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ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY
INTRODUCTION
By:
IR TS HJH AZINOOR AZIDA BINTI ABU BAKAR
UiTM PASIR GUDANG
WEEK 1 – INTRODUCTION
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the week, students should be
able to:
✓ identify and explain various components of hydrological
processes (CO1);
✓ define a hydrological problem using the watershed concept
(CO1);
✓ apply the water budget equation to solve hydrological
problems (CO2).
ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY
?
Input SYSTEM Output
Why learn hydrology?
• to plan and manage water resources for the
sustainability of life
MANAGE
FACILITIES
Why learn hydrology?
• to control the use of water, to regulate streams
and rivers, to control flood, to control erosion
and sedimentation, to control pollution, to store
and distribute waters, and more.
CONTROL
Hydrology vs Hydraulic
Hydrology is concerned with quantifying the
water, identifying where the water comes from and
where it goes to.
Quantity
Groundwater
Fresh 134.8 10,530,000 0.76 30.1
Saline 134.8 12,870,000 0.93
Soil Moisture 82.0 16,500 0.0012 0.05
Polar ice 16.0 24,023,500 1.7 68.6
Other ice and snow 0.3 340,600 0.025 1.0
Lakes
Fresh 1.2 91,000 0.007 0.26
Saline 0.8 85,400 0.006
Marshes 2.7 11,470 0.0008 0.03
Rivers 148.8 2,120 0.0002 0.006
Biological water 510.0 1,120 0.0001 0.003
Atmospheric water 510.0 12,900 0.01 0.04
Total water 510.0 1,385,984,610 100
interception
SNOW VEGETATION
melt throughfall
stemflow
LAND SURFACE (DEPRESSIONS)
overland flow
SURFACE WATER BODIES
surface runoff
STREAMS OCEANS
SUBSURFACE WATER
capillary rise percolation
GROUNDWATER (AQUIFERS)
Hydrological processes
• precipitation
• interception, throughfall, stemflow
• storage, depression storage
• overland flow
• infiltration, percolation
• interflow, baseflow, surface runoff
• evapotranspiration
Trans-boundary Flow
EXAMPLE :
Although the concept of the hydrologic cycle is
simple, the phenomenon is enormously complex and
intricate.
It is indeed a large cycle comprising many
interrelated cycles of continental, regional and
local extent.
For most practical problems, only a few processes of
the hydrologic cycles are considered at a time and
only considering a small portion of the earth’s
surface.
This smaller subsystem within the entire hydrologic
system may be studied based on geographical area
water budget using the method of control volume.
Watershed Hydrologic System
Watershed, catchment or drainage basins refer to
the topographic area that collects and discharges
surface runoff as streamflow through one outlet.
Precipitation
Watershed boundary
Watershed
surface
Outflow
Watershed Hydrologic System
They accurately define surface water boundaries and
can be pictured in a pyramidal fashion as the
runoff from smaller basins (subsystems) combine to
form large basins and the runoffs from these basins
in turn combine to form even larger basins, and so
on.
Urban Catchment
Catchment = the land area over which rain falls;
Watershed = the land area that contributes surface
runoff to any point of interest;
Drainage basin = the tract of land, both surface and
subsurface, drained by a river and its tributaries of
both surface runoff and groundwater discharge.
Watershed Control Volume
It is not necessary to know the precise flow pattern
inside the control volume, nor the biological,
chemical and physical processes taken place in the
system, but the flow across the control surfaces.
Precipitation
System boundary
(Control surfaces)
Watershed boundary
Watershed
surface
Rainfall excess
Outflow
Contributing area
Water Budget Equation
(Mass Balance)
Units:
•Depth e.g cm, mm
•Volume e.g m3, Mm3
•Volumetric rate e.g m3/s, Mm3/s
Water Budget Equation
(P – ET – F – IA) – R = S
P = precipitation
ET = evapotranspiration
F = infiltration Losses
IA = initial abstraction
R = runoff/ outflow
S (+) accumulation; S (– ) depletion
Assuming no change in storage,
(P – ET – F – IA) – R = S
If C = 0, R = 0 no runoff
If C = 1, R = P no losses
Generally, R is large ( ≈ 1) in urbanized area
R is low in ( ≈ 0) natural catchment
The system concept using control volume method
greatly simplifies the modeling of such large and
complex processes.
A = 20,000 km2
P = 25 cm (P – L) – R = S
R = 200 m3/s Assume L=0
S = ? Hence S = P – R
t = 7 days
A = 900 km2
S = 1 m (P – L) – R = S
t = 5 days
Hence R = S
R = 2083 m3/s
Example (6)
In Example (5), the downstream river is has a main
channel which is 50m wide and 10m deep, and
carries an average flow of 500m3/s (including the
regular outflow from the reservoir).
Determine whether the release of water from the
reservoir will cause the river to overflow. The
Manning’s roughness coefficient may be taken as
0.025, and the bed slope 1:1000.
Solution
1
River capacity Q = AR S
2 / 3 1/ 2
= 2345m3/s
n
Total flow = 500 + 2083 = 2583m3/s > 2345m3/s !!