WATER RESOURCE

ENGINEERING

BY: ENGR. SHAN GARMA

INTRODUCTION
Water-Resources Engineering
• Water-resources engineering is an area of professional practice that
includes the design of systems to control the quantity, quality,
timing, and distribution of water to meet the needs of human
habitation and the environment.
• Examples of water-resource systems include domestic, commercial,
and industrial water supply, wastewater treatment, irrigation,
drainage, flood control, salinity control, sediment control, pollution
abatement, and hydropower-generation systems
• The waters of the earth are found on land, in the oceans, and in the
atmosphere, and the core science of water-resources engineering is
HYDROLOGY
WHAT IS HYDROLOGY?
• Hydrology is the study of the distribution and movement of water both on
and below the Earth’s surface, as well as the impact of human activity on
water availability and conditions.
• Hydrology is an extremely important field of study, dealing with one of the
most valuable resources on Earth: water. All aspects of the Earth’s
available water are studied by experts from many disciplines,
from geologists to engineers, to obtain the information needed to manage
this vital resource.
• Hydrologists rely on their understanding of how water interacts with its
environment, including how it moves from the Earth’s surface, to
the atmosphere, and then back to Earth. This never-ending movement is
called the , or the water cycle.
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
• Cycle that involves the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-
atmosphere system. Of the many processes involved in the water
cycle, the most important are evaporation, transpiration,
condensation, precipitation, and runoff. Although the total amount
of water within the cycle remains essentially constant, its
distribution among the various processes is continually changing.
Hydrologic cycle
• This diagram
shows how, in
the hydrologic
cycle, water is
transferred
between the
land surface,
the ocean, and
the
atmosphere.
The present-day
surface hydrologic
cycle. The numbers
in parentheses
refer to volumes of
water in millions of
cubic kilometres,
and the fluxes
adjacent to the
arrows are in
millions of cubic
kilometres of
water per year.
The detailed
hydrologic cycle
emphasizing
processes
involved in the
transfer of water
in the cycle.
Numbers on
arrows show
relative water
fluxes.
The hydrologic cycle has no defined start or end, but
the steps/processes involved are:

• Evaporation
• Condensation
• Precipitation
• Transpiration
• Sublimation
• Runoff
• Infiltration
• Evaporation - the process by which a liquid turns into a gas
• Condensation - the process where water vapor becomes liquid.
• Precipitation - any liquid or frozen water that forms in the atmosphere and falls to Earth.
• Transpiration - The release of water vapor (gas) from plant leaves.
Interception - When precipitation reaches the surface in vegetated areas, a certain percentage of
it is retained on or intercepted by the vegetation
• Sublimation - a change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid. (e.g. dry
ice)
• Runoff - Runoff is the downward movement of surface water under gravity in channels ranging from
small rills to large rivers. Channel flows of this sort can be perennial, flowing all the time, or they can be
ephemeral, flowing intermittently after periods of rainfall or snowmelt
Stream discharge - Stream discharge is normally expressed in units of volume per unit time
(e.g., cubic metres per second), although this is sometimes converted to an equivalent depth over the
upstream catchment area. There are a number of techniques for measuring stream discharge.
• Infiltration - When water from a rainstorm or a period of snowmelt reaches the ground, some or all of
it will infiltrate the soil. The rate of infiltration depends on the intensity of the input, the initial moisture
condition of the surface soil layer, and the hydraulic characteristics of the soil.
DESIGN OF WATER RESOURCE SYSTEM
 DESIGN OF WATER RESOURCE SYSTEM
The uncertainty and natural variability of hydrologic processes require that most water
resource systems be designed with some degree of risk (of failure). Approaches to designing
such systems can be classified as either frequency-based design, risk-based design, or critical
event design.
• In frequency-based design, the exceedance probability of the design event is selected a prior
and the water-resource system is designed to accommodate all lesser events up to and
including an event with the selected exceedance probability. The water-resource system will
then be expected to fail with a probability equal to the exceedance probability of the design
event. The frequency-based design approach is commonly used in designing the minor
structures of urban drainage systems.
• In risk-based design, systems are designed such that the sum of the capital cost and the cost
of failure is minimized. Capital costs tend to increase and the cost of failure tends to decrease
with increasing system capacity. Because any threats to human life are generally assigned
extremely high failure costs, structures such as large dams are usually designed for rare
hydrologic events with long return periods and commensurate small failure risks.
 DESIGN OF WATER RESOURCE SYSTEM

• In critical-event design, some extreme cases where the consequences of failure are truly
catastrophic, water resource systems are designed for the largest possible magnitude of a
hydrologic event. The value of the design (hydrologic) variable in this case is referred to as
the estimated limiting value (ELV). Water-resource systems can be broadly categorized as
water-control systems or water use systems, with design objectives however, these systems
are not mutually exclusive.
WATER CONTROL SYSTEM AND WATER USE
SYSTEM
Drainage
Flood control
Salinity control
Sediment control
Pollution abatement
Domestic and industrial water supply
Wastewater treatment
Irrigation
Hydropower generation
WATER CONTROL SYSTEM
DRAINAGE
Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of a surface's water
and sub-surface water from an area with excess water.
FLOOD CONTROL
Flood control (or flood mitigation or flood protection or flood
alleviation) methods are used to reduce or prevent the detrimental
effects of flood waters.[1][2] Flood relief methods are used to reduce the
effects of flood waters or high water levels
SALINITY CONTROL
Soil salinity control relates to controlling the problem of soil salinity and
reclaiming salinized agricultural land. The purpose of soil salinity control is to
prevent soil degradation by salinization and reclaim already salty (saline) soils.
Soil reclamation is also called soil improvement, rehabilitation, remediation,
recuperation, or amelioration
SEDIMENT CONTROL
Sediment control aims to stop soils and other sediments from a
building site washing into gutters, drains, and waterways
POLLUTION ABATEMENT

Pollution abatement refers to the measures taken to

deduce, stop and eliminate pollution from the
environment.
WATER-USE SYSTEM
Domestic and industrial water supply
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
IRRIGATION
HYDROPOWER GENERATION
THANK YOU AND PREPARE FOR
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