21 Trigonometery-2

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Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - IV
Functions
Notes
16
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS - I
m
We have read about trigonometric ratios in our earlier classes. Recall that we defined the
ratios of the sides of a right triangle as follows :
.co
c a c
sin = , cos = , tan =
ing
b b a
b b a
and cosec = , sec = , cot =
ch
c a c
We also developed relationships between these
oa
trigonometric ratios as Fig.16.1
sin 2 + cos2 =1 , sec 2 = 1 +tan 2 , cosec 2 = 1 +cot 2

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We shall try to describe this knowledge gained so far in terms of functions, and try to
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develop this lesson using functional approach.

In this lesson, we shall develop the science of trigonometry using functional approach.
We shall develop the concept of trigonometric functions using a unit circle. We shall
pic
discuss the radian measure of an angle and also define trigonometric functions of the type
y = sin x, y = cos x, y = tan x, y = cot x, y = sec x, y = cosec x, y = a sin x, y = b cos x,
w.
etc., where x, y are real numbers.

ww
We shall draw the graphs of functions of the type

y = sin x, y = cos x, y = tan x, y = cotx, y = secx, and y = cosecx y = a sin x,
y = a cos x.
OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson, you will be able to :
define positive and negative angles;
define degree and radian as a measure of an angle;
convert measure of an angle from degrees to radians and vice-versa;
MATHEMATICS 61
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MODULE - IV state the formula l = r where r and have their usual meanings;
Functions
solve problems using the relation l = r ;
define trigonometric functions of a real number;
draw the graphs of trigonometric functions; and
interpret the graphs of trigonometric functions.
Notes
EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

Definition of an angle.
Concepts of a straight angle, right angle and complete angle.
Circle and its allied concepts.
Special products : (a b )2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab , (a b )3 = a 3 b3 3ab ( a b )
m
Knowledge of Pythagoras Theorem and Py thagorean numbers.
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16.1 CIRCULAR MEASURE OF ANGLE
ing
An angle is a union of two rays with the common end point. An angle is formed by the rotation
of a ray as well. Negative and positive angles are formed according as the rotation is clock-
wise or anticlock-wise.
ch
16.1.1 A Unit Circle
oa
It can be seen easily that when a line segment makes one complete rotation, its end point
describes a circle. In case the length of the rotating line be one unit then the circle described will
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be a circle of unit radius. Such a circle is termed as unit circle.

16.1.2 A Radian
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A radian is another unit of measurement of an angle other than degree.

A radian is the measure of an angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc equal in length
pic
to the radius (r) of the circle. In a unit circle one radian will be the angle subtended at the centre
of the circle by an arc of unit length.
w.
ww
Fig. 16.2
Note : A radian is a constant angle; implying that the measure of the angle subtended by
an are of a circle, with length equal to the radius is always the same irrespective of the
radius of the circle.
62 MATHEMATICS
MODULE - IV
16.1.3 Relation between Degree and Radian
Functions
An arc of unit length subtends an angle of 1 radian. The circumference 2 (Q r = 1) subtend
an angle of 2 radians.
Hence 2 radians = 360
radians = 180 Notes

radians = 90
2

radians = 45
4

360 180
1 radian = =
2
m
2
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or 1 = radians = radians
360 180
Example 16.1 Convert
(i) 90 into radians

(ii) 15 into radians

ing
ch
(iii) radians into degrees. (iv) radians into degrees.
6 10
oa
Solution :
2
yC
(i) 1 = radians
360

90 = 2 90 radiansor 90 = radians
kM
360 2
2
15 radians
pic
(ii) 15 = or 15 = radians
360 12

360
w.
(iii) 1 radian =
2
ww

360
radians =
6 2 6

radians = 30
6

360
(iv) radians =
10 2 10

radians = 18
10
MATHEMATICS 63
MODULE - IV
Functions CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 16.1
1. Convert the following angles (in degrees) into radians :
(i) 60 (ii) 15 (iii) 75 (iv) 105 (v) 270
2. Convert the following angles into degrees:
Notes 2
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
4 12 20 60 3
3. The angles of a triangle are 45, 65 and 70. Express these angles in radians
2
4. The three angles of a quadrilateral are , , . Find the fourth angle in radians.
6 3 3

5. Find the angle complementary to .
6
m
16.1.4 Relation Between Length of an Arc and Radius of the Circle
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An angle of 1 radian is subtended by an arc whose length is equal to the radius of the circle. An
angle of 2 radians will be substened if arc is double the radius.
ing
An angle of 2 radians willbe subtended if arc is 2 times the radius.
All this can be read from the following table :
ch
Length of the arc (l) Angle subtended at the
centre of the circle (in radians)
oa
r 1
yC
2r 2
(2)r 2
kM
4r 4
pic
l
Therefore, = or l = r
r
w.
where r = radius of the circle,

ww
= angle substended at the centre in radians
and l = length of the arc.

The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at the centre of the circle is given by the ratio of the
length of the arc and the radius of the circle.
Note : In arriving at the above relation, we have used the radian measure of the angle
and not the degree measure. Thus the relation = l is valid only when the angle is
r
measured in radians.
64 MATHEMATICS
Example 16.2 Find the angle in radians subtended by an arc of length 10 cm at the centre of MODULE - IV
a circle of radius 35 cm. Functions
Solution : l = 10cm and r = 35cm.
l =
10
= radians or radians
r 35 Notes
2
or = radians
7
Example 16.3 If D and C represent the number of degrees and radians in an angle prove that
D C
=
180

360 180
m
Solution : 1 radian = or
2
.co

180
C radians = C

ing

Since D is the degree measure of the same angle, therefore,
ch
180
D=C

oa
D C
which implies =
180
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Example 16.4 A railroad curve is to be laid out on a circle. What should be the radius of a
circular track if the railroad is to turn through an angle of 45 in a distance of 500m?
kM
Solution : Angle is given in degrees. To apply the formula l = r , must be changed to

radians.
pic

= 45 =
45 radians ....(1)
180
w.

= radians
ww
4
l = 500 m ....(2)
l
l = r gives r =

500
r= m [using (1) and (2)]

4
4
= 500 m

MATHEMATICS 65
MODULE - IV 1
Functions = 2000 0.32 m = 0.32

= 640 m
Example 16.5 A train is travelling at the rate of 60 km per hour on a circular track. Through
5
Notes what angle will it turn in 15 seconds if the radius of the track is km.
6
Solution : The speed of the train is 60 km per hour. In 15 seconds, it will cover
60 15
km
60 60
1
= km
4
m
1 5
l = km km
.co
We have, and r =
4 6
1
ing
l 4
= = radians
r 5
ch
6
3
=
oa
radians
10
yC
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 16.2

kM
1. Express the following angles in radians :

(a) 30 (b) 60 (c) 150
pic
2. Express the following angles in degrees :

(a) (b) (c)
w.
5 6 9
3. Find the angle in radians and in degrees subtended by an arc of length 2.5 cm at the
ww
centre of a circle of radius 15 cm.

4. A train is travelling at the rate of 20 km per hour on a circular track. Through what angle
1
will it turn in 3 seconds if the radius of the track is of a km?.
12
5. A railroad curve is to be laid out on a circle. What should be the radius of the circular
track if the railroad is to turn through an angle of 60 in a distance of 100 m?
6. Complete the following table for l, r, having their usual meanings.
66 MATHEMATICS
l r MODULE - IV
Functions
(a) 1.25m ....... 135

(b) 30 cm .......
4
(c) 0.5 cm 2.5 m ........ Notes
(d) ......... 6m 120

(e) ......... 150 cm
15
(f) 150 cm 40 m ........

(g) ........ 12 m
6
m
(h) 1.5 m 0.75 m ........
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(i) 25 m ........ 75
16.2 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

ing
While considering, a unit circle you must have noticed that for every real number between 0 and
ch
2 , there exists a ordered pair of numbers x and y. This ordered pair (x, y) represents the
coordinates of the point P.
oa
yC
kM
pic
w.
(i) (iii)
ww
(ii) (iv)
Fig. 16.3
MATHEMATICS 67
MODULE - IV If we consider = 0 on the unit circle, we will have a point whose coordinates are (1,0).
Functions
If = , then the corresponding point on the unit circle will have its coordinates (0,1).
2
In the above figures you can easily observe that no matter what the position of the point,
corresponding to every real number we have a unique set of coordinates (x, y). The values of
Notes
x and y will be negative or positive depending on the quadrant in which we are considering the
point.
Considering a point P (on the unit circle) and the corresponding coordinates (x, y), we define
trigonometric functions as :
sin = y , cos = x
y x
tan = (forx 0) , cot = (for y 0)
x y
m
1 1
sec = (for x 0) , cosec = (for y 0)
.co
x y
Now let the point P move from its original position in anti-clockwise direction. For various
ing
positions of this point in the four quadrants, various real numbers will be generated. Wee
summarise, the above discussion as follows. For values of in the :
ch
I quadrant, both x and y are positve.
II quadrant, x will be negative and y will be positive.
oa
III quadrant, x as well as y will be negative.

IV quadrant, x will be positive and y will be negative.
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or I quadrant II quadrant III quadrant IV quadrant

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All positive sin positive tan positive cos positive

cosec positive cot positive sec positive
Where what is positive can be rememebred by :
pic
All sin tan cos

Quardrant I II III IV
w.
If (x, y) are the coordinates of a point P on a

ww
unit circle and , the real number generated

by the position of the point, then sin = y and
P (cos q, sinq)
cos = x. This means the coordinates of the
point P can also be written as (cos , sin )
From Fig. 16.5, you can easily see that the
values of x will be between 1 and + 1 as P
moves on the unit circle. Same will be true for
y also.
Fig. 16.4
Thus, for all P on the unit circle
68 MATHEMATICS
1 x 1 and 1 y 1 MODULE - IV
Thereby, we conclude that for all real numbers
Functions
1 cos 1 and 1 sin 1
In other words, sin and cos can not be numerically greater than 1
Example 16.6 What will be sign of the following ? Notes
7 4 5
(i) sin (ii) cos (iii) tan
18 9 9
Solution :
7 7
(i) Since lies in the first quadrant, the sign of sin will be posilive.
18 18
4 4
(ii) Since lies in the first quadrant, the sign of cos will be positive.
m
9 9
5 5
.co
(iii) Since lies in the second quadrant, the sign of tan will be negative.
9 9
ing

Example 16.7 Write the values of (i) sin (ii) cos 0 (iii) tan
2 2
ch
Solution : (i) From Fig.16.5, we can see that the coordinates of the point A are (0,1)

sin =1 , as sin = y
oa
2
yC
kM
pic
w.
ww
Fig.16.5
(ii) Coordinates of the point B are (1, 0)
cos 0 = 1 , as cos = x

sin 2 1
(iii) tan = = which is not defined
2 cos 0
2

Thus tan is not defined.
2
MATHEMATICS 69
MODULE - IV Example 16.8 Write the minimum and maximum values of cos .
Functions Solution : We know that 1 cos 1
The maximum value of cos is 1 and the minimum value of cos is 1.
Notes
1. What will be the sign of the following ?
2 5 2
(i) cos (ii) tan (iii) sec
3 6 3
35 25 3
(iv) sec (v) tan (vi) cot
18 18 4
m
8 7
(vii) cosec (viii) cot
3 8
.co
2. Write the value of each of the following :
ing
2
(i) cos (ii) sin0 (iii) cos
2 3
ch
3
(iv) tan (v) sec 0 (vi) tan
4 2
oa
3
(vii) tan (viii) c o s 2
yC
2
16.2.1 Relation Between Trigonometric Functions
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By definition x = cos
y = sin
pic
y
As tan = , (x 0)
w.
sin n
ww
= ,
cos 2
x
and cot = , ( y 0)
y
cos 1
i.e., cot = = ( n )
sin tan Fig. 16.6
1 n
Similarly, sec =
cos 2
70 MATHEMATICS
10
1 MODULE - IV
and cosec = ( n ) Functions
sin
Using Pythagoras theorem we have, x 2 + y 2 =1
i.e., (cos )2 + (sin )2 =1

Notes
or, cos + sin =1
2 2
Note : ( cos ) 2 is written as cos 2 and ( sin ) 2 as sin2
Again x 2 + y 2 =1
2 2
y 1
or, 1 + ( tan ) =(sec )
2 2
or 1 + = , for x 0
m
x x
.co
i.e. sec 2 = 1 +tan 2
Similarly, cosec2 = 1 +cot 2
Example 16.9 Prove that sin 4 + cos 4 =1 2sin 2 cos2 ing

ch
Solution : L.H.S. = sin 4 +cos4
oa
= sin 4 + cos 4 + 2sin 2 cos 2 2sin 2 cos 2

yC
= ( sin 2 + cos 2 ) 2sin 2 cos 2

2
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= 1 2sin 2 cos2 ( Q sin 2 + cos 2 = 1)

= R.H.S.
pic
1 sin
= sec tan
w.
Example 16.10 Prove that 1 + sin

ww
1 sin
Solution : L.H.S. = 1 + sin
=
(1 sin ) (1 sin )
(1 + sin ) (1 sin )
=
(1 sin )2
1 sin 2
MATHEMATICS 71
11
MODULE - IV
Functions =
(1 sin )2
cos 2
1 sin
=
cos
Notes
1 sin
=
cos cos
= sec tan =R.H.S.
21 1
Example 16.11 If sin = , prove that sec + tan = 2 , given that lies in the first
29 2
quadrant.
m
21
Solution : sin =
.co
29
Also, sin 2 + cos2 =1
cos = 1 sin =1
2 2 441 400
= ing 20
=
29
2
ch
841 841
20
cos =
oa
( cos is positive as lies in the first quardrant)

29
21
yC
tan =
20
29 21 29 + 21
kM
sec + tan = + =
20 20 20
pic
5 1
= =2 =R.H.S.
2 2
w.

ww
1. Prove that sin 4 cos 4 = sin 2 cos 2

1
2. If tan = , find the other five trigonometric functions.
2
b
3. If cosec = , find the other five trigonometric functions, if lies in the first quardrant.
a
1 + cos
4. Prove that = cosec +cot
1 cos
72 MATHEMATICS
12
5 MODULE - IV
5. If cot + cosec =1.5 , show that cos = Functions
13
6. If tan + sec = m , find the value of cos
7. Prove that ( tan A + 2) ( 2 t a n A +1) =5 t a n A +
2sec2 A
8. Prove that sin 6 + cos 6 =1 3sin 2 cos2 Notes
cos sin
9. Prove that + =cos +sin
1 tan 1 cot
tan sin
10. Prove that + = cot +cosec sec

1 + cos 1 cos
16.3 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF SOME
m
SPECIFIC REAL NUMBERS
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The values of the trigonometric functions of 0, , , and are summarised below in the
6 4 3 2
ing
form of a table :
Real
Numbers 0
ch
6 4 3 2

Function
oa

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1 1 3
sin 0 1
2 2 2
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3 1 1
cos 1 0
2 2 2
pic
1
tan 0 1 3 Not defined
3
w.
As an aid to memory, we may think of the following pattern for above mentioned values of sin
ww
function :
0 1 2 3 4
, , , ,
4 4 4 4 4
On simplification, we get the values as given in the table. The values for cosines occur in the
reverse order.
Example 16.12 Find the value of the following :

(a) sin sin cos cos (b) 4tan 2 cosec 2 cos 2
4 3 4 3 4 6 3
MATHEMATICS 73
13
MODULE - IV Solution :
Functions
(a) sin sin cos cos
4 3 4 3
1 3
1 1
=
2 2 2 2
Notes
3 1
=
2 2

(b) 4tan
2
cosec 2 cos 2
4 6 3
2
2 1
= 4 (1) ( 2 )
2
m
2
.co
1 1
= 4 4 =
4 4
ing

Example 16.13 If A = and B = , verify that
3 6
cos (A + B) =cosAcosB s i n A s i n B
ch
Solution : L.H.S. = cos ( A +B)
oa

yC
= cos + = cos = 0
3 6 2

kM
R.H.S. = cos cos sin sin

3 6 3 6
pic
1 3 3 1
=
2 2 2 2
w.
3 3
= =0
ww
4 4
L.H.S. = 0 = R.H.S.
cos (A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B
74 MATHEMATICS
14
MODULE - IV
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 16.5 Functions
1. Find the value of

(i) sin 2 + tan 2 +tan 2 (ii) sin 2 + cosec 2 +sec 2 cos 2
6 4 3 3 6 4 3
Notes
2 2
(iii) cos cos sin sin (iv) 4cot 2 + cosec 2 +sec 2 tan 2
3 3 3 3 3 4 3 4
1
(v) sin + sin cos cos +
6 4 3 4 4
2. Show that
m
1 + tan tan + tan tan =sec2 sec 2
6 3 6 3 6 3
.co

3. Taking A = , B = , verify that
3 6
(i) tan ( A + B ) =
tan A + t a n B
1 tan A tan B
ing
(ii) cos ( A + B) = cosAcosB s i n A s i n B
ch

If =
oa
4. , verify the following :

4
sin2 = 2sin cos cos2 = cos 2 sin2
yC
(i) (ii)
= 2cos2 1
kM
= 1 2sin 2

pic
5. If A = , verify that
6
w.
2tanA
(i) cos2A = 2cos 2 A 1 (ii) tan2A =
1 tan 2 A
ww
(iii) sin2A = 2 s i n A c o s A
16.4 GRAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Given any function, a pictorial or a graphical representation makes a lasting impression on the
minds of learners and viewers. The importance of the graph of functions stems from the fact that
this is a convenient way of presenting many properties of the functions. By observing the graph
we can examine several characteristic properties of the functions such as (i) periodicity, (ii)
intervals in which the function is increasing or decreasing (iii) symmetry about axes, (iv) maximum
and minimum points of the graph in the given interval. It also helps to compute the areas enclosed
by the curves of the graph.
MATHEMATICS 75
15
MODULE - IV 16.4.1 Variations of sin as Varies Continuously From 0 to 2 .
Functions Let X'OX and Y'OY be the axes of
coordinates.With centre O and radius
O P = unity, draw a circle. Let OP
starting from OX and moving in
anticlockwise direction make an angle
Notes with the x-axis, i.e. XOP = . Draw
PM X'OX, then sin = MP as OP=1.
The variations of sin are the same as those of
MP.
I Quadrant : Fig. 16.7

As increases continuously from 0 to
2
m
PM is positive and increases from 0 to 1.
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sin is positive.

II Quadrant ,
2
ing
In this interval, lies in the second quadrant.
ch
Therefore, point P is in the second quadrant. Here PM Fig. 16.8
= y is positive, but decreases from 1 to 0 as varies
oa

from to . Thus sin is positive.
yC
3
III Quadrant ,
kM
2
In this interval, lies in the third quandrant. Therefore,
pic
point P can move in the third quadrant only. Hence

PM = y is negative and decreases from 0 to 1 as
Fig. 16.9
w.
3
varies from to . In this intervalsin decreases from 0 to 1. In this interval sin is
2
ww
negative.
3
IV Quadrant 2 , 2

In this interval, lies in the fourth quadrant. Therefore,
point P can move in the fourth quadrant only. Here again
PM = y is negative but increases from -1 to 0 as
3
varies from to 2 . Thus sin is negative in this
2
interval. Fig. 16.10
76 MATHEMATICS
16
16.4.2 Graph of sin as varies from 0 to 2 . MODULE - IV
Let X'OX and Y'OY be the two coordinate axes of reference. The values of are to be measured Functions
along x-axis and the values of sine are to be measured along y-axis.
1 3
(Approximate value of 2 = 1.41, =.707, =.87 )
2 2
Notes
2 5 7 4 3 5 11
0 2
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
sin 0 .5 .87 1 .87 .5 0 .5 .87 1 .87 .5 0
m
.co
Some Observations
Fig. 16.11
ing
ch
(i) Maximum value of sin is 1.
(ii) Minimum value of sin is 1.
oa
(iii) It is continuous everywhere.

yC
3 3
(iv) It is increasing from 0 to and from to 2 . It is decreasing from to .
2 2 2 2
kM
With the help of the graph drawn in Fig. 16.12 we can always draw another graph.
y = sin in the interval of [ 2 , 4 ] ( see Fig. 16.11)
1)
pic
What do you observe ?

The graph of y = sin in the interval [ 2 , 4 ] is the same as that in 0 to 2 . Therefore, this
w.
graph can be drawn by using the property sin (2 + ) =sin . Thus, sin repeats itself when
is increased by 2 . This is known as the periodicity of sin .
ww
Fig. 16.12
MATHEMATICS 77
17
MODULE - IV We shall discuss in details the periodicity later in this lesson.
Functions Example 16.14 Draw the graph of y = sin 2 .
Solution :
2 3 5
: 0
6 4 3 2 3 4 6
Notes
2 4 3 5
2 : 0 2
3 2 3 3 2 3
sin2 : 0 .87 1 .87 0 .87 1 .87 0
m
.co
ing
ch
oa
Fig. 16.13
yC
The graph is similar to that of y = sin

kM
Some Observations
1. The other graphs of sin , like a sin , 3 sin 2 can be drawn applying the same
pic
method.
2. Graph of sin , in other intervals namely [ 4 , 6 ] , [ 2 , 0 ] , [ 4 , 2 ] ,

w.
can also be drawn easily. This can be done with the help of properties of allied
angles: sin ( + 2 ) = sin
, sin ( 2 ) = sin . i.e., repeats itself when
ww
increased or decreased by 2 .

1. What are the maximum and minimum values of sin in [0, 2] ?
2. Explain the symmetry in the graph of sin in [0, 2]
3. Sketch the graph of y = 2 sin , in the interval [0, ]

78 MATHEMATICS
18
4. For what values of in [ , 2] , sin becomes MODULE - IV

Functions
1 3
(a) (b)
2 2
5. Sketch the graph of y = sin x in the interval of [ , ]

Notes
16.4.3 Graph of cos as Varies From 0 to 2
As in the case of sin , we shall also discuss the changes in the values of cos when assumes
values in the intervals 0 , , , , 3 and 3 , 2 .

2 2
, 2 2

I Quadrant : In the interval 0 , , point P lies in

2

m
the first quadrant, therefore, OM = x is positive but
.co

decreases from 1 to 0 as increases from 0 to .
2
Thus in this interval cos decreases from 1 to 0.
cos is positive in this quadrant. ing
ch

II Quadrant : In the interval , , point P lies in Fig.16.14
2
oa
the second quadrant and therefore point M lies on the

negative side of x-axis. So in this case OM = x is
yC
negative and decreases from 0 t o 1 as increases

kM
from to . Hence in this inverval cos decreases

2
from 0 to 1 .
pic
cos is negative.
w.
3
III Quadrant : In the interval ,
Fig. 16.15
2
, point P lies

ww
in the third quadrant and therefore, OM = x remains

negative as it is on the negative side of x-axis. Therefore
OM = x is negative but increases from1 to 0 as
3
increases from to . Hence in this interval cos
2
increases from -1 to 0.
cos is negative.
IV Quadrant : In the interval 3 , 2 , point P lies

Fig. 16.16
2

MATHEMATICS 79
19
MODULE - IV in the fourth quadrant and M moves on the positive
Functions side of x-axis.Therefore OM = x is positive. Also it
3
increases from 0 to 1 as increases from to 2 .
2
Thus in this interval cos increases from 0 to 1.
cos is positive.
Notes
Let us tabulate the values of cosines of some suitable
values of .
Fig. 16.17
2 5 7 4 3 5 11
0 2
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
cos 1 .87 .5 0 0.5 .87 1 .87 .5 0 0.5 .87 1
m
.co
ing
ch
oa
yC
Fig. 16.18
Let X'OX and Y'OY be the axes. Values of are measured along x-axis and those of cos
along y-axis.
kM
Some observations
(i) Maximum value of cos = 1.
pic
(ii) Minimum value of cos = 1.

w.
(iii) It is continuous everywhere.
(iv) cos ( + 2 ) = cos . Also ( 2 ) = cos . Cos repeats itself when is

ww
increased or decreased by 2 . It is called periodicity of cos . We shall discuss in

details about this in the later part of this lesson.
(v) Graph of cos in the intervals [2 , 4 ] [4 , 6 ] [ 2 , 0] , will be the same as
in [0, 2] .
Example 16.15 Draw the graph of cos as varies from to . From the graph read
the values of when cos = 0.5 .
80 MATHEMATICS
20
Solution : MODULE - IV
Functions
5 2 2 5
: 0
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
cos : 1.0 0.87 0.5 0 .50 .87 1.0 0.87 0.5 0 0.5 0.87 1
Notes
cos = 0.5

when = ,
3 3
cos = 0.5
when = 2 , 2
m
3 3
.co
Fig. 16.19
Example 16.16 Draw the graph of cos 2 in the interval 0 to .
Solution : ing
ch
2 3 5
0
oa
6 4 3 2 3 4 6
2 4 3 5
2 0 2
yC
3 2 3 3 2 3
c o s 2 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1

kM
pic
w.
ww
Fig. 16.20
MATHEMATICS 81
21
MODULE - IV
Functions CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 16.7

1. (a) Sketch the graph of y = cos as varies from to .
4 4
(b) Draw the graph of y = 3 cos as varies from 0 to 2 .
Notes (c) Draw the graph of y = cos 3 from to and read the values of when
cos = 0.87 and cos = 0.87.
3
(d) Does the graph of y = cos in , lie above x-axis or below x-axis?
2 2
(e) Draw the graph of y = cos in [2 , 4 ]
16.4.4 Graph of tan as Varies from 0 to 2
m
sin
In I Quadrant : tan can be written as cos
.co
1
Behaviour of tan depends upon the behaviour of sin and
cos
ing
In I quadrant, sin increases from 0 to 1, cos decreases from 1 to 0
1
ch
But increases from 1 indefintely (and write it as increasses from 1 to ) tan > 0
cos
tan increases from 0 to . (See the table and graph of tan ).
oa
sin
In II Quadrant : tan =
yC
cos
sin decreases from 1 to 0.
kM
cos decreases from 0 to 1 .

tan is negative and increases from to 0
sin
pic
In III Quadrant : tan =

cos
sin decreases from 0 to 1
w.
cos increases from 1 t o 0

tan is positive and increases from 0 to
ww

sin
In IV Quadrant : tan =
cos
sin increases from 1 t o 0
cos increases from 0 to 1
tan is negative and increases form to0
Graph of tan
2 5 7 4 3 3 5 11
0 0 + 0 0 + 0 2
6 3 2 2 3 6 6 3 2 2 3 6
tan 0 .58 1.73 + -1.73 -.58 0 .58 1.73 + -1.73 -.58 0 0
82 MATHEMATICS
22
MODULE - IV
Functions
Notes
Fig. 16.21
Observations
m
(i) tan(180+ )= tan . Therefore, the complete graph of tan consists of
infinitely many repetitions of the same to the left as well as to the right.
.co
(ii) Since tan( ) = tan , therefore, if ( ,tan ) is any point on the graph then
( , tan ) will also be a point on the graph.
ing
(iii) By above results, it can be said that the graph of y = tan is symmetrical in
ch
opposite quadrants.
(iv) tan may have any numerical value, positve or negative.
oa
3
(v) The graph of tan is discontinuous (has a break) at the points = , .
2 2
yC
(vi) As passes through these values, tan suddenly changes from + to .

kM
16.4.5 Graph of cot as Varies From 0 to 2

1 1
The behaviour of cot depends upon the behaviour of cos and sin as cot = cos
pic
sin
We discuss it in each quadrant.
w.
1
I Quadrant : cot = cos
ww
sin
cos decreases from 1 to 0
sin increases from 0 to 1
cot also decreases from + to 0 but cot > 0.

1
II Quadrant : cot = cos
sin
cos decreases from 0 t o 1
sin decreases from 1 to 0
MATHEMATICS 83
23
MODULE - IV cot < 0 or cot decreases from 0 to
Functions
1
III Quadrant : cot = cos
sin
cos increases from 1 t o 0
Notes sin decreases from 0 to 1

cot decreases from + to 0.
1
IV Quadrant : cot = cos
sin
cos increases from 0 to 1
m
sin increases from 1 t o 0
.co
cot < 0
cot decreases from 0 to

Graph of cot
2 5
ing 7 4 3 5 11
ch
0 0 +0 2
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
oa
cot 1.73 .58 0 -.58 -1.73 + 1.73 .58 0 -.58 -1.73

yC
kM
pic
w.
ww
Fig 16.22
Observations
(i) Since cot ( + ) =cot , the complete graph of cot consists of the portion from
3
= 0 to = or = to = .
2 2
84 MATHEMATICS
24
(ii) cot can have any numerical value - positive or negative. MODULE - IV
Functions
(iii) The graph of cot is discontinuous, i.e. it breaks at 0 , , 2 , .
(iv) As takes values 0, , 2 , cot suddently changes from to +
Notes
1. (a) What is the maximum value of tan ?
3
(b) What changes do you observe in tan at , ?
2 2
(c) Draw the graph of y = tan from to . Find from the graph the value of for
m
which tan = 1.7.
.co
2. (a) What is the maximum value of cot ?
(b) Find the value of when cot = 1 , from the graph.
ing
16.4.6 To Find the Variations And Draw The Graph of sec As Varies From 0 to 2 .
Let X'OX and Y'OY be the axes of coordinates. With
ch
centre O, draw a circle of unit radius.
oa
Let P be any point on the circle. Join OP and draw

PM X'OX.
yC
Fig. 16.23
OP 1
sec = =
OM OM
kM
Variations will depend upon OM.

I Quadrant : sec is positive as OM is positive.
pic

Also sec 0 = 1 and sec = when we approach
2 2
w.
from the right.

ww

As varies from 0 to , sec increases from 1 to
2 Fig. 16.24
.
II Quadrant : sec is negative as OM is negative.

sec = when we approach from the left. Also sec
2 2
= 1.

As varies from to , sec changes from Fig.16.25
2
MATHEMATICS 85
25
MODULE - IV to 1.
Functions

It is observed that as passes through , sec changes
2
from + to .
Notes III Quadrant : sec is negative as OM is negative.

3
sec = 1 and sec = when the angle approaches
2
3
in the counter clockwise direction. As varies from
2
3 Fig.16.26
to
m
, sec decreases from 1 t o .
2
.co
IV Quadrant : sec is positive as OM is positive. when
3
, sec is positive and very large.
ing
is slightly greater than
2
Also sec 2 = 1. Hence sec decreases from to 1 as
ch
3
varies from to 2 .
oa
2
It may be observed that as passes through
yC
3 Fig.16.27
; sec changes from to + .
2
kM
Graph of sec as varies from 0 to 2

pic
2 5 7 4 3 3 5 11
0 0 +0 0 +0 2
6 3 2 2 3 6 6 3 2 2 3 6
cot + +
w.
1 1.15 2 -2 -1.15 -1 -1.15 -2 2 1.15

ww
Fig. 16.28
86 MATHEMATICS
26
Observations MODULE - IV
Functions
(a) sec cannot be numerically less than 1.
3
(b) Graph of sec is discontinuous, discontinuties (breaks) occuring at and .
2 2
Notes
3
(c) As passes through and , see changes abruptly from + to and then
2 2
from to + respectively..
16.4.7 Graph of cosec as Varies From 0 to 2

Let X'OX and Y'OY be the axes of coordinates. With
m
centre O draw a circle of unit radius. Let P be any
point on the circle. Join OP and draw PM
.co
perpendicular to X'OX.
OP 1
ing
cosec = =
MP MP
The variation ofcosec will depend upon MP.

ch
Fig. 16.29
I Quadrant : cosec is positive as MP is positive.

oa

= 1 when is very small, MP is also small and
yC
cosec
2
therefore, the value of cosec is very large.
kM

As varies from 0 to , cosec decreases from
pic
2
to 1. Fig. 16.30
w.
II Quadrant : PM is positive. Therefore, cosec is

ww
positive. cosec = 1 and cosec = when the

2
revolving line approaches in the counter clockwise
direction.

As varies from to , cosec increases from
2
1 to .
Fig. 16.31
III Quadrant :PM is negative
cosec is negative. When is slightly greater than ,
MATHEMATICS 87
27
MODULE - IV cosec is very large and negative.
Functions
3
Also cosec = 1.
2
3
As varies from to , cosec changes from
Notes 2
to 1 .
It may be observed that as passes through , cosec Fig. 16.32

changes from + to .
IV Quadrant :
m
PM is negative.
.co
Therefore, cosec = as approaches 2 .
3
as varies from
1 to .
2 ing
to 2 , cosec varies from
ch
Graph of cosec Fig. 16.33
oa
2 5 7 4 3 5 11
0 0 +0 2
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
yC
cosec 2 1.15 1 1.15 2 + 2 1.15 1 1.15 2

kM
pic
w.
ww
Fig. 16.34
Observations
(a) cosec cannot be numerically less than 1.
(b) Graph of cosec is discountinous and it has breaks at = 0, , 2 .
(c) As passes through , coses changes from + to . The values at 0 and
2 are + and respectively..
88 MATHEMATICS
28
Example 16.17 Trace the changes in the values of sec as lies in to . MODULE - IV
Soluton :
Functions
Notes
m
Fig. 16.35
.co
1.
draw the graph between these limits.
ing
(a) Trace the changes in the values of sec when lies between 2 and 2 and
ch
(b) Trace the graph of cosec ,when lies between 2 and 2 .
oa
16.5 PERIODICITY OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

yC
From your daily experience you must have observed things repeating themselves after regular
intervals of time. For example, days of a week are repeated regularly after 7 days and months
of a year are repeated regularly after 12 months. Position of a particle on a moving wheel is
kM
another example of the type. The property of repeated occurence of things over regular intervals
is known as periodicity.
pic
Definition : A function f (x) is said to be periodic if its value is unchanged when the value of the
variable in increased by a constant, that is if f (x + p) = f (x) for all x.
w.
If p is smallest positive constant of this type, then p is called the period of the function f (x).
ww
1
If f (x) is a periodic function with period p, then f ( x ) is also a periodic function with period p.
16.5.1 Periods of Trigonometric Functions
(i) sinx = sin ( x +2n ) ; n = 0, 1, 2, .....

(ii) cosx = cos ( x +2n ) ; n = 0, 1, 2 ,.....
Also there is no p, lying in 0 to 2 , for which
sinx = sin ( x +p )
cosx = cos ( x +p ) , for all x
MATHEMATICS 89
29
MODULE - IV 2 is the smallest positive value for which
Functions sin ( x + 2 ) =sinx and cos ( x + 2 ) =cosx
sin x and cos x each have the period 2 .
1
(iii) The period of cosec x is also 2 because cosec x = .
sin x
Notes
1
(iv) The period of sec x is also 2 as sec x = .
cosx
(v) Also tan ( x + ) =t a n x .
Suppose p (0 < p <

) is the period of tan x, then
tan ( x + p ) = tanx, for all x.
m
Put x = 0, then tan p = 0, i.e., p = 0 or .
.co
the period of tan x is .
p can not values between 0 and for which tanx = tan ( x +p )
The period of tanx is ing
ch
1
(vi) Since cot x = , therefore, the period of cot x is also .
tanx
oa
Example 16.18 Find the period of each the following functions :

x x
yC
(a) y = 3 sin 2x (b) y = cos (c) y = tan

2 4
Solution :
kM
2
(a) Period is , i.e., .
2
pic
1 2
(b) y = cos x , therefore period = =4
2 1
w.
2
ww
x
(c) Period of y = tan = =4
4 1
4

1. Find the period of each of the following functions :
(a) y = 2 sin 3x (b) y = 3 cos 2x
(c) y = tan 3x (d) y = sin 2 2x
90 MATHEMATICS
30
MODULE - IV
WH Functions
LET US SUM UP
l An angle is generated by the rotation of a ray.

l The angle can be negative or positive according as rotation of the ray is clockwise or Notes
anticlockwise.
l A degree is one of the measures of an angle and one complete rotation generates an
angle of 360.
l An angle can be measured in radians, 360 being equivalent to 2 radians.
l If an arc of length l subtends an angle of radians at the centre of the circle with radius
r, we have l = r .
m
l If the coordinates of a point P of a unit circle are (x, y) then the six trigonometric functions
.co
x
are defined as sin = y , cos = x , tan = y , cot = , sec = 1 and
x y x
cosec =
1
y
. ing
ch
The coordinates (x, y) of a point P can also be written as ( cos , sin ) .
oa
Here is the angle which the line joining centre to the point P makes with the positive
direction of x-axis.
yC
l The values of the trigonometric functions sin and cos when takes values 0,

kM
, , , are given by
6 4 3 2
pic

0
w.
6 4 3 2
1
ww
1 3
sin 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos 1 0
2 2 2
l Graphs of sin , cos are continous every where

Maximum value of both sin and cos is 1.
Minimum value of both sin and cos is -1.
Period of these functions is 2 .
MATHEMATICS 91
31
MODULE - IV l tan and cot can have any value between and + .
Functions 3
The function tan has discontinuities (breaks) at and in ( 0, 2 ) .
2 2
Its period is .
The graph of cot has discontinuities (breaks) at 0, , 2 . Its period is .
Notes
l sec cannot have any value numerically less than 1.
3
(i) It has breaks at and . It repeats itself after 2 .
2 2
(ii) cosec cannot have any value between 1 and +1.
It has discontinuities (breaks) at 0, , 2 .
It repeats itself after 2 .
m
.co
SUPPORTIVE WEB SITES
ing
l http://www.wikipedia.org
l http://mathworld.wolfram.com
ch
TERMINAL EXERCISE ONS
oa
1. A train is moving at the rate of 75 km/hour along a circular path of radius 2500 m.
yC
Through how many radians does it turn in one minute ?

kM
2. Find the number of degrees subtended at the centre of the circle by an arc whose length
is 0.357 times the radius.
3. The minute hand of a clock is 30 cm long. Find the distance covered by the tip of the hand
pic
in 15 minutes.
4. Prove that
w.
1 sin 1
ww
(a) = sec tan (b) = sec tan

1 + sin sec + tan
tan cot 1 + sin

= ( tan + sec )
2
(c) = 2sin cos (d)
1 + tan 2 1 + cot 2 1 sin
(e) sin8 cos8 = ( sin 2 cos 2 )( 1 2sin 2 cos 2 )
(f) sec 2 + cosec2 = tan +cot

5. If = , verify that sin3 = 3sin 4sin 3
4
92 MATHEMATICS
32
6. Evaluate : MODULE - IV
Functions
25 21 3
(a) sin (b) sin (c) tan
6 4 4
17 19
(d) sin (e) cos
4 3 Notes
3
7. Draw the graph of cos x from x = to x = .
2 2
8. Define a periodic function of x and show graphically that the period of tan x is , i.e. the
position of the graph from x = to 2 is repetition of the portion from x = 0 to .
m
.co
ing
ch
oa
yC
kM
pic
w.
ww
MATHEMATICS 93
33
MODULE - IV
Functions
ANSWERS

Notes 5 7 3
1. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
3 12 12 12 2
2. (i) 45 (ii) 15 (iii) 9 (iv) 3 (v) 120
13 14 5
3. , , 4. 5.
4 36 36 6 3
m
.co
5
1. (a) (b) (c)
6 3 6
2. (a) 36
1
(b) 30
1
ing (c) 20
ch
3. radian; 9.55 4. radian 5. 95.54 m
6 5
oa
6. (a) 0.53 m (b) 38.22 cm (c) 0.002 radian

(d) 12.56 m (e) 31.4 cm (f) 3.75 radian
yC
(g) 6.28 m (h) 2 radian (i) 19.11 m.

kM

1. (i) ive (ii) ive (iii) ive (iv) + ive
pic
(v) + ive (vi) ive (vii) + ive (viii) ive

1
(iii)
w.
2. (i) zero (ii) zero (iv) 1

2
ww
(v) 1 (vi) Not defined (vii) Not defined (viii) 1

1 2 5
2. sin = , cos = , cot = 2 , cosec = 5 , sec =
5 5 2
a b2 a 2 b
3. sin = , cos = , sec = ,
b b b2 a2
tan =
a b2 a2 2m
, cot = 6.
b2 a2 a 1 + m2
94 MATHEMATICS
34
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 16.5 MODULE - IV
Functions
1 1 22
1. (i) 4 (ii) 6 (iii) 1 (iv) (v) Zero
4 2 3
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 16.6 Notes

1. 1, 1 3. Graph of y = 2 sin , [ 0, ]
m
.co
7 11
Fig. 16.36
4 5
ing
ch
4. (a) , (b) , 5. y = sinxfrom to
6 6 3 3
oa
yC
kM
pic
w.
Fig. 16.37
ww

1. (a) y = cos , to
4 4
Fig. 16.38
MATHEMATICS 95
35
MODULE - IV (b) y = 3cos ; 0 to 2
Functions
Notes
Fig. 16.39
m
(c) y = cos3 , to
.co
cos = 0.87

ing
= ,
6 6
cos = 0.87
ch
5 5
= ,
oa
6 6 Fig. 16.40
3
yC
(d) Graph of y = cos in , lies below the x-axis.

2 2
(e) y = cos
kM
lies in 2 to 4
pic
w.
ww
Fig. 16.41

3
1. (a) Infinite (b) At , there are breaks in graphs.
2 2
96 MATHEMATICS
36
(c) y = t a n 2 , to MODULE - IV
Functions

At = ,tan = 1.7
3
3
2. (a) Infinite (b) cot = 1 at =
4 Notes
1. (a) y = sec
m
.co
ing
ch
Fig. 16.42
oa
3
Points of discontinuity of sec2 are at , in the interval [ 0, 2 ] .
4 4
yC
(b) In tracing the graph from 0 to 2 , use cosec ( ) = cosec .

kM

pic
2 2
1. (a) Period is (b) Period is = (c) Period of y is
3 2 3
w.
1 cos4x 1 1 2
(d) y = sin 2 2x = = cos4x ; Period of y is i.e
ww
2 2 2 4 2
x + 1
(e) y = 3cot , Period of y is = 3
3 1
3
TERMINAL EXERCISE
1
1. radian 2. 20.45 3. 15 cm
2
1 1 1 1
6. (a) (b) (c) 1 (d) (e)
2 2 2 2
MATHEMATICS 97
37
MODULE - IV
Functions 7.
Notes
Fig. 16.43
8.
m
.co
ing
ch
oa
yC
kM
y = sec
Fig. 16.44
pic
w.
ww
98 MATHEMATICS
38

21 Trigonometery-2

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trigonometric ratios as Fig.16.1

sin 2 + cos2 =1 , sec 2 = 1 +tan 2 , cosec 2 = 1 +cot 2

develop this lesson using functional approach.

etc., where x, y are real numbers.

We shall draw the graphs of functions of the type

EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

Special products : (a b )2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab , (a b )3 = a 3 b3 3ab ( a b )

be a circle of unit radius. Such a circle is termed as unit circle.

A radian is another unit of measurement of an angle other than degree.

where r = radius of the circle,

= angle substended at the centre in radians

and l = length of the arc.

Solution : Angle is given in degrees. To apply the formula l = r , must be changed to

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 16.2

1. Express the following angles in radians :

2. Express the following angles in degrees :

centre of a circle of radius 15 cm.

16.2 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

III quadrant, x as well as y will be negative.

or I quadrant II quadrant III quadrant IV quadrant

All positive sin positive tan positive cos positive

All sin tan cos

If (x, y) are the coordinates of a point P on a

unit circle and , the real number generated

The maximum value of cos is 1 and the minimum value of cos is 1.

Using Pythagoras theorem we have, x 2 + y 2 =1

i.e., (cos )2 + (sin )2 =1

Note : ( cos ) 2 is written as cos 2 and ( sin ) 2 as sin2

Similarly, cosec2 = 1 +cot 2

Example 16.9 Prove that sin 4 + cos 4 =1 2sin 2 cos2 ing

= sin 4 + cos 4 + 2sin 2 cos 2 2sin 2 cos 2

= ( sin 2 + cos 2 ) 2sin 2 cos 2

= 1 2sin 2 cos2 ( Q sin 2 + cos 2 = 1)

Example 16.10 Prove that 1 + sin

= sec tan =R.H.S.

Also, sin 2 + cos2 =1

( cos is positive as lies in the first quardrant)

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 16.4

1. Prove that sin 4 cos 4 = sin 2 cos 2

8. Prove that sin 6 + cos 6 =1 3sin 2 cos2 Notes

16.3 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF SOME

R.H.S. = cos cos sin sin

4. , verify the following :

16.4 GRAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

point P can move in the third quadrant only. Hence

(iii) It is continuous everywhere.

What do you observe ?

The graph is similar to that of y = sin

2. Graph of sin , in other intervals namely [ 4 , 6 ] , [ 2 , 0 ] , [ 4 , 2 ] ,

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 16.6

2. Explain the symmetry in the graph of sin in [0, 2]

3. Sketch the graph of y = 2 sin , in the interval [0, ]

4. For what values of in [ , 2] , sin becomes MODULE - IV

5. Sketch the graph of y = sin x in the interval of [ , ]

values in the intervals 0 , , , , 3 and 3 , 2 .

I Quadrant : In the interval 0 , , point P lies in

the second quadrant and therefore point M lies on the

negative and decreases from 0 t o 1 as increases

from to . Hence in this inverval cos decreases

in the third quadrant and therefore, OM = x remains

IV Quadrant : In the interval 3 , 2 , point P lies

cos 1 .87 .5 0 0.5 .87 1 .87 .5 0 0.5 .87 1