Department of Physics and Astrophysics

M.Sc.(F) Physics (3rd Semester)

Advanced Solid State Physics Lab

Reflex Klystron

Faculty :- Presented by :-
Prof. S. Annapoorni Neeru Adhikari
Dr. A. K. Mahapatro Darshana Meena
Dinesh Singh Mahera
Aim :-

1) To determine the repeller mode characteristics.

2) To determine the wavelength of the microwave using the

transmission in waveguide.
Reflex Klystron :-
Used to generate microwave.
Uses only a single microwave cavity.

Principle :-
It works on the principle of velocity
modulation.
Mechanism of Oscillation

• Due to noise, RF voltage is induced in the cavity.

• Electrons passing through the cavity gap experience this RF

field and are velocity modulated.

• These electrons then return to the cavity in bunches.

• Velocity Modulation :-

• The reference electron pass

through the cavity without any
change in their velocities.

• The velocity of early electrons

is increased.

• The velocity of late electrons is

decreased.
• The repeller distance L and the voltages can be adjusted to receive
all the voltage-modulated electrons at a same time on the positive
peak of the cavity RF cycle.

• Thus the velocity modulated electrons are bunched together and

lose their kinetic energy when they encounter the positive cycle of
the cavity R field.
• This loss of energy is thus transferred to the cavity to
conserve the total power.

• If the power delivered by the bunched electrons to the

cavity is greater than the power loss in the cavity, the
electromagnetic field amplitude at the resonant frequency
of the cavity will increase to produce microwave
oscillations.
Modes of Oscillation :-

• If T is the time period at the resonant

Frequency, t0 is the time taken by the reference electron to travel
in the repeller space between entering the repeller space at b and
the returning to the cavity at positive peak voltage on formation
of the bunch,

then t0 = (n + ¾) T = NT

where N = n + 3/4, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . .
Modes of Oscillation

• Thus by adjusting repeller

voltage, the bunching can be
made to occur at N = n + 3/4
positive half cycle.

• Accordingly the mode of

oscillation is named as N =
¾, 1 ¾,2 ¾ etc., for modes n
= 0, 1, 2, 3, . . ., respectively.
1) To find the mode characteristics of Reflex Klystron:-

• The power output for different modes of oscillation for reflex klystron
versus repeller voltage is plotted.

• The power output decreases as the modes of oscillation increases

because of debunching of electrons in repeller space.
Repeller Mode characteristics
2.) Setup to measure the wavelength and frequency of microwave produced
Procedure :-
• Adjust the position of the standing wave detector along the
waveguide until there is a signal on the oscilloscope.

• Tune the RV knob to maximize the signal amplitude. The signal is

a straight line on the display.

• Move the probe along the line and record the position of the probe
at two consecutive minima.

• The waveguide wavelength λg is twice the distance between the

minima.
Formula Used :-
The wavelength that corresponds to the cutoff frequency is

The wavelength propagating in the waveguide is not the free space wavelength λ0 but the
waveguide wavelength λg given by

Frequency,
Thank you.