.8 x 8.7 = 1581 dB/m ie. TE 20 is very strongly evanescent.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 54
Field Patterns
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 55
The simple arrangement below can be used to excite TE10 in a
rectangular wave guide.
Closed end
TE01
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 56
Waveguide Cavity Resonator
m
x = d
a
n
y =
b a
p
z =
d
b
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 57
Waveguide Cavity Resonator
2 2 2
1 m n p
fc = + +
2 a b d
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 58
Waveguide Cavity Resonator
In the wave guide, each mode is In the resonator, resonant modes can
associated with a band of frequencies only exist in correspondence of discrete
larger the cut-off frequency. resonance frequencies.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 59
Waveguide Cavity Resonator
TEmnp TMmnp
The values of the index corresponds to periodicity (number of sine or
cosine waves) in three direction. Using z-direction as the reference for
the definition of transverse electric or magnetic fields, the allowed
indices are
m = 0 ,1,2 ,3,... m = 0 ,1,2 ,3,...
TE n = 0 ,1,2 ,3,... TM n = 0 ,1,2 ,3,...
p = 0 ,1,2 ,3,... p = 0 ,1,2 ,3,...
With only one zero index m or n allowed
The mode with lowest resonance frequency is called dominant mode. In case
a d>b the dominant mode is the TE101.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 60
Waveguide Cavity Resonator
m n p
E x = Ex cos x sin y sin z
a b d
m n p
Ey = E y sin x cos y sin z
a b d
m n p
Ey = Ez sin x sin y cos z
a b d
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 61
Waveguide Cavity Resonator
The amplitudes of the electric field components also must satisfy the
divergence condition which, in absence of charge is
m n p
E = 0 E x + E y + E z = 0
a b d
The magnetic field intensities are obtained from Amperes law:
z E y y E z m n p
Hx = sin x cos y cos z
j a b d
x E z z E x m n p
Hy = cos x sin y cos z
j a b d
y E x x E y m n p
Hz = cos x cos y sin z
j a b d
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 62
Waveguide Cavity Resonator
Similar considerations for modes and indices can be made if the other axes
are used as a reference for the transverse field, leading to analogous
resonant field configurations.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 63
Waveguide Cavity Resonator
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 64
Waveguides
Here are some standard air-filled rectangular waveguides with their naming
designations, inner side dimensions a, b in inches, cutoff frequencies in GHz,
minimum and maximum recommended operating frequencies in GHz, power
ratings, and attenuations in dB/m (the power ratings and attenuations are
representative over each operating band.) We have chosen one example from
each microwave band.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 65