CEW-401 Water Resource Engineering constraints in the design and operation of

water-resource systems
1.1 Water Resource Engineering
Field and Scope
● Water-resources engineering is an area of
professional practice that includes the design of
systems to control the quantity, quality, timing,
and distribution of water
● The successful operation of an engineered
system usually depends as much on
non-engineering analyses (e.g., economic and
social analyses) as on sound engineering
design
● Water-resources engineering is commonly
regarded as subdiscipline of civil engineering
1.2 Hydrologic Cycle
Hydrology
➢ The core science of water resources
engineering
➢ Engineering hydrologists are primarily
concerned with water on land and in the
atmosphere, from its deposition as
atmospheric precipitation to its inflow into
the oceans and its vaporization into
the atmosphere
Hydrologic Cycle

Water Resource Systems ➢ Defined as the pathway of water as it

moves in its various phases through the
➢ Domestic water supply atmosphere, to the earth, over and through
➢ Commercial water supply the land, to the ocean, and back to the
➢ Industrial water supply atmosphere
➢ Wastewater treatment
➢ Irrigation ➔ After a rainfall, water in the
➢ Drainage vegetation either evaporates or
➢ Flood control infiltrates into the ground
➢ Sanitary control ➔ Groundwater is the water below the
➢ Sediment control land surface
➢ Pollution reduction ➔ Surface water is the water above the
➢ Hydropower generation system land surface
➔ Runoff is the excess water that is
Water Resource Engineer flowing along the surface to any
bodies of water
● Technically competent in understanding the
physical processes that govern the
movement of water
● Physical processes (e.g., gravity,
upstream, downstream)
● Chemical and biological process
(water quality)
● Economic and social considerations
(policy making)
● Environmental impacts (construction
of structures)
● Knowledgeable in water policy economics,
and systems analyses are concerned with the
political, economic, and environmental
Urban Water Resources
1.3 Fundamentals in Design of
➢ In urban areas, the ground surface is Water-Resource System
typically much more impervious than in rural
areas; surface runoff is controlled by drainage Water Resource Systems
system
➢ Surface waters and groundwaters in urban ➢ Climatic spectrum of the region must
areas are significantly influenced by the be considered in the design because of
water-supply and wastewater removal systems climatic measures mean annual rainfall
that are an integral part of the urban scape and mean annual potential
➢ Since human-made systems are part of the evapotranspiration
hydrologic cycle, a water-resources engineer ➢ Can be broadly categorized as
must ensure that systems constructed for water water-control systems or water-use
use and control are in harmony with the needs systems
of the environment

Water Quality

Climatic Spectrum
➢ In humid areas, like the Philippines,
annual rainfall is high and surface runoff,
groundwater recharge, and
evapotranspiration (ET) are all significant
processes
➢ In comparison, in arid areas (Middle
East) annual rainfall is low,
evapotranspiration is the dominant, surface
Distribution of Water Resources runoff is also important, and groundwater
recharge is almost negligible
➢ Estimated World Water Quantities
Water Control Systems
Surface Runoff
➢ Drainage, canal, and channel are some of
control system structures
➢ Primarily designed to control the spatial and
temporal distribution of surface runoff resulting
from rainfall events
➢ Flood control - reduce the peak flows in
streams, rivers, and drainage channels, thereby
reducing the occurrence of floods.
➢ Flood - defined as a high flow that exceeds
the capacity of a stream or drainage channel

Water Use Systems

➢ Designed to support human habitation and
include water-treatment systems, water-
distribution systems, wastewater-collection
systems, and irrigation systems
➢ The design capacity of water-use systems is
generally dictated by the population and
characteristics of the service area, commercial
and industrial requirements, crop requirements,
and/or the economic design life of the system.
➢ Domestic water supply system, Domestic
wastewater-collection systems, Irrigation
systems, Hydroelectric power systems
2.1 Mechanism of Surface Runoff
Time of Concentration, tc
➢ The parameter most often used to characterize
the response of a catchment to a rainfall event
➢ The longest travel time that it takes for surface
runoff to reach the discharge point of a catchment
➢ Is a function of effective rainfall (ie), catchment
length (L), catchment slope (S0), and catchment
surface (C)
2.2 Overland Flow

➢ Domestic water supply system - include
water-extraction facilities, such as wellfields,
that must extract water from the source at rates
that do not cause adverse effects on the source
water
Module 2. Hydrology Runoff Estimate
2.1 Mechanism of Surface Runoff
Runoff Models
➢ Runoff models estimate the distribution of
surface runoff at a catchment outlet based on
the amount of effective rainfall and catchment
characteristics
➢ Effective rainfall – Rainfall that goes to the
impervious material rather than the porous soil
➢ Catchment – a hydraulic structure or natural
basin that collects water or runoff
➢ Water that runs across the land after rainfall,
either before it enters a watercourse, after it leaves
a watercourse as floodwater, or after it rises to the
surface naturally from underground
➢ It does not include water that has naturally
infiltrated the soil in normal farming operations
Time of concentration of overland flow
➢ Kinematic wave equation
➢ Natural Resources Conservation Services
(NRCS) equation
➢ Kirpich equation
➢ Izzard equation
➢ Kerby equation
Kinematic Wave Equation
Manning’s Roughness Coefficient, n
2.3 Peak Runoff Estimate
Peak Flow
➢ Peak-runoff models estimate only the peak
runoff rate, not the entire
runoff hydrograph
➢ Peak flow rates are required for the hydraulic
design of bridges and
culverts, for evaluation of flooding potential, and
for the design of
stormwater conveyance structures.
➢ Rational method is the widely used peak
runoff estimation method
Rational Method
➢ Assumes that the entire catchment area is
contributing to the runoff, in which case the
duration of the storm must equal or exceed the
time of concentration of the catchment
➢ Another assumption is that the rainfall is
distributed uniformly over the catchment area
➢ Lastly, all catchment losses are incorporated
into the runoff coefficient, C.
Rational Method Equation
➢ Relates the peak runoff rate and rainfall
intensity
Qp = CiA
Where,
Qp is the peak runoff rate
i is the rainfall intensity in mm/hr
A is the catchment area
➢ Since runoff coefficient and rainfall intensity
is a function of excess rainfall, ie, then, peak
runoff rate can also be written as
ie = Ci
Qp = ieA
Intensity Duration Frequency, IDF Step 2. Determine what’s missing
(also, check the corresponding units)
➢ Curves or graphs which express the
relationship between the average intensity in a
rainstorm and the averaging time (= duration),
with the average intensity having a given
probability of occurrence.
➢ IDF incorporates engineering design for
measurement of peak flow rates.
➢ Used to more accurately evaluate rainfall
intensity, i

Sample Problem 2

A new 1.2-ha suburban residential development

is to be drained by a storm sewer that connects
to the municipal drainage system. The
development is characterized by an average
runoff coefficient of 0.4, a Manning’s n for
overland-flow of 0.20, an average overland-flow
length of 70 m, and an average slope of 0.7%.
The time of concentration can be estimated by
the kinematic-wave equation. Local drainage
regulations require that the storm-sewer pipe be
sized to accommodate the peak runoff rate
resulting from a 10-year rainfall event. The
10-year IDF curve is given by

where i is the rainfall intensity in cm/h and t is

the duration in minutes. Local drainage
regulations further require a minimum time of
concentration of 5 min. Determine the peak
runoff rate, Qp, to be handled by the storm
sewer.
Given:
A = 1.2 ha
C = 0.4
n = 0.20
L = 70 m
So = 0.007

Step 1. Write the working equation

Qp = CiA
MODULE 3. PUMP AND PIPELINE SYSTEM
3.1 Pumps
Pumps
➢ Pumps are hydraulic machines that adds
energy to water or other fluids
➢ Raise water in elevation
➢ Move water through network of mains under
pressure
Pump Types
➢ Positive displacement pumps
▪ Deliver fix quantity of fluid for each
displacement
▪ Literally push the fluid in order to move it
➢ Rotodynamic pumps
▪ Most common type of pump in engineering
selection
▪ Add energy to the fluid by accelerating it
through the action of a rotating impeller
▪ Centrifugal pump, axial-flow pump, mixed-flow
pump
➢ Rotodynamic pumps
▪ Single stage pump – only one impeller
▪ Multistage pump – two or more impellers
arrange in series (used if large head is
required – deep well)
Pump Efficiency, η
➢ The performance of a pump is measured by
the head added by the pump and the pump
efficiency
➢ Total dynamic head (TDH) is difference
between the total head on the discharge side of
the pump and the total head on the suction side
of the pump
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
η = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡
γ𝑄ℎ
η= 𝑃𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
➢ Pumps are inefficient for a variety of reasons
such as:
▪ frictional losses as the fluid moves over the solid
surfaces,
▪ leakage of fluid between the impeller and the
casing,
▪ and mechanical losses in the bearings and
sealing glands of the pump
Pump Curve
▪ BEP – Best Efficiency Point, max
efficiency of the pump
▪ Pumps are ideally operated
between 70% to 130% from BEP
Multiple-pump systems
➢ Used in cases where singular pump is
inadequate to achieve desired operating condition
➢ Can be in series or in parallel configuration
➢ Series
▪ Used when insufficient head
▪ Constant transferred flow, Q
▪ Total head is equal to the sum of all available
head delivered by the pumps
▪ Example from illustration: the flow through the
system is equal to Q and the head added by the
system is 2hp
➢ Parallel
▪ Used when insufficient flow, Q
▪ Constant head, h
▪ Total flow is equal to the sum of all available
flow delivered by the pumps
▪ Example from illustration: the flow through the
two-pump system is equal to 2Q, while the head
added is hp
Pipelines
➢ Water-distribution systems typically consist of
connected pipe loops throughout the
service area
➢ Water mains – collective term for pipelines in
distribution system
➢ Service lines – pipe that carries water from
mains to a building, property, or household
Water mains
➢ Can also be called mainlines (collective for
transmission lines, arterial mains, and distribution
mains)
➢ For warmer climate, like the Philippines, the
usual cover depth is 1.2-1.5 m (large mains) and
0.75-1.0 m (smaller mains)
➢ Minimum size of 150mm considering fire
requirement
➢ Minimum of 300mm to categorize as large
mains
➢ Fire hydrants require a minimum pipe size of
150mm interconnection
Service lines
➢ Service lines are pipes, including accessories,
that carry water from the main to the point of
service
➢ Normally connected to a water meter
➢ Single-family residences are most commonly
served with 20-mm (in the Philippines, 15mm is
the standard)
➢ Buildings are usually serviced by a 25mm
service connection pipe
Pipe materials
➢ Pipeline materials should be selected based
on a consideration of service conditions,
availability, properties of the pipe, and economics.
➢ Most water distribution mains are made up of
cast-iron pipe (CIP), ductile-iron pipe
(DIP), or steel pipe with lifespan of more than 100
years
➢ Other pipe composition can be a concrete,
plastic, asbestos cement, or fiberglass
1. Ductile iron
➢ Ductile-iron pipe (DIP) is manufactured with
diameters in the range of 76–1625 mm (3–64
in.)
➢ Lifespan of over 100 years
➢ Hazen-Williams coefficient, C=140
➢ DIP is better than CIP in terms of strength and
ductility.
2. Steel
➢ Steel pipe usually compares favorably with DIP
for diameters larger than 400 mm, with
available sizes ranging from 100mm to 3600mm
➢ Primarily used for transmission lines in water
distribution systems because it is cheaper,
lighter, and stronger than iron.
➢ Lifespan of 80 to 100 years
3. Plastic
➢ Plastic materials used for fabricating
water-main pipe include polyvinyl chloride (PVC),
polyethylene (PE), and polybutylene (PB).
➢ PVC pipe is by far the most widely used type of
plastic pipe material for small-diameter water
mains and gravity-driven water-distribution
systems
➢ Commonly available with diameters in the
range
of 100–900 mm (4–36 in.)
➢ Lifespan of 25 years
➢ Hazen-Williams coefficient, C=150
Other pipe materials
➢ Asbestos cement
▪ Installed in an area where metallic pipe is
subjected to corrosion
▪ Banned from production since 1989 because
asbestos is carcinogenic
➢ Fiberglass
▪ Advantages: corrosion resistance, light weight,
low installation cost and hydraulic smoothness
▪ Disadvantages: easy to damage, low modulus of
elasticity, lack of standard joining system
➢ Concrete
▪ Concrete pressure pipe provides a combination
of the high tensile strength of steel and the high
compressive strength and corrosion resistance of
concrete
▪ Relatively much higher cost and much heavier
than other materials