DR MAHYUN AB WAHAB

SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS
CO 1: Able to demonstrate the
scenario of hydrology and water
resources engineering

PO 1 : Ability to acquire and apply

knowledge of mathematics, science,
engineering and an in-depth technical
competence to the solution of
complex engineering problems in an
environmental/civil engineering
discipline.
 Design Fundamental
 Hydrologic Design Concept
 Design Rainfall

 Structure design concept

 Design open drains
 Design swale
MSMA 1ST •Chapter 11
•Hydrologic Design
edition Concept

MSMA 2nd • Chapter 2

• Quantity Design
edition Fundamental
 There are many types of hydrologic analyses
required in construction
 The design must consider meteorological
factors, geomorphological factors, and the
economic value of the land, as well as
human value such as aesthetic and public
safety aspects of the design.
 The design should also consider the
possible effects of inadequate maintenance
of the stormwater facility.
 The main objectives of hydrologic analysis
and design are to:
Estimate peak Estimate
No 1

No 2
flow rates annual runoff
and/or flow volumes for
hydrographs approximating
for the design pollutants
of conveyance loads in the
and quantity design of water
control quality control
facilities facilities
 Hydrologic events are described by stating the
ANNUAL EXCEEDANCE PROBABILITY (AEP)
or the AVERAGE RECURRANCE INTERVAL
(ARI)
 AEP – probability that an event of specified
magnitude, or volume and duration, will be
exceeded in a time period
 ARI – referred to as the return period, is the
average length of time between events that
have the same magnitude, or volume and
duration
 Specifically, the ARI is given by :

1
Tr  .100
P
Where, Tr – ARI in years
P – AEP in percent

 Hence, a 1% AEP has and ARI of 100 years = A

100 year ARI storm can occur in any year with
a probability of 1/100 or 0.01%
 Occasionally it is necessary to determine
the probability of a specific event being
exceeded within specific time.
 The probability P of an event having a given
ARI, Tr occurring at least once in N successive
years is given as :
P = 1 – (1 – 1/Tr)N
 Although the same procedures may be involved
in both cases, the implications and assumptions
involved and the validity of application are quite
different.
 DESIGN FLOOD
 A design flood is a probabilistic or statistical
estimate, being generally based on some form of
probability analysis of flood or rainfall data.
 For the design flood, the conditions are not known
and must be assumed, often implicitly in the design
values that are adopted.
 ACTUAL FLOOD
 The approach to estimating an actual flood
from a particular rainfall is quite different in
concept and is of a deterministic nature.
 All causes and effects require consideration
 The minor system is designed to convey
runoff from a minor storm , which occurs
relatively frequently, and would otherwise
cause inconvenience and nuisance flooding
 The minor system typically comprises
network of kerbs, gutters, inlets, open
drains and pipes.
 A drainage system shall be designed to drain
the storm water collected from roofs and
properties and attenuated through on-site
detention storage tank to road side pipe
drainage and discharge to engineered
waterway where there will be no overflow
and surcharge
 The pipe drainage is suitable mainly for high
density where the land supply is limited and
costly.
 Pipes are also recommended in area of high
pedestrian usage, such as highly built up
areas.
 Pipe or enclosed conduit gives a better
appearance and safety compared to open
drains
 The design of pipe drainage requires detailed
consideration of inlet pits and hydraulic grade
lines.
 A minimum pipe diameter of 375mm shall
be used for the drainage system.
 Manholes are provided to the pipe drainage
for excess to the system for maintenance
purposes in pipeline section where there is no
access through inlet.
 The major system, on the other hand,
comprises the many planned and
unplanned drainage routes, which convey
runoff from a major storm to a waterways
and rivers.
 The major system is expected to protect the
community from the consequences of large,
reasonable rare events, which could cause
severe flood damage, injury and even loss of
life.
 The storm water from road side pipe drain is
collected by engineered waterway through
gross pollutant trap to the community
wet/detention pond
 The engineered waterway so designed is
lined with grasses and to be integrated with
floodplain landscape for aesthetic and
ecological enhancement
 The engineered waterway is designed to
attenuate peak flow and providing removal to
some selected particulate pollutants
especially in small storm
 MAJOR SYSTEM MINOR SYSTEM
Reduced injury and loss of life Improved aesthetics
Reduced disruption to normal business Reduction in minor traffic accidents
activities
Reduced damage to infrastructure Reduce health hazards (mosquitoes, flies)
services
Reduced emergency services costs Reduced personal inconvenience
Reduced flood damage Reduced roadway maintenance
Reduced loss of production
Reduced clean up process
Increase feeling of security
Increased land values
Improved aesthetic and recreational
opportunities
 Differences between Design for Quantity and
Quality
 Runoff from an impervious surface (roof, pavement)
would have greater volume peak discharge and
smaller flow travel time than runoff from a pervious
surface (grass) having similar size, shape, soil and
slope characteristics.
 Uncontrolled land activities and practices in paved or
grassed areas within a catchment however contribute
to the accumulation of pollutant loads as a result of
surface runoff wash off.
 These two examples show that quantity
design analysis primarily deals with land
imperviousness while quality with landuse
practices.
 Quantity design deals with sizing of
structures for collecting, conveying,
controlling, and disposing of stromwater
runoff.
 Stormwater pollutants are however
transported and accumulated in the runoff
and pollutant loads are thus estimated and
designed for according to the pollutant
concentration and total runoff volume in
certain time period
 Quantity Quality
Runoff peak Runoff volume

Landuse % imperviousness Landuse activities

Management of infrequent storms Management of frequent storms

Multi storm ARI design approach Single storm ARI design approach
(major/minor)
Detention/retention may not perform in Ponds may not be efficient in infrequent
repeated/multiple storms storms
Event and continuous (retention only) Annual average load modelling
modelling