DR MAHYUN AB WAHAB

SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

EAT 363 : HYDROLOGY AND WATER

RESOURCES ENGINEERING
CO AND PO MAPPING
COURSE OUTCOME (CO)
CO 1: Able to demonstrate
the scenario of hydrology and
water resources engineering.
CO 2: Able to solve the
calculation of hydrology and
water resources engineering
problems.
PROGRAM OUTCOME (PO)
PO 1 : Ability to acquire and
apply knowledge of
mathematics, science,
engineering and an in-depth
technical competence to the
solution of complex
engineering problems in an
environmental/civil
engineering discipline
PO 2 : Ability to identify,
formulate and solve complex
engineering problems.
SYLLABUS

• Design Fundamental
– Hydrologic Design Concept
–Design Rainfall

• Structure design concept

– Design open drains
– Design swale
 REFERENCES

MSMA 1ST MSMA 2nd

edition edition

13.1 – Design 2.2.3 – Design

Chapter 2- Rainfall
Chapter 13 - rainfall Quantity Design Estimates
Design Rainfall intensities Fundamental
MSMA 2nd Edition
Chapter 2- Quantity Design Fundamental
2.2.3 – Design Rainfall Estimates
Introduction

• This chapter provides the fundamental and appropriate

methods required for designing storm water quantity
facilities
• The frequency and intensity of rainfall in Malaysia is
much higher than in most countries, especially those
with temperate climates.
• Rainfall design methods, which have been developed in
other countries, may not always be suitable for
application in Malaysia
• The design calculations for these methods have been
adjusted to suit Malaysian conditions
Rainfall Estimation

• Rainfall is obviously the driving force behind all

stormwater studies and designs
• An understanding of rainfall processes and the
significance of the rainfall design data is a necessary
pre-requisite for preparing satisfactory drainage ands
stormwater management projects.
• The estimation of rainfall data involves
– Frequency
– Duration
– Intensity
QUIZ time!!
joinmyquiz.com
Game code : 391553
Average Recurrence Interval

• Rainfall and subsequent discharge estimate is based

on the selected value of frequency or return period,
termed as the AVERAGE RECURRENCE INTERVAL
(ARI).
• ARI is the average length of time between rain events
that exceeds the same magnitude, volume or
duration (Chow, 1964), and is expressed as:
 T k
i
 Empirical equation can be used to minimise error in
estimating the rainfall intensity values from the IDF

(d   )
curves
 It is expressed as

 Where;
 i = average rainfall intensity (mm/hr);
 T = average recurrence interval – ARI (0.5≤T≤12 month and
2≤T≤100 year)
 d = storm duration (hours), 0.0833≤d≤ 72; and
 Λ, k, θ and η = Fitting constant dependent on the raingauge
location
• By using rainfall data of 20 years ARI and 30 minutes
duration at Station Ibu Pejabat JPS, Kuala Lumpur,
Calculate rainfall intensity and depth of rainfall
Answers
Peak Discharge Estimation

• One of the most frequently used urban hydrology

methods in Malaysia is Rational Method
• Give satisfactory results for small catchments only.
• The Rational Method is not recommended for
catchment area greater than 80 ha (0.8 km2)
• The formula is
CiA
Q
360
• Where;
–Q - y year ARI peak flow (m3/s)
–C - dimensionless runoff coefficient
–i - y year ARI average rainfall intensity
over time of concentration, tc
(mm/hr)
–A - drainage area (ha)
Runoff coefficient

• The most critical part of using the Rational Method

is to make a good estimation of the runoff
coefficient
• In general, the values of C depend mainly on landuse
of the catchment and is very close to its
imperviousness (in decimal form)
• Values of C also varies with soil type, soil moisture
condition, rainfall intensity , etc.
Rational Method Assumptions

• The peak flows occurs when the entire catchment is

contributing to the flow
• The rainfall intensity is the uniform over the entire
catchment area, and
• The rainfall intensity is uniform over a time duration
equal to the time of concentration, tc
Rational Method NOT RECOMMENDED for

• The catchment area is greater than 80 ha

• Ponding of stormwater in the catchment might affect
peak discharge
• The design and operation of large and more costly
drainage facilities are to be undertaken, particularly if
they involve storage
Calculation Procedure

Determine time of
concentration, tc

Determine rainfall Intensity, i

and Runoff Coefficient, C

Determine Peak Flow, Q

Thank you 