ADVANCED SOLID STATE

PHYSICS
LAB
PRESENTATION BY : LAKSHAY
BHARDWAJ
ROLL NO :19056762018
COLLEGE :RAMJAS COLLEGE

AIM- To Determine the Coercive Field (Hc),

Saturation Magnetization (Ms) and Remanence
field (Hr) of Nickel Pallets and Iron film. By
Studying Hysteresis Curve Using VSM (Vibrating
Sample Magnetometer)
VIBRATING SAMPLE
MAGNETOMETER

 A vibrating sample
magnetometer(VSM) operates
on Faradays Law of induction,
which tells us that a changing
magnetic field will produce an
electric field this electric field
can be measured and can tell us
information about changing
magnetic field. A VSM is used
to measure the magnetic
behavior of magnetic materials.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

 1. Loudspeaker transducer
 2. Conical paper cup

 3. Drinking straw

 4. Permanent magnetic
material sample
 5 Reference coil

 6. Sample

 7. Sample Coils

 8. Magnetic poles

 9. Metal container to allow

evacuation
 DEFINITIONS

Hysteresis
 The hysteresis curve represents the
relation between magnetic field induction B
(or intensity of magnetization M) of a
ferromagnetic material with magnetizing force
or magnetic intensity H.
Retentivity(Mr)
 •Value of magnetic induction B left in specimen when magnetic field is reduced to zero is called
Retentivity of the material.

Coercivity(Hc)
 •In order to reduce remanence of material we have to apply magnetic force in opposite direction. This value
of magnetizing force is called coercivity of material.
Saturation Magnetization(Ms)
When we increase the magnetic field intensity than the magnetic induction is increasing, at certain point it
becomes saturate. This is called magnetic saturation.
 HYSTERESIS CURVE FOR NICKEL
PALLETS
“M(EMU)” VS “H(GAUSS)”
5

3
M(emu)
2

0
-2300 -1900 -1500 -1100 -700 -300 100 500 900 1300 1700 2100

-1
H (Gauss ) 
-2

-3

-4

-5
 HYSTERESIS CURVE FOR NICKEL
PALLETS
“M(EMU/GM)” VS “H(GAUSS)”
60

50

40

M(emu/gm) 30

20
Retentivity
10

0
-2300 -2050 -1800 -1550 -1300 -1050 -800 -550 -300 -50 200 450 700 950 1200 1450 1700 1950 2200
-10
H(Gauss) 
-20

-30

-40

-50

-60
Retentivity = 7 emu/gm
=7 Ampere m^2/Kg
 dM/dH Vs H Curve for Nickel Pallets
(Peak Determines
Coercivity)

0.25

0.2
dM/dH

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
-700 -500 -300
Coercivity -100 100 300 500 700
H(Gauss) 
Hc=100 Gauss
Hysteresis Curve for Iron film
M(emu) Vs H(Gauss)
0

0
M(emu)
0
-2 -1 -1 - 0 1 1 2
H(Gauss)
0

0
Hysteresis Curve for Iron film
M(emu/cc) Vs H(Gauss)

500
Retentivity
M(emu/cc)
0
-2 -1 -1 - 0 1 1 2
H(Gauss) 

-
Retentivity = 1000 emu/cc
=1 Ampere Meter^2/cc
 dM/dH Vs H Curve For Iron (Peak
Determines Coercivity)
0.8
Coercivity
0.7 Hc=10000 Gauss

0.6

0.5

0.4
dM/dH
0.3

0.2

0.1

0
-15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000
-0.1
H(Gauss)
Saturation Magnetization(Ms)
60
Ms
58

For Nickel 56

54
M(emu/gm)
52

50
3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

Ms=56.64 emu/gm H (Gauss)

1300 Ms
1100

900

For Iron
700

500
M(emu/cc)
300

Ms =1066 emu/cc 100

16000 16500 17000 17500 18000 18500 19000 19500 20000 20500
-100

-300

-500
H(Gauss)
 •Results
•Coercivity of Iron is more than that of Nickel.
• Saturation in iron is reached at higher magnetic field comparatively to Nickel.
• Thus Nickel is soft ferromagnetic material and iron is hard

Parameter Nickel Iron

1. Coercivity 100 Gauss 10000 Gauss

(Hc)

2. Retentivity 7 Ampere meter^2/Kg 1 Ampere Meter^2/cc

(Mr)

3. Saturation 56.64 emu/gm 1066 emu/cc

magnetization = 56.64 Ampere meter^2/Kg = 1.066 Ampere meter^2 /cc
(Ms)