CHAPTER I

PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Urban flooding leads to developed catchments, which increases the flood peaks from 1.8 to

8 times and flood volumes by up to 6 times. Consequently, flooding occurs very quickly due to

faster flow times (in a matter of minutes). Urban areas are densely populated and people living in

vulnerable areas suffer due to flooding. Flood is an overflow of water onto a normally dry land.

The inundation of a normally dry area caused by rising of water in an existing waterway such as

river, stream, or drainage ditch. Pounding of water at or near the point where the rain fell. Floods

can arise in a number of ways that are not directly related to ongoing weather events Zameer, A.

et.al, (2013).

According to Gupta (2016) flooding in urban areas is caused by intense and/or prolonged

rainfall, which overwhelms the capacity of the drainage system. Cities are densely populated,

and an urban flood affects a large number of people in a very small area. In addition, an urban

flood results in inundation and damage to vital infrastructure, and disruption to roads and

services, thereby affecting all walks of life. It often leads to major economic losses which have

both local and global implications. Outbreak of diseases is yet another hazard after a major urban

flood. Flooding may occur in which the water overtops or breaks levee, resulting in some of the

water to escape its boundaries or it may occur due to an accumulation of rainwater on saturated

ground in an aerial flood. Floods result from a number of basic causes. Excessively heavy or

prolonged rainfall is the most common universal cause of floods. Floods depend on the

morphology and operation of fluvial systems. The combined effect of these two variable controls

the sensitivity of fluvial landforms to change during floods.

 Surigao City often experienced rainy days which worried the Surigaonons. It is a big

concern for the people in Surigao City, especially those areas that are prone to floods. It brings

hassle to the people who lived in the city because it affects the transportation system and causes

flood related illness. For instance, in the river bank located in Emilio Yuipco Street is known to

be prone in immediate rising of flood and becomes a problem faced by the people living in that

area. They have been experiencing the rising of water, which caused inconvenience, most likely

to the children who are going to school, and even adults who needed to go to their day to day

jobs. They also suffered from the stinky smell of the garbage brought by the flood.

In connection, the researchers were prompted to conduct a study in Emilio Yuipco Street

because there is a need to address the problem about the continuous flooding in the area. With

this study, the researchers created a structural plan that serves as a solution to help lessen the

sufferings of the residents living in near the area.

 Conceptual framework of the Study

The Philippines which is known as one of the most at risk for disasters including floods

have created a law to provide solution in resolving problems about flooding. The Republic Act

No. 6613 (1998) serves as the amendment to adopt modern scientific methods over typhoons in

order to prevent destruction by floods, rains and droughts, creating a council on typhoon

moderation and flood control research and development, providing for its powers and functions

and appropriating funds. It is declared to be the policy of the State to adopt a typhoon moderation

and flood control research and development program for moderating typhoons by reducing their

intensity and minimizing the destructive effects of floods, rains and droughts through scientific

means, for the purpose of preventing widespread devastation to property and protecting the

people and security of the nation.

To carry out the foregoing policy, the government undertakes research on the structure,

development and motion of typhoons as to improve means of predicting typhoons and

consequential floods that gather and organize climatologically and hydrological data for flood

prevention control. Along with this DPWH (Department of Public Works and Highways)

currently works for the planning, design, construction and maintenance of infrastructure, especially the

national highways, flood control and water resources development system, and other public works in

accordance with national development objectives of the country. DPWH have set design guidelines,

criteria and standards often called as (DGCS). DGCS presents revisions of the different guidelines

introducing the industry’s best practice design for public infrastructures adoptable to the local

requirements particularly on flood control.

Based from DGCS Volume 3 Water Engineering Projects (2015) the following requirements are

used for structural analysis towards developing a plan for flood control. These are illustrated on the

Framework of the Study in Figure 1 Schematic Diagram. The first box represents the Criteria in
designing a Flood Control Structural Development Plan and these includes the Design loads,

hydraulic and structural analysis, structural details, construction methodology, and economy. The

second box presents as the basis regarding for the acceptability level of the designed structural

plan such as aesthetic and functionality, environmental condition, drawing details and location.

They are used to critique the evidence of the design by the experts in the field of Civil engineers.

Meanwhile, the output box represents as the outcome of this study, which is the flood control

structural design for the river bank located in Emilio Yuipco Street, Surigao City.

Design load is the maximum amount of something a system is designed to handle.

In structural design, a design load is greater than the load which the system is expected to

support. This is because engineers incorporate a safety factor in their design, in order to ensure

that the system will be able to support at least the expected loads.

For any project involving the implementation of works in a river and floods, the

involvement of hydraulic analysis is an essential one. Hydraulic analysis determines the level of

uncertainty that can be incorporated into the design; hence selection of the appropriate hydraulic

approach is of critical importance in terms of the robustness and cost-effectiveness of the design

and the level of residual risk associated with it.

Structural details is concerned with the drawings from the structural design. Its primary

role is to carry out the load members of the structure in terms of function of revetment, location

and alignment, height, the depth, length, slope, thickness of revetment, prevention of behind

materials and strengthening upper and lower ends.

When creating a flood control plan, it requires construction methodology. Construction

methodology refers to the planned method of construction, taking into account all contractual

and legal requirements, construction constraints, risks, and opportunities. Methodology includes
the temporary and permanent works and the services required to complete the construction

works.

The economic evaluation of flood control investment is conducted for the purpose of

assessing the economic benefits and cost-effectiveness that resulted from the development of

flood control plan. In this regard, benefits of developing flood control plan consider a part of

possible benefits, that is, a part of benefits of damage prevention (the increase of disposable

income created by mitigating direct and indirect property damages due to flood disasters.

Regardless of acceptability level on the designed Structural Plan,  aesthetics and

functionality are crucial but both can be uniquely different. However, aesthetics and functionality

become intertwined and interdependent of one another. It's a process where form meets function.

Function is the purpose for which a design is developed. Aesthetic Response is a human reaction

to the artistic qualities of a sensory experience. Both aspects create challenges for all for

designing a flood control plan.

Environmental conditions ensures that changes in climate will not threaten the efficacy,

adequacy, and durability of flood control structures and their continued services. Since flood

control structures provide defense against frequent, small floods in rivers and estuaries, rising sea

levels, and storm surges, climate change impacts on these structures may significantly affect the

communities relying on their protection. Such impacts have implications on urban stability,

economic growth and trade, and food and water availability. These structures and their services

can be protected with adaptation strategies that include fortifying existing structures and

updating design standards to accommodate future climate changes.

Drawing details contains all the information required for the structural flood control items

represented. This information includes all dimensions, tolerances, surface finish specifications,
and material specifications. Location shows the flood prone area in which will be done through

cite inspection.
 OUTPUT
The Acceptability level of
Criteria in designing a the Designed Structural
Flood Control Structural Plan  Flood Control
Defense Plan  Aesthetic and Structural
 Design loads Functionality Development Plan
 Hydraulic and  Environmental for Kaskag river,
structural analysis Condition Surigao Cty
 Structural Details  Drawing details
 Construction  Location
Methodology
 Economy

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study

Statement of the Problem

 This study aimed to create a plan and design a flood water control defense structural plan in

Kaskag Street, Surigao City. To lessen the rise of the water level (flood) during heavy rainfall.

Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions:

1. The criteria in designing a Flood Control Structural Defense Plan

1.1 Design loads;

1.2 Hydraulic Analysis,

1.3 Structural details,

1.4 Construction methodology,

1.5 Economy

2. The acceptability level of the designed structural plan

2.1 Aesthetic and functionality;

2.2 Environmental condition,

2.3 Drawing details,

2.4 Location

3. Base from the findings of the study, what (flood control structural) design may be

proposed?
 Assumption

The researchers presented the flood control structural plan on how to control flood problems

and develop a new design for the flood defenses by the presentation of the design, including the

important documents in the investigation of the cause and effect problem, and the construction

cost estimate that will determine the total cost of the study.

Significance of the Study

The findings of the study would be significant to the community and the neighborhood

that suffers from the rapid increase of flood. Specifically, this would bring benefits to the

following:

Department of Public Works and Highways. It would help them to have an idea about improving

and develop the flood control defence located in Emilio Yuipco Street. This study would be used

as their reference in the future.

The residents living in Emilio Yuipco Street, Surigao City. This proposed structural defense plan

to control the rapid increase of flood is beneficial to them because with this study it would help

to protect the people in the bad effects of flooding such as disruption of services, health impacts

such as diseases, and the convenience of the people in their everyday living.

Future researchers. This study would be used as a reference to develop their future research.
 Scope and Limitation of the Study

The location of the Flood Control Structural Development Plan only covers the river

bank located in Emilio Yuipco Street Surigao City. The study is limited by the following

parameters which include Dikes, Revetments, floodway, detension structures, and Cut off

Channel. It focused on the flow of water in the river in that area. This study was conducted

during the first semester of the school year 2019 - 2020.

 Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of the study, the following are operationally defined.

Average Riverbed. The average riverbed profile in a cross section survey which is set in order to establish

the elevation of the longitudinal profile and to compute the area of river cross section.

Backwater- The rise of water level that occurs immediately upstream from a structure (dam) or

obstructions in a river to a considerable distance brought about by the presence of structure. Backwater

effect in a river is also caused by tidal influence.

See Area, Catchment, and Benchmark. A permanent point or monument, whose elevation above a given

119 datum is known, and which is used as a point of reference in the determination of other elevations.

Channel, Open. Any conduit in which water flows with a free surface. Channel in which the stream is not

completely enclosed by solid boundaries and therefore has a free surface subjected only to atmospheric

pressure.

Cross Section, Compound. A river cross sectional form which is composed of low-water and high water

channels. This section is usually applied for large rivers wherein the ratio of the design flood level with

the normal water level is relatively large.

Cut- Off Channel. A channel connecting the beginning and the end of a meandering portion of a stream.

Deepest Riverbed. The lowest elevation in a river section which should be taken into account during

cross-sectional survey as basis for deciding foundation depth of flood control Structure.

Depth of Scour. The depth of materials removed below the set datum.

Design Discharge. The calculated discharge based on the frequency of a return period.

Design Flood Level. The design floodwater elevation of a river to which the flood will rise in relation to

the design flood frequency used (e.g., 1-year, 2-years, 5-years return period, etc) in computing the design

discharge.
Dike. An embankment, sometimes called levee, constructed parallel to the banks of a stream, river, lake

or other body of water for the purpose of protecting the landside from inundation by flood water, or to

confine the stream flow to its regular channel.

Ditch. An artificial open channel or waterway usually constructed parallel to the dike to drain the

overflow or seepage water from the river.

Flood Plain. Flat land bordering a river, A habitually flood-prone area.

Concave Bend Freeboard. Allowance in height (of a revetment/levee) to arrest overtopping of water due

to wave action.

Groundsill. A flood control structure, usually built downstream of the bridge in order to fix the riverbed

and prevent further degradation. Groundsill is classified into two (2) types, the head type and the non-

head type.

Inner Bend. A curvature and/or a meander stretch of a river wherein low velocity or sometimes no flow

is observed. This is the part of the river where sediment accumulation is formed. Also known as dead

water zone.

Level, Maximum Flood. The highest recorded flood level.

Master Plan. The overall description of the project area. Sometimes this is referred to as a basin-wide

comprehensive study of a river system. Master plan explains the flood control policy, strategy, target

flood magnitude, main works, etc. of a river system.

Narrow Plain. A plane composed of sand and other fine materials which is formed and

conveyed by the overflowing of flood water from the river running between two mountains.

Width of narrow plane ranges from 50 to 200 meters.

Reference Point. In a river, the place or location of observation point where the planned

discharge is observed and fixed, Term “Control point” is used in Yellow Book.

Retarding basin. A natural or man-made reservoir designed and operated to reduce the peak

volume of the flood flow of a stream or river through temporary storage.

Return Period. The probability, expressed in years, where a phenomena (i.e., flood, rainfall) of a

targeted size/magnitude will likely to occur.

Revetment. A flood control structure for protection of the riverbank from collapse brought about

by erosion, scouring and riverbed degradation.

River Bank. River bank is herein defined as the highest point and/or ground elevation of a river

which can contain flood water without flooding the adjacent land areas.

River, Dike. A river where improvement (like dike) has been introduced.

River Non- Dike. A natural river or an improved river where the Design Flood Level is lower

than the ground elevation and no dike/river wall has been introduced.

Run-Off Analysis. Calculation of discharge from rainfall analyzing the basin and river

characteristics.

Safety Level. The design period applied planning and design of flood control projects where

socio-economic, technical feasibility and environmental sustainability are attained.

Scour. Lowering of streambed or undermining of foundations caused by the tractive force of

flowing water.

Local Scouring. Scouring concentrated on a specific part or location of the river. Local scouring

occurs in areas like the pier of bridge.

Spur Dike. A flood control structure to reduce the flow velocity near the bank by directing the

flow away from the bank and in order to protect the riverbank from collapse.

Tractive Force. The velocity-resisting force or action of riverbed materials

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Flooding is a natural event that replenishes the groundwater and revitalizes the soil

through the deposit of sediments. However, when communities settle within floodplains,

flooding can cause adverse social, economic and environmental impacts. Flood protection works,

such as dikes, can further reduce flood risk. These structures particularly relevant in protecting

communities that were settled before floodplain management policies were implemented.

However, it is technically and economically impossible to completely eliminate flood risk with

dikes. During severe floods, dike failures may occur due to erosion, overtopping or seepage

(Ganiron, 2017).

In the Philippines, flooding is one of the most serious problems today. According to the

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA),

flooding is characterized as an “abnormal progressive rise in the water level of a stream that may

result in the overflowing by the water of the normal confines of the stream with the subsequent

inundation of areas which are not normally submerged.

The government had undertaken several flood control and disaster prevention measures to reduce

the impact of the natural disasters. Both structural and non-structural measures are of utmost importance

in improving the level of the quality of alleviating human suffering and advancing development.

However, it has been observed that there are flood control structures that are either frequently damaged or

not functioning as intended. One of the causes is the inadequate planning mainly due to budget constraints

and lack of reference materials. It is essential that flood control structures are carefully planned and

designed with due considerations on local site conditions, river hydraulic principles and phenomena to

ensure that structures are effective in mitigating water-induced disasters.

 This leads to the creation of manual for flood control planning. Department of Public

Works and Highways under partnership with JICA- Assisted Project for the Enhancement of

Capabilities in Flood Control and Sabo Engineering (Project ENCA) provided references in

planning for flood control structures. This is used in response to the approaches in planning for

flood control and to make the flood control structures effective, economical and sustainable.

DESIGN LOADS

Design Flood Frequency

Design Flood Frequency is expressed by return period where a flood of a target

size/magnitude is likely to occur. The return period should be determined based on the size of

catchment area, the degree of importance of the proposed project area and the economic viability

of the project. Thus, it is necessary to determine the design flood discharge corresponding to the

design flood frequency of the river. It is also necessary to consider the funds needed for the

implementation of the proposed improvement works and the expected benefits.

Design Discharge Allocation

The design discharge allocation is generally computed at the reference point and other

important points of the target river such as the junctions of tributaries and sites of proposed flood

control facilities. The design discharge/probable discharge along the river reaches is then

allocated for the various flood control measures and their attendant costs determined and

evaluated for the most optimum plan.

River Improvement

River improvement is a measure to increase the flow capacity of the existing river

channel and includes widening, dredging, and dike construction. To attain a large flow capacity,

widening of the channel is one of the appropriate measures. However, in urbanized area,
implementation may be difficult due to land acquisition problem. Measures to reduce peak

discharge at the upper reaches of the urbanized area are therefore considered to be necessary.

River Characteristics

River improvement planning involves analysis of river characteristics on the existing

river channel in order to determine the various factors that can make the existing river channel

stable and unstable. In addition, the following parameters are therefore taken into account in the

planning procedures.

(1) Hydraulic quantities during flood: flow velocity (V) and attractive force (T*) during

flood for design of river structures.

(2) Typical scale of channel: channel width (B), water depth (H),bed slope (IBM).

(3) Floodplain (high-water channel) characteristics: quality of high-water channel

deposits and behavior of high-water channel during flood.

(4) Channel alignment: types of meander, relationship between sand bars and a, location

of bank erosion and rate of erosion, formation of islands.

(5) Channel cross section: scour depth, changes in cross section due to flood.

(6)Types of change in longitudinal profile of channel: rate of change, armoring, others

such as small-scale sand wave pattern, sediment discharge, ecosystem, types of human-induced

change in channel characteristics and river scope. It has been found that the river features

mentioned above can be roughly classified and described in terms of (1) mean annual maximum

discharge Am, 2) bed slope IBM and (3) representative grain diameter of bed material dry,

Mean Annual Maximum Discharge

In Japan, it is found that the bank full discharge, which formed the low-water channel of

compound river channel approximately, corresponds to the mean annual maximum flood, which
is nearly equivalent to 2-year or 3-year return period flood. The scale of low-water channel of an

alluvial river reflects the force of flow water mediated by bed material. Bed material, therefore,

is closely related to attractive force acting on the riverbed. For the rivers in Japan, the

representative grain diameter (dry) has close relation with the square of shear velocity (u*2),

which is equal to the product of gravitational acceleration (g), average water depth (Him) and

bed slope (IBM) of mean annual maximum discharge. The bank full discharge is estimated by

changing discharge of the uniform flow or the non-uniform flow computation method. The

obtained bank full discharge should be compared with the mean annual maximum discharge

and/or the probable discharge.

Riverbed Slope

Riverbed slope is estimated from the average riverbed elevation. The right and left bank

shoulders, shape, base, etc. of the river cross-section should be established first. Determine the

base of the river by identifying the bank shoulders, which can accommodate the maximum

capacity of the river, the possible bottom width and the side slopes through survey. From the

plotted cross-section, the average riverbed can be determined. There are many methods used in

determining the average riverbed of which the trapezoidal method is popularly used.

Design Flood Level

Design Flood Level (DFL) means the high water level that corresponds to the design

discharge. Basically, the DFL shall be set at about ground height along the river. For non-diked

rivers, it should not be higher than the ground level. It should not be set above the experienced

maximum flood level because it will induce problems on overflow flooding, tributary

confluence, etc. As much as possible, river should be planned non-diked, because it allows the

sufficient afflux of drainage from the hinterland into the river and the damage potential once
overflow flooding takes place is minimal. On the other hand, if the floodwaters continue to rise,

it induces a large pressure against the dike for diked rivers and its damage potential is great once

the dike is broken.

Design Flood Level of Tributary Affected by Backwater of Main River

The peak flood discharge of the main river and a tributary river do not usually occur at

the same time. When the situations of the drainage basins are extremely different between the

main river and tributary and little relationship is considered to exist in the situations of peak

flood occurrence, the backwater of the main river is surmised to be almost horizontal. In

consideration to the relation between the catchments area of the main river and tributary, if the

two peak discharges might appear at same time, the backwater effect should be taken by the

uniform flow calculation.

Gradient of Riverbed

The gradient of riverbed, as one of the parameters in the calculation of flow velocity, is

based according to the average elevation of the existing riverbed. However, it varies according to

the classification of river segment that exists in a certain river. Basically, the riverbed should be

set as low as possible for the flood flow, however, too much lowering of riverbed will also cause

a problem of lowering the ground water level.

Planned River Channel Cross Section

In a large river, when the ratio of the design flood level to the ordinary water level is

large, the design cross-section form (of a waterway) should be a compound cross section, if

possible. However, it is costly to maintain the low water channel because it is normally planned

with revetment to maintain the waterway. The purpose of setting a low water channel is to

secure and/or fix the waterway stability to prevent meandering, to protect the bank and to
maintain a navigable waterway. In a small river, there usually occurs rapid flow resulting to

several changes in watercourse. Under such situation, it is often difficult to clearly set low water

channel and to maintain it, thus, the single cross section is normally adopted.

Low and High Water Channels

The height of a high water channel is to be discussed together with the width of a low

water channel, as it is not preferable to have an excessively high velocity on the high water

channel from the maintenance viewpoint, i.e., to secure the stability of high water channel on the

occasion of a flood. The design velocity on the high water channel should be less than 2 m/sec.

If a large design velocity on the high water channel is inevitable, then bed protection for the high

water channel shall be designed.

The width of a low water channel is generally decided with emphasis on the present

situation, and the height of a high water channel is designed by calculating the flow capacity for

the frequency of one to three floods on high water channel per year, depending on the demand

for utilization of high-water channel.

Cross Section Form at Curve

At a curve of waterway, a drift current occurs during floods, and the water level at the

concave side of the curve rises to cause high velocity locally, threatening to make the waterway

unstable. Considering that dead water zone is caused inside the curve, and that the effective

cross-section area of the river is decreased due to eddy, river width at said portion shall be

designed about 10% to 20% wider. At the outer bend side, if scouring and erosion occurred

frequently, cut off channel should be considered.

HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS

In planning a river for improvement, it is necessary to set the design discharge (targeted
volume of flood flow). Basically, if the design discharge is not determined, it is difficult to

determine the required width of the river, height of dike, volume of dredging, depth and length of

revetment, etc. Ideally, calculated discharges are obtained based on runoff analysis using

available rainfall data. But, in cases where there are sufficient past annual maximum flood data

on the project site, it will be more convenient to analyze these flood data compared with rainfall

data.

In cases where there are already project studies of the area, a review is needed to

determine the applicability of data in the study, particularly the design discharge and other

relevant data. During the actual situation, however, it is almost impossible to determine the flood

discharge data at each project site in a considerable number of years, say 30 years, even if there

were water level gauging stations because, if the flood discharge is greater than the existing river

capacity, flood water will overflow and therefore it is very hard to establish the cross section

wetted perimeter needed for calculating the flood discharge. In other words, it is very difficult to

estimate the flood discharge based from the water level data.

STRUCTURAL DETAILS

Revetment

Function of revetment is to protect the collapse of riverbank due to erosion, scouring

and/or riverbed degradation. In planning of revetment, the main factor of bank erosion is river

flow velocity. The external force of erosion depends on the velocity of river flow. Therefore, the

determination to provide revetment should be made depending on the river flow velocity,

embankment material, topographical, morphological, and geological conditions of the riverbank

and river flow direction, etc., with due consideration to the appropriate type of revetment suited

to the existing site condition. On the other hand, revetment should be so design to withstand the
lateral forces in case of high velocity flow, flow attack zone, weak geological condition of

riverbank, and poor embankment materials.

Location and Alignment

Revetment should be planned at riverbanks in high velocity areas with consideration to

the site condition (river flow direction, topography, geology, and embankment material). In case

of sluggish stream area and budgetary limitation, priority of construction should be conducted on

river bend or at stream attack part or drift stream. This is because the possibility of scour is very

high on these locations comparing with other parts along the river system. Although the

alignment of revetment depends on the channel plan or existing alignment of bank, bank

alignment should be improved with revetment as smooth as possible particularly at bend areas.

Height

Basically, the height of revetment is determined by setting it at the Design Flood Level (DFL).

However, the revetment height should be designed up to the top of riverbank or crest of

embankment because there is a possibility of occurrence of floodwaters to exceed the DFL or top

of the bank. If the height of revetment is more than 5.0 meters, berm (banquette) must be

provided and is so designed in order to separate the revetment into segments, as well as in

consideration of site condition (geography and geology). Berm shall be at least 1.0 meter in

width for maintenance purposes, patrolling the river and stability of the revetment. For a single

berm revetment, the berm is located just above the ordinary water level whenever possible.

Depth

For a narrow river (less than 50 meters in width) the minimum depth of revetment

foundation should be 1.0 meter below the deepest riverbed elevation of the original riverbed or
design riverbed, because riverbed materials are subjected to erosion during flood times. In case

of a wide river (more than 50 meters in width), more than 1.0-meter depth of revetment

foundation should be considered. If there is a tendency for riverbed degradation, the foundation

has to be placed deeper than 1.0 meter. In the case of a wide river where the velocity is generally

mild and when the mainstream course is fixed and flowing very far from the bank required for

revetment, (more than 20 meters away) the foundation may be placed 1.0 meter below from

existing toe of the bank (Figure 6.1.4b). However, if the mainstream course has a tendency to

changed, the foundation depth should be determined more than 1.0 meter below the original and

designed river bed.

If it is impossible to place the revetment foundation below the original or designed

riverbed in technical viewpoint due to higher low water level, the pile type revetment should be

considered below the ordinary water level.

Segment Length

The length of one segment of revetment in the longitudinal direction should be less than

50 meters in order to prevent the extension of damage once one section of revetment collapses.

Edge of the segment end shall be adequately filled with joint material (mortar) to connect with

the adjoining revetment.

Slope

The slope of revetment should be gentle as much as possible to for stability purposes.

Though standard slope is horizontal and vertical, respectively, it depends on the natural slope of

the ground before construction. For concrete revetment, a maximum slop shall be observed

considering stability and the resulting residual hydraulic pressure.

Thickness
 The thickness of revetment is generally decided based on the existing flow velocity,

sediment runoff whenever the latter exists or likely to occur in the proposed improvement stretch

(topography and geological conditions, scouring, degradation, etc.), soil and groundwater

pressure at the back of revetment and other associated factors. Minimum overall thickness should

be 300 mm for all types of revetment, except for reinforced concrete type.

Prevention of Outflow of Backfill/Behind Material

One of the main causes of caving in of soil particles behind the revetment is the flowing

out of fine backfill materials through the joints of revetment and weep holes. This phenomenon

leads to the collapse of the revetment. In order to prevent the outflow of these fine materials,

filter cloth, such as geo-textile is necessary to be laid behind the revetment. However, cost of

procuring filter cloth should be considered in planning and design of the revetment. As

alternative, gravel may be used instead.

Strengthening Upper and Lower Ends

Generally, most scouring occurs at the upstream and downstream ends of the revetment.

The scouring develops sucking out of backfill materials resulting to the gradual destruction of the

revetment. So, the revetment ends should be strengthened by making it massive/thick and

providing a transition structure like gabion/boulder which are called the “end protection” works

of the revetment.

CONTRUCTION METHODOLOGY

When river improvement planning and structure designing are planned, it is necessary to

understand the characteristics of river. The shape of the river is formed through the recurring

effects of scouring, meandering and sedimentation as a result of perennial and annual maximum

floods. The shape/configuration of a natural river generally depends on the parameters of

riverbed gradient, riverbed material and the annual maximum flood. Moreover, the riverbed

materials can be roughly assessed through the riverbed gradient too. It means that the riverbed

gradient information can roughly provide the phenomenon of the stream and river characteristics.

Therefore, when the river improvement planning is discussed as a first step before river structure

could be designed, it is necessary to undertake the river survey and the actual river (riverbed)

gradient. However, since actual cross sectional survey as well as riverbed gradient determination

from the result of the said survey is difficult, the importance of understanding the river

characteristics according to long-range section is introduced in this guideline.

“Classification of River Segment” is introduced here as the assessment method in

determining the river characteristics. Each segment of the river classified by the gradient of

riverbed and has its own characteristics. The characteristics pertain to the riverbed material,

tractive force of flow during flood, river width and water depth during ordinary flood, etc. In the

same segment, the roughness and/or sand bar conditions are almost the same. So it means that

the velocity of flow and phenomena of scouring are almost the same range in the same segment.

It is very useful to make a river planning and the designing of structure, if the river segment of

target stretch for improvement is identified. Availability of past plan and design of structure in

the same segment may be of useful references.

Longitudinal profile of the river gradually becomes gentle from the upstream towards the

downstream. It has been thought that the friction action of the riverbed materials makes them

smaller. However, the longitudinal profile and the size of riverbed materials are changed in a

certain point rather than gradually changing. The riverbed materials such as gravel disappear in

a certain area, and the rough sand appears. There is no tractive force to move the gravel in the

downstream at that point where the riverbed gradient is gentle, and gravel accumulates in the
upstream point. Moreover, the fine sediment is produced from the mountain area and flows

downstream, so it does not remain so much in the upstream area.

The safety of river structure against scouring phenomena depends upon the river

characteristics by segment. The main factor of external forces that destroy the dikes and banks is

flow velocity. This flow velocity depends upon the river alignment, longitudinal and cross

section profiles and types of riverbed materials. The countermeasure required to overcome this

external force is by considering to change/adjust the riverbed gradient. Thus, primarily when the

river improvement plan is discussed, the classification of each river segment should be

recognized.

Improvement Stretch

To protect the flood prone area, a continuous river improvement plan must be formulated

along the stretch/portion wherein the susceptible area is considerably wide. The discontinuity of

the improvement plan might still cause inundation. However, the stretch for necessary

improvement could be connected to another non-required improvement stretch provided that the

existing discharge capacities between these sections are different even if the latter (non-required

Improvement stretch) is included in the flood prone area. The improvement stretch shall be

decided considering what flood control countermeasures are to be undertaken to resolve the

problems relating to inadequate flow capacity, existing obstruction of flow, scouring, and so on.

Generally, the right and left banks should be planned in a single river improvement plan.

However, if the priority area to be protected is only one side of the river especially in case of

large rivers where sometimes the opposite bank has no existing land use, then this vital area that

needs appropriate countermeasures must be primarily considered in the implementation of the

improvement plan.

River Channel Route

The common improvement works on existing river are widening, dredging, construction

of dikes, and so on. Although the main method to increase the flow capacity is to widen the river

width, construction of floodway must also be considered if it is very difficult to widen the

existing river due to the large-scale congestion of houses and commercial establishments

especially in urban areas, and the site area to be acquired for floodway is comparatively

economically and easy to secure.

If there is a problem on the existing land use and flow disruption because of sharp

meandering, then cut off channel shall be discussed. Several routes shall be set by combining the

portions of existing river use and the portions of new river excavation, and for the respective

routes, the topographic and geologic reasonableness, considerations for the present and future

land uses, administrative district, irrigation and drainage systems, influence to groundwater level,

countermeasure against inner waters, influence to the upper and lower reaches of the planned

section, project cost for improvement, maintenance after improvement shall be taken into

account to select the best route.

For setting the improvement route, the following matters shall be essentially followed:

Alignment must be set smoothly with minimal meanderings. As much as possible, the improved

river channel route should be far away from a densely populated area. The embankment sections

shall be a mountain-connected dike as practically as possible. The high velocity rivers shall be

planned to have many open dikes.

Floodway

Floodway is a channel branching somewhere along the existing river by excavating a new
manmade waterway directly discharging into the sea, lake, or another main river, in order to

avoid the drastic widening of the existing river or to shorten the extension of improvement.

The floodway requires big amount of project cost, and since floods are going to be introduced in

an area which is almost free from the damage of floods from the past, then comparative design

must be employed for planning under the sufficient pursuit of economic warrant and safety as to

the flood flow and with comprehensive discussion made on the following points:

(1) The diverted floodwater of the design flood discharge to the floodway is generally

decided by assuming several separation ratios to calculate the improvement costs, and

by finding the combination to minimize the total of all the improvement costs for the

main river and floodway.

(2) The floodway is decided to be as linear as possible, but it should be constructed far

away from a densely populated areas. Moreover, sufficient attention should be observed

such as the preservation of natural environment, protection of cultural properties, land

use consideration, present water use, administrative district, and so on.

(3) The floodway should be decided whether it is to be made by means of natural diversion

or by any structures such as fixed weir, gate, etc. These structures should also be

planned whether they are to be constructed at the main river, at the floodway itself or

whatever it is envisioned to be more effective.

(4) In case of cut off channel, the longitudinal profile of floodway is generally steeper than

the upper and lower reaches of the existing river. Furthermore, variation of river flow is

apparent considering differences in the types of riverbed materials. Therefore, the

method of reducing the flood energy should be sufficiently discussed as well as the

safety measures for structures by deepening the embedment of bridge piers, revetments,
 and other facilities.

(5) For the cross sectional form, the compound cross section shall be employed as

practically as possible with the emphasis on safety.

(6) The designed floodway for flood diversion is not ordinarily used for low flow diversion

in order to keep the water use of the main river especially during non-flood phase, but

for other cases other than flood. The river function should be discussed such as to

initiate a propose for water purification during the rainy season.

For excavating new river such as a cut off channel or a floodway, any countermeasure

against inner waters should be sufficiently taken into consideration to prevent problem of inland

flood. Also, sufficient investigation must be made beforehand regarding groundwater to avoid

conspicuous troubles. Therefore, the drainage system particularly in the drainage basin along the

river must be sufficiently planned. With respect to the diked river, countermeasures against

inland waters shall be examined so as not to impair the functions of existing drainage channels.

The waterway should be an artificially excavated waterway if it is allowed by the conditions of

the upper and lower reaches. In this case, the runoff from the drainage basin of the new river

shall be included in the calculation of the design flood discharge.

Cut-off Channel

Cut-off channel is a shortened waterway made by excavating new river course to

correct/straight conspicuous meandering. Conspicuous meandering are river stretches with

insufficient flow capacity where bank collapse is apparently inevitable. Countermeasure along

the said meandering requires meticulous planning considering the behavior of the river. On the

other hand, significant maintenance is expected when flood control structures are constructed on

the meander portion.

 In a river with stable riverbed in the state of meandering, the steep gradient is considered

to break the stability, causing riverbed degradation to endanger structures because of increased

velocity in the upper reach, and also causing the rise of riverbed because of deposition caused in

the lower reach. For this reason, planning is not only confined at the cut off section, rather at the

same time, it is necessary to consider the long stretch in the upper and lower reaches such as the

improvement of riverbed gradient, alignment and cross section forms of the waterway. For this

purpose, basic investigation must be made as to bed variations such as form of waterway,

riverbed gradient, bed materials, river regime and the newly designed riverbed variation must be

estimated to find the optimum design.

Open Dike

Open dikes should be constructed along wide rivers where high flow velocity exists

during flooding time in order to confine as much as possible the floodwaters into the main

stream. To minimize disasters due to excessive floods, deposition at riverbeds, breaking of dikes,

etc, open dikes shall be arranged positively in a rapid river, particularly of steep gradients, as far

as they do not provide a hindrance in view of land use in the hinterlands.

Alignment of River

For deciding the alignment of river, the following points must be comprehensively

examined. Generally, all cross sections where sufficient river width exists should be considered

by maintaining or preserving its original width as wide as possible; in anticipation of the

retarding effect. During the event of floods, the direction of river flows and positions of flow

attack zones along the river should be analyzed cautiously in order to devise the suitable

alignment for the floodwater to flow with a little resistance as much as possible. Generally in

most cases, rapid rivers are almost linear. Medium to small rivers shall avoid sharp bend, rather
their alignments should be generally smooth. In large rivers, flow attack zones can be fixed in

order to omit the revetments on the other side. In this case, most designs are worked out with

mild bends for large rivers with meandering course.

The position of new flow attack zone shall be decided in consideration with the present river

course, topographic and geologic features in the hinterland, and conditions of land use. House-

congested areas and the closing places of old rivers, etc. shall be avoided as practically as

possible.

At the point of sharp bend, it is necessary to offset the bend as well as the river width into a

mild course so that flow velocity towards the flow attack zone could be decelerated or slackened.

The bank alignment of the low flow channel in a compound cross section should be normally

parallel in the alignment of the dike whenever it is linear or slightly curved. But in other cases,

its alignment is not parallel to those of the banks, as it is decided generally in consideration of

the channel maintenance, low flow channel uses, i.e., navigational, irrigation purposes, etc. It is

necessary to arrange/set the banks as far as possible from the dikes.

Longitudinal Profile and Cross Section of River Channel

The longitudinal profile shall be determined according to the average elevation of the

existing riverbed and not on its centerline. This is the safest method in setting up the said river

profile, because whatever riverbed modification has been introduced through

dredging/deepening, it will return to its original profile. The deepest riverbed should be indicated

in the longitudinal profile because this will be the one of the important parameters in deciding

the design foundation depth of revetment. In order to increase the discharge capacity, cross

sectional area has to be improved through widening, but without any revision/changing of the
longitudinal profile. However, the Design Flood Level (DFL) shall primarily be determined

before deciding the required longitudinal profile and cross section form of the river channel.

ECONOMY

The projects under the DPWH area of responsibility shall be subjected to economic

evaluation to determine their viability and justify their implementation and inclusion under the

DPWH Infrastructure Program. The proposed projects shall pass the following criteria to be

judged if it is economically feasible:

a) The Net Present Value NPV should be at least nil;

b) The Benefit-Cost Ratio B/C should be at least one;

c) The Internal Rate of Return IRR should be at least 15%

The NPV, B/C, IRR are economic indicators estimated by comparing the present value of

benefits against the present value of project economic cost discounted at 15% discount factor

within the economic life span of the project.

NPV = (Present Value of Benefits)-(Present Value of Cost)

B/C = (Present Value of Benefits)/(Present Value of Cost)

IRR = Discount Rate that will make the Present Value of Benefits equal to Present

Value of Cost

Evaluation of Flood Control Projects

Flood control projects for wide range area with increasing target flood frequency level

are evaluated by estimating the reduction in damages brought about by the project as benefits

and comparing it against the economic cost including maintenance cost of the project

considering the implementation period and economic life of the project.

Small-scale flood control projects, especially projects for preventing bank collapse (erosion and
scouring) and harmful degradation of riverbed are fundamental flood protection works. In this

case, economic Analysis is not necessary.

Project Benefits

Project benefits are estimated as the reduction of damages that will result with the

construction of flood control facilities. There are two classifications of damages that can be

considered for flood control projects:

Flooding Damages

Flooding damages consist of direct and indirect damages. Direct damages within the

flood prone area are estimated from damageable value of properties multiplied by damage ratio

depending on the flooding condition. Damageable value of properties can be estimated as the

unit assed value of properties by land classification (i.e. residential, commercial, and

agricultural) multiplied by the corresponding area, damage to infrastructure can be assumed as

50% of the damage to residential or commercial area.

Indirect damages including income loss and emergency costs due to flooding can be estimated as

5 to 50% of the total direct cost, which depends on the condition of flood prone area.

Economic Cost

The economic cost, which is used for comparative studies and evaluation of project from

economic viewpoint of the project, can be estimated as 86% of the financial cost. Where, the

14% reduction covers taxes, profits and other indirect costs. The cost of Right-of-Way will not

be included in the economic cost.

AESTHETIC AND FUNCTIONALITY

Bank stabilization and river training is a specialized field requiring familiarity with the

stream and its propensity to change, knowledge of the bed load and debris carrying
characteristics of the stream, and experience and experimentation at similar sites on the same or

similar streams. Attempts at localized control should be avoided where the river is in the midst of

changes by studying long reaches. Regardless of the size of the stream and the control measures

used, consider stream response to the installation of the measure. For instance, bank stabilization

at a crossing can cause scour in the bed of the channel or redirect the current toward an otherwise

stable bank downstream.

To a large extent, design is an art, and many questions concerning the relative merits of

various measures have not been definitively answered. General principles for the design and

construction of bank protection and training works are:

 The cost of the protective measures should not exceed the cost of the consequences of

the anticipated stream action.

 Base designs on studies of channel morphology and processes and on experience with

compatible situations. Consider the ultimate effects of the work on the natural channel

(both upstream and downstream).  Site reconnaissance is imperative. This may

include a combination of on-site inspection, aerial reconnaissance, or aerial photographs

taken over a period of years.

 Consider the possibility of using physical model studies at an early stage.

 Inspect the work periodically after construction with the aid of surveys to check results

and to modify the design, if necessary.

 The protective measures themselves are expendable.

Design Flood

The design flood for bank protection works and dikes is typically determined at the

master plan stage. However, where a master plan has not been undertaken, then a design flood
will need to be determined in consideration of a number of factors, including economic,

environmental and social. In determination of a design flood for a project, a risk based approach

is often adopted, where risk can be represented as:

Risk = Likelihood x Consequence

Likelihood refers to the frequency of the flood event, such as a 100 year flood or a 5 year

flood. Consequence refers to the implications of the inundation occurring, and may include the

economic damages of inundation and potential risk to life. These factors should be weighed up

in the determination of a suitable design flood.

Some considerations for the design flood are as follows:

 Where protection of new assets or new developments is to be constructed, then the design

flood may be based on the design flood for development of that asset, so as to provide

suitable protection. For example, it may be appropriate to adopt a larger flood for urban

areas where inundation will cause potential risk to life and property, and smaller flood for

rural land where inundation may not be a key issue.

 For protection of existing assets, then the design flood may be a level that is achievable

considering available space and constraints in installing protection measures.

 Where a revetment or spur dike is adopted, then the aim may be to alleviate more

frequent erosion problems rather than from larger events.

Consideration should be made on the potential impact of implementation of various flood control

structures on surrounding lands. It is important that, by implementing flood control works and

protection one area of land, that another area of land is not significantly impacted as a result.

Examples of this include:

 Construction of a levee to protect a village or urban area. The levee removes the
 floodplain storage, and results in increases in flood levels for a village on the other side

of the river.

 Construction of spur dikes to protect against erosion issues on the outer bend of a river.

As a result, the inner bed starts to erode, placing properties on the inner bend at risk.

Therefore, any assessment of potential flood control works will need to consider changes to the

flood behavior in the surrounding areas. Ideally, this should be undertaken as a part of a wider

flood control master plan, as defined in FCSEC (2010). However, where this is not available, the

following is recommended:

 No more than a 50 mm change in flood levels on urbanized areas, and planned future

urban areas

 No more than 100 mm change in flood levels on rural properties

 No change in the design flood immunity of critical infrastructure such as highways and

bridges

Dike/Embankment/Levee

A dike is an embankment or levee constructed along the banks of a stream, river, lake or

other body of water for the purpose of protecting the landside from overflowing floodwater by

confining the stream flow in the regular channel. Internationally, a dike may be referred to as a

“dike”, “levee” or “embankment”, and the terms can generally be used inter changeably.

It is generally preferred to consider dikes/ levees as a last resort alternative for river

improvements. Key considerations for the design of a dike include:

Difficulty of implementation due to land acquisition (right of way) or existence of

important facilities such as ports or harbors. Note that in these cases a concrete retaining wall
type dike might be adopted. Maintenance and access considerations. Potential for breach of the

dike, and the subsequent damages as a result. Overtopping of the dike in floods larger than those

planned.

Types of Levees

Levees can be applied for the protection of urban areas or agricultural areas. In general,

given the lower value of agricultural land, and the lower impact from resulting inundation, urban

levees tend to be the most common type. Agricultural levees may be used in some situations to

reduce more frequent, nuisance flooding that can impact on the use of the land.

Location and Alignment The alignment and location of a levee should consider: as straight as

possible, as sharp curves are subject to direct attack from flow and should be avoided. Where

there is sufficient space, the embankment should not be close to the river banks otherwise it may

be damaged due to undermining. If this is unavoidable, then it may need to be constructed

together with a revetment. The embankment should be well away from the estimated meander

belt of the meandering river. Valuable tillable land, wells and historical or religious structures

should be avoided. Significant environmental assets should be avoided.

When a dike is designed in rural or undeveloped areas, consideration should be made for

future development potential of that land. Reduction of the existing stream area shall be avoided

as much as possible. The new dike shall be designed to protect the affected flood prone areas. In

consideration of the stability of the structure, the dike alignment shall avoid unstable peat and

muck, weak subsoil, and loose sand foundation to prevent settlement.

Materials

Dikes generally consist of soil and sand. The advantages of using earth materials are:

Economical because of the availability of materials. It will last for a long period of time.
It could be easily mixed with the ground materials. It follows the ground deformation/settlement

of foundation. If the scale of flood control plan is increased in the future, it is easier to improve.

If the dike is damaged by flood, earthquake or other inevitable disasters, it is easy to restore. For

environmental consideration.

Causes of Dike Damages and Proposed Countermeasures

There are many potential causes of damage and breaching of dikes. A general overview

of some potential causes of damage and potential countermeasures. However, it is important to

note that each individual case may be different and consideration of the specific issues will need

to be made.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION

Construction and maintenance of environmental protection structures in the Philippines is the

concern of several different government agencies. These agencies can be valuable sources of

technical information because they implement similar projects and have a larger base of

experience with the planning, design, implementation and O&M of these types of structures. The

following is a list of several government agencies that have experience implementing

environmental protection projects:

a) Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) - This government agency is

mandated by law to implement different types of public structures all over the country

including sea walls, drainages, slope protection and other environmental protection

structures.

b) Provincial Local Government Units (PLGUs) – These government units implement

environmental protective programs and specific structures upon the request of the

concerned municipalities. PLGU’s also provide logistical, manpower and equipment

 support to MLGUs.

c) Municipal Local Government Units (MLGUs) – MLGUs implement environmental

structure related projects within their coverage including those projects funded by

national government agencies and provincial governments. In some cases, MLGUs

request assistance from the DPWH or Provincial Engineer’s Office in terms of planning,

designing, and implementation of environmental protection structures.

d) Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)– This agency is mandated

by the government to be primarily responsible for the protection the country’s

environment and natural resources. DENR also implements environmental protection

structures projects and provide guidelines on the proper planning of these structures when

they affect critical ecosystems.

e) Other government agencies such as National Irrigation Authority (NIA) and Philippine

Port Authority (PPA) also design and implement environmental protective projects to

safeguard their infrastructure and areas of operations.

f) Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) – DSWD has a mandate “To

provide assistance to local government units, non-government organizations, other

national government agencies, people’s organizations, and other members of civil society

in effectively implementing programs, projects and services that will alleviate poverty

and empower disadvantaged individuals, families and communities for an improved

quality of life.”
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents how the researchers conducted the study. It determines the methods

on how the proponent collected some relevant information and data that would serve as reference

in developing the design located in Emilio Yuipco Street. This chapter also contains the research

design, participants, instrument, data gathering procedure and the Data analysis.

Research Design

The study will employ a descriptive research design with a developmental approach; the

researchers will be interacting with the participants through evaluation surveys to collect the

needed information. It is also considered as developmental because the designs will undergo a

series of trial and error, where changes and improvement are being looked into. The secured

design is very appropriate because the researchers will develop a design with references of past

concepts and design that are related to flood control.

Participants
 The participants involved in this study were the professional civil engineers. They are

chosen because of their expertise, wide knowledge and capabilities in terms of designing

effective flood control in river banks. They are the one to critique the presented flood control

design. Purposive Sampling technique would be used in choosing the participants in gathering

the data. Evaluation forms would be provided to the participants to critique the presented design.

Instrument

The researchers used research made questionnaire for evaluation. The evaluation form was

presented to the researcher’s adviser for comments and suggestions that would improve the

study. The researchers conducted a summary addressed to the civil engineers. Through

evaluation, the relevant information that was obtained from the participants was used to make the

study sensible and possible.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will gather information from the professional civil engineers, at the

implementation of the project by finalizing the acquired data for the project. The researchers will

make sure that everyone will agree on what are the things that needs to improve or develop for

the project details, The researchers will focus on the parameters that are related and covers the

study. After gathering the necessary information, they will need the help and assistance of the

experts in the field of engineering for the design of the flood control structure.
 Data Analysis

Qualitative information will be used to this study and quantitative data shall be analysed using

descriptive statistics.

Hydraulic and Structural Analysis. This will be used in designing the required flood control

structural design data for the project.

Mean and Standard Deviation. This will be used to present the result of the participant’s

evaluation about the flood control structure in terms of the specification of the design.

Scale Parameter Verbal Interpretation QualitativeDescription

4 3.25 - 4.00 Strongly Agree Very Satisfied /

Very Acceptable
3 2.50 - 3.24 Agree Satisfied / Acceptable
2 1.75 - 2.49 Disagree Moderately Satisfied /

Moderately acceptable
1 1.00 - 1.74 Strongly Disagree Not Satisfied /

Not Acceptable
 Ethical Consideration

The researchers must strive for honesty in all aspects and do not fabricate, falsify, or

misrepresent the data. Researchers must not deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public.

In order to collect the needed data and relevant information, the researchers must have

professional relationship with the participants and have respect to its confidentiality to avoid

tampered data and information. Researchers must submit a letter of consent to the DPWH, City

Engineering and barangay office for the purpose of the study and receive approval consent when

conducting a survey to the professional civil engineer. The researchers must be very careful upon

doing the research. They must examine their work critically in order to avoid mistakes. Respect

for intellectual property is used to give acknowledgement and to give credit to the owner, and

also to avoid plagiarism.

 REFERENCES

Unpublished Thesis

Lerio, Cherie M. et. al (2010). “Flood Control Structural Development Plan for Villa Corito
Village, Surigao City. Unpublished thesis, St. Paul University Surigao, City

Electronic References

Ackers, JC (2010). Hydraulic analysis and design. FDG2 – Chapter 7 – Final. Retrieved from:
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of-hydraulic-modelling.-in-r.j.-crowder--fluvial-design-guide.pdf

Ahmed Z. et al., (2013). URBAN FLOODING – CASE STUDY OF HYDERABAD. Global Institute
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Research & Education, G.J. E.D.T., Vol. 2(4):63-66. Retrieved from:
https://www.longdom.org/articles/urban-flooding--case-study-of-hyderabad.pdf

Baumgartner, K. et. al. (2017). Influence of bed-load transport on the design of flood protection
and retention measures in gravel-bed rivers – application of hydro_ft-2d for the tyrolean
inn river. Unit of Hydraulic Engineering, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria,
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322096094_INFLUENCE_OF_BED-
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DPWH (2015). Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards Water Engineering Manual.
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Ganiron Jr, T. U. (2017). Environmental Flood Protection Dikes. World Scientific

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JICA (2010). Technical Standards and Guidelines for Design of Flood Control Structure.DPWH
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https://www.jica.go.jp/project/philippines/0600933/04/pdf/Technical_Standards_and_Gui
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JICA Project for Strengthening the Flood Management Function of DPWH. Retrieved from:
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JICA (2003). Manual on flood control planning. Project for the Enhancement of Capabilities in
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KALAHI CIDSS. Environmental Protection Manual. DSWD. Retrieved from:

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