Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UNIT-4 16 Marks
UNIT-4 16 Marks
Part-B
1. What are the components of watershed management? Discuss.
What is meant by rain water harvesting? Why it is necessary nowadays?
Discuss in detail about water Conservation.
Describe the various water conservation strategies
Watershed Management
2. Mention any four Acts enacted by our country that deals with the environmental
pollution and discuss their provisions in detail.
Mention the salient features of The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
and Forest Conservation Act, 1986.
Discuss briefly on the Indian environmental acts
Discuss in detail about Water Act and Wildlife, Forest Act.
Objectives
To protect & improvement of the environment
To prevent hazards to all living creatures & property
To maintain peaceful relationship between humans & their environment
Objectives
Prevention and control of water pollution
Maintaining or restoring the wholesomeness of water
Punishment
Stoppage of supply of electricity, water / any other services
Imprisonment for 1. years to 6 years & Rs. 5000/- fine.
Important Features
Covers the right & non-rights of forest dwellers
Provides restricted grazing in sanctuaries & prohibits in national parks
Prohibits the collection of non-timber forest.
Objectives
To protect & conserve the forest
To ensure judicious use of forest products
3. Explain various disaster management measures during Cyclone, floods, earthquake and
landslides.
State the different calamities and explain any one in detail.
Write short note on disaster management.
Earthquake
An earthquake is a sudden vibration caused on the earths surface due to the sudden
release of tremendous (or) enormous amount of energy stored in the rocks under the earths crust.
Causes
Due to disequilibrium in any part of the earth crust
Due to volcanic eruptions
Due to underground nuclear testing
Decrease of underground water level.
Measurement of Earthquakes
The severity of an earthquake is generally measured by its magnitude on Ritcher scale as
shown in the table
S.No Ritcher Scale Severity of Earthquakee
1. Less than 4 Insignificant
2. 4-4.9 Minor
3. 5-5.9 Damaging
4. 6-6.9 Destructive
5. 7-7.9 Major
6. More than 8 Great
Effects
It the earthquakes come in hilly areas it causes land slides
It collapses houses due poor construction
Deformation of ground surface
If earthquake comes under the sea Tsunami will occur
Earthquake Management
By building earthquake resistant building
Wooden houses are preferred in earthquake areas
Satellite images will intimate the occurrences of earthquakes
Floods
If the water flow exceeds the carrying capacity of the channel within its banks, the excess
of water over flows on the surroundings causes floods.
Causes
Due to heavy rain
Sudden snow melt
Reduction in the carrying capacity in channels
Sudden and exceeds release of water from the dams
Human activities in filters the water, in the soil which increases the speed of water
Deforestation increases floods.
Effects
Heavy suffering to leaving low lying areas by the houses and properties are washed away
It damages crops and livestock
It causes economic loss and health related problems
Management
Plant more trees
Encroachment of flood way should be banded
Building walls
Diverting excess water through channels
River networking in the country reduce floods
Flood warning should be given by the central water commission.
Cyclones
Intense depressions forming over the open oceans and moving towards the land. On
reaching the shores, it move into the interior of the land or along the shore lines.
Occurrence
The cyclone once formed may be active from days to weeks and their speeds vary
between 180-500km/ hr.
Tropical cyclones in the ward oceans are formed because of heat and moisture
The main requirement of formation of tropical cyclone is that the sea surface temperature
(SST) must be below 25oC
Tropical cyclones move like a spinning top at the speed of 10-30 km/hr
Effects
The damages depends on intensify of the cyclones
It damages human life, crops, roads, communication, transport, livestock, electricity etc.,
So it slow down the developmental activities.
Management
Satellite image shows the strength of the storm
RADAR system is used to detect the cyclone and use for cyclone warning
For absorbing the exact location of the cyclone every half a hour satellite pictures are
analyzed
It is difficult to stop, but effects can be prevented by
o Planting trees, construction of dams, wind breaks.
Landslides
The movement of earthy materials like coherent rock, mud, soil and debris from higher
region to lower region due to gravitational pull is called landslides.
Causes
Due to rain
Movement of heavy vehicles on sloppy regions
Earthquakes and cyclone create landslides
Underground caves and mining
Effects
It blocks the roads
Erosion of soil is increased
It damages house, crop, livestock
Management
Unloading the upper part of the slopes
Improve cultivation in the sloppy region
Concrete support can be made
Soil stabilization using chemicals like quick lime
Resettlement:
It is the displacement of human population.
Rehabilitation:
It involves making the system to work again by allowing the systems to function
naturally.
It includes replacing the Provide safe land for building, repair damaged
infrastructure etc.,
Causes of displacement of people:
1. Due to developmental activities:
It includes construction of dams, mining, roads, airports, ports, etc.,
These activities cause large scale displacement of local people from their home
and loss their home and loss of their traditional profession.
Ex: In our country, a number of big and medium dams are constructed under
different valley projects.
Tehri dam has displaced more than 10000 residents of Tehri town.
2. Due to disaster:
a. Natural disaster: It includes earthquake, floods, droughts, landslides etc.,
b. Manmade disaster: It includes industrial accidents, nuclear accidents etc.,
Important issues:
1. Tribals are usually the most affected among the displaced. Displacement increases their
poverty due to loss of home, land, jobs...
2. Break up of families is an important social issue in which the women are the worst
affected and they are even not given cash compensation.
3. If the tribals get cash compensation, they are not familiar with the market policies and
trend.
4. Marriages, social and cultural functions, dances and activities vanish with their
displacement.
5. Loss of identity and loss of the intimate link between the people and the environment is
one of the big losses.
Rehabilitation policy:
1. The people should be rehabilitated on minimum dislocation basis, by choosing
adjacent areas.
2. The extent of rehabilitation should meet the ends of social justice and balanced
development.
3. The advantages of rehabilitation should be on par with those of the beneficiaries of the
proposed project.
4. The extent of damage and suffering that the proposed project would cause should be
studies and ascertained before starting the project.
5. The rehabilitation and resettlement work should be a part of the project and all those
affected should be rehabilitated before the commencement of the project.
Case studies:
a) Sardor sarovar dam:
It is situated in Narmada valley.
River Narmada flows through Madhyapradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and merges in
Arabian Sea.
45,000 hectares of forest, 2,00,000 hectares of cultivated lands and 573 villages would
be submerged in Maharashtra for the construction of the dam.
Gujarat government has planned to increase the height of the dam from 100m to
110.64m
There is no proper rehabilitation scheme for the affected people.
Narmada control authority asked Madhyapradesh and Maharashtra government to give
the status of resettlement and rehabilitation of the people.
ii) Functions of state board and central board according to pollution control
5.(i) Describe about Waste land development and the need for it.
Write a note on integrated wasteland development program
(ii) Explain the role of NGOs in environmental protection and health.
Describe in detail the role of NGO.
Methods of waste land reclamation (or) integrated waste land development programme:
1. Drainage: Excess water is removed by artificial drainage.
2. Leaching: It is the process of removal of salt from the salt affected soil by applying
excess amount of water.
3. Irrigation practices: High frequency irrigation with controlled amount of water helps
to maintain water availability in the land.
i) Public awareness:
2. Through mass-media:
Media like radio, TV and cable network can educate the people on environmental issues
through cartoons, documentaries, plantation & street plays.
3. Cinema:
Film about environmental education should be prepared and screened in the theatre
compulsorily. These films may be released with tax free.
4. News paper:
Newspapers as well as magazines must publish the environment related problems.
6. Traditional techniques:
The traditional techniques like folk plays, dramas may be utilized to spread
environmental messages to the public.
7. Leaders appeal:
Political leaders, cine actors and popular social reformers can make an appeal to the
public about the urgency of environmental protection.
Nuclear holocaust
2. It ignites all combustible material & destroy all the living beings
Examples of nuclear holocaust:
Nuclear war in Japan, Hiroshima & Nagasaki
Nuclear reactor exploded at Chernobyl.
Control measures:
1. Training must be given to people for handling these materials to avoid accident.
2. Constant monitoring of the radiation level has to be carried out.
3. Regular check and control measures are done by Atomic Energy Regulatory Board under
the Department of Atomic Energy.
Case studies:
1. Nuclear holocaust in Japan:
In 1945, two nuclear bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki cities in Japan.
This holocaust killed about 1,00,000 people and totally destroyed the city.
This explosion emitted forceful neutrons and gamma radiations.
Large scale bone deformities occurred in the inhabitants of these cities.
a) Ozone layer:
Ozone gas is highly concentrated in the stratosphere between 10 and 50
km above sea level.
Ozone layer protects us from the UV rays of the sun.
Recent evidence has shown that ozone layer parts are becoming thinner.
Ozone holes have developed.
UV-B radiation reaches the earths surface through this hole.
It affects DNA molecules
It causes skin cancer and eye disease.
b) Formation of Ozone:
1. Ozone is formed by photochemical reaction.
O2 + h O + O
2. Atomic oxygen reacts with molecular oxygen to form ozone.
O + O2 + M O3 + M
M = nitrogen
c) Mechanism (or) Formation (or) Causes of ozone layer depletion:
Ozone layer was attacked by Chlorofluoro carbon (CFC).
CFC is released into atmosphere by refrigeration units, air conditioning system.
CFC release chlorine which breaks ozone into oxygen
CF2Cl2 + h Cl + CF2Cl
Cl + O3 ClO + O2
ClO + O Cl + O2
Each chlorine atom is capable of attacking several ozone molecules.
Long chain process is involved.
1% loss of ozone results in a 2% increase in UV rays reaching the earths surface.
g) Control measures:
1. Replacing CFCs by other materials.
2. Use of gases such as methyl bromide which is crop fumigant also to be controlled.
3. Manufacturing and using of ozone depletion chemicals should be stopped.