Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY
Introduction
Meteorology
Precipitation
Evaporation and Transpiration
Runoff
Stream Gauging
Hydrograph Analysis
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BOOKS
Text
Awan, N.M. (1981). Surface Water Hydrology, Vol I & II,
National Book Foundation, Islamabad.
Shaw, E. M. (1994). Hydrology in Practice. 3rd edition.
Chapman & Hall, London.
Reference
Ghumman, A. R. (2006). Engineering Hydrology: An
Introduction. Prosperous Pakistan Publishers, Lahore.
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Grading Criteria
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HYDROLOGY
The study of water, including rain, snow and water
on the earth’s surface, covering its properties,
distribution, utilisation, etc.
(Chambers Science and Technology Dictionary)
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Problems Related to Hydrology
Quantity of water available from a catchment ?
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Peak discharge expected in a stream during a storm ?
10
The design of hydraulic structures eg. dams/ reservoirs, bridges
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Damage caused by Peak Floods
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Uses of Engineering Hydrology
Engineering Hydrology seeks to answer questions of the following types:
• How does a catchment’s water yield vary from season to season and from year to
year?
• What hydrologic hardware (e.g. rain gauges, stream gauges etc) and software
(computer models) are needed for real-time flood forecasting?
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Major Aspects of Hydrology
The main jobs of a hydrologist are collection and analysis of
data, and making prediction out of this data.
1. Collection of Data: The hydrologic data comprises:
Rainfall data, snowfall and snowmelt data, runoff data,
topographic maps, groundwater data.
2. Analysis of Data
Analysis of hydrologic data includes checking it for
consistency and homogeneity as well as finding its various
statistical parameters.
3. Prediction
Means to find design values and maximum possible events
(rainfall, floods, droughts). Various approaches used are:
Statistical, Physical, Deterministic 14
Hydrologic Data
The
hydrologic
data
comprises
:
Groundwater Rainfall Data
Data
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Hydrologic Equation
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Water Balance Components
Inflow:
1. Precipitation
2. Import defined as water channeled into a given area.
3. Groundwater inflow from adjoining areas.
Outflow:
1. Surface runoff outflow
2. Export defined as water channeled out of the same area.
3. Evaporation
4. Transpiration
5. Interception
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Global Hydrologic Cycle
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Precipitation Evaporation
Atmospheric Water
Interception
Transpiration
Runoff to streams
Surface
Water
Subsurface Water
Groundwater Groundwater
recharge flow
Pre cipitation
Pre cipitation on ocean
on land 385
100
Evapotranspiration
from land
61
Infiltration Evaporation
Surface from oce an
flow
424
Surface outflow 38
Groundwate r flow
Groundwate r
outflow
1
On land:
P = Evapotranspiration (ET) + Surface runoff (R) +
Groundwater outflow
100 = 61 + 38 + 1
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Table 1. Estimated Distribution of World's Water.
Surface Water
Salt Water in Oceans 1320000 97.2
Salt water in lakes & inland seas 104 0.008
Fresh water in lakes 125 0.009
Fresh water in stream channels 1.25 0.0001
Fresh water in glaciers and icecaps 29000 2.15
Water in the biomass 50 0.004
Subsurface water
Vadose water 67 0.005
G/W within depth of 0.8 km 4200 0.31
G/W between 0.8 and 4 km depth 4200 0.31
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Catchment and Basin
A catchment is a portion of the earth’s surface that collects
runoff and concentrates it at its furthest downstream point,
referred to as the catchment outlet.
Surface
runoff (R)
Infiltration (F)
Time t = T
Time t = 0
Change in storage (DS) Surface runoff (R)
Storage (S)
Infiltration (F)
DS = P - (R + F + ET)
DS = +ve if P > (R + F + ET)
DS = -ve if P < (R + F + ET)
DS = 0 if P = (R + F + ET)
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Problem #1
(i). How much total river runoff occurred in the year (in m3)?
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Problem #1
Solution
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Problem #1
(iii). The water balance equation can be arranged to produce:
ET+F= P - R - ΔS
where:
P = (1.3 2500106)
= 3.25109 m3
So,
ET + F = 3.25109 - 9.4608108
= 2.30392109 m3
= (2.30392109) / (2500106)
= 0.92 m 33
Problem #2
Water at a constant rate of 370 cumec was observed to be entering
into Tarbela Reservoir in a certain season. If outflow from the
reservoir including infiltration and evaporation losses is 280 cumec,
find out the change in storage of reservoir for 10 days. Also convert
your answer into Hectare-meter.
(i). Calculate how much total river runoff occurred in the year
(in m3).
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Problem #3
Solution: