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International Symposium on
More resilient non-engineered houses for earthquake disaster reduction
2010 2 26

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Outline of the Symposium
Background and Objectives

Like the earthquake in Haiti on 12 January 2010, many people have been killed by
earthquakes repeatedly in developing countries. In most of deaths caused by earthquakes, people
are killed by their own houses. Most of the worlds population lives in vernacular houses that are
built of adobe, brick, stone, and wood, and are non-engineered and thus vulnerable to earthquakes.
Generally, the safety structure of these non-engineered buildings are not verified when they are
designed. There are also quality problems in materials used for construction and workmanship.
Although it is indispensable to improve the structural safety of these houses in order to reduce the
earthquake disasters, the actual situation of these non-engineered constructed is not fully
understood.
National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS) and Building Research Institute
(BRI) jointly conducting a research on non-engineered buildings in developing countries, namely,
Peru, Indonesia, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Turkey in 2009-2010. GRIPS and BRI co-organized the
International Symposium on More resilient non-engineered houses for earthquake disaster
reduction to share the result of the surveys and various efforts for safer houses, and to discuss how
we can improve the safety of the non-engineered buildings.
This Symposium was co-organized by Building Research Institute (BRI) and National
Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS), and supported by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure
Transport and Tourism (MLIT), Cabinet Office (Disaster Reduction), Cabinet Office (Disaster
Reduction), UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) and UN Centre for
Regional Development (UNCRD).
Date.
February 26th 2010Friday9:3017:00
Venue
Sokairo Hall, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS)
Language
English and Japanese (simultaneous translation is available)
No. of Participants
Approximately 140

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Message of Ms. Margareta Wahlstrm,
UN Secretary Generals Special Representative for Disaster Risk Reduction
To be delivered on her behalf by Ms. Yuki Matsuoka, Head of the UNISDR Hyogo Office

Dear Participants,
I am pleased to share with you the message of Ms. Margareta

Wahlstrm, UN Secretary Generals Special Representative for
Disaster Risk Reduction to the participants of the International
Symposium on More Resilient non-engineered houses for
earthquake disaster reduction, organized by the National Graduate
Institute for Policy Studies and the Building Research Institute, in
collaboration with several partner organizations.
As all of you know, 5 years ago in Kobe, at the UN World

Conference on Disaster Reduction, 168 Governments adopted the
Hyogo Framework for Action to build resilience of nations and
communities to disasters by 2015, underlining thus the urgent need
to shift efforts from only preparing for disaster response to focusing
on reducing risk and vulnerability, and spelling out the specific responsibilities of Governments,
international and regional organizations on how to do so. For the last five years, significant progress has
been achieved as recognized at the second session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction
held in June 2009 and reported in the Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction issued in
2009, particularly in terms of life-saving measures such as improved disaster preparedness and response,
but much more needed to be done.
Governments, international and regional organizations, NGOs, and other partners have been more united
in the belief that greater urgency is required to address the factors that are driving the increase in disaster
risk, such as rural poverty and vulnerability, unplanned and poorly managed urban growth, and decline of
ecosystems. Urgent action is necessary not only to reduce disaster risk, but also to maintain momentum
in Millennium Development Goal achievement, including poverty reduction, adaptation to climate change
and better health outcomes.
Ladies and gentlemen, it has now been more than a month since the catastrophic earthquake struck Haiti,
leaving much of the Capital city Port-au-Prince and
surroundings totally devastated. The entire international community, including the UN is doing their
utmost to assist the Haitian Government and the millions of people who have been affected by the
tragedy, and is helping to push forward the relief and recovery process. The United Nations International
Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) will pursue the work with President Clinton, the UN Special
Envoy for Haiti, to make the country more resilient to future disasters.
The principal causes of destruction and death in Haiti were construction on unstable land and collapsing
buildings. The problems with building construction were not just a lack of seismic building standards but
the inadequate standards of construction to resist the risks that are common in Haiti such as hurricanes,
floods and mudslides. Haitis burden is heavy, but there is also a new opportunity today to engage with
the international community that is genuinely supportive, to plan a determined reconstruction effort that
will ensure its long-term safety and stability. Hopefully, no new hospital, school or public structure will be
built without integrating disaster risk reduction principles into its design and construction.
The initiative of organizing todays international symposium entitled More resilient nonengineered houses
for earthquake disaster reduction is very timely in this context. People from developing countries
sometimes mention that they cannot use nor develop highly advanced technology to make buildings more
resilient such as in countries like Japan. However, there is a lot of expertise that can be shared with these
countries and be of concrete use to build more resilient buildings and housing. In this context, this
symposium can certainly make an important contribution to international efforts to understand
non-engineered construction and improve the structural safety of houses, buildings, and so forth.

Ladies and gentlemen, as we begin the second decade of a new century, more than half of the worlds
population lives in cities and urban centers. Urban settlements are the lifelines of todays society. They
serve as nations economic engines, centers of technology and innovation and function as living
examples of our cultural heritage. But the consequences of their success are inherent in the important
roles they play in society. Cities also can become generators of new risks evidenced by poverty, social
inequality and environmental degradation. This makes many urban citizens more vulnerable to suffer
losses if a natural hazard strikes.
The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction is working with its partners to raise
awareness and commitment for sustainable development practices as a means to reduce disaster risk
and to increase the wellbeing and safety of citizens- to invest today for a better tomorrow. Building on
previous years campaigns focusing on education and school, and also hospital safety, UNISDR partners
are launching a new campaign in 2010 Making Cities Resilient to enhance awareness about the
benefits of focusing on sustainable urbanization to reduce disaster risks. The Campaign will seek to
engage and convince city leaders and local governments to be committed to a checklist of Ten Essentials
for Making
Cities Resilient and to work on these together with local actors, grass-root networks
and national authorities.
The UNISDR secretariat looks forward to having your active engagement in the Making Cities Resilient
Campaign, and working closely with all of you in promoting disaster risk reduction, towards a safer world. I
am also looking very much forward to hearing more about the research conducted in major
disaster-affected countries, and the recommendations drawn from this research, as well as learning from
your discussions on how to improve the safety of non-engineered buildings.
Thank you very much and I wish you all a very successful Symposium.
Margareta Wahlstrm
Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General
for Disaster Risk Reduction
by Yuki Matsuoka
Head, Hyogo Office, UN Secretariat of the International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction (UNISDR))

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3. Keynote Speech Earthquake Damage and Non-Engineered Construction
Yuji Ishiyama Professor Emeritus, Hokkaido University NewsT Research Lab.
More resilient non-engineered houses Typical Earthquake Damage
for earthquake disaster reduction
to Engineered Construction
Earthquake Damage and Earthquake Damage
Non-Engineered Construction Behavior of Buildings during Earthquakes
and Earthquake Forces
Yuji Ishiyama
Professor Emeritus, Hokkaido University
NewsT Research Lab.
(1978 Miyagi-ken-oki Earthquake)
Since the shear force becomes max. at 1st story,

damage to 1st story is common. 1978 Miyagi-ken-oki Earthquake
Damage to 1st story (soft and weak first story) Damage to 1st story (soft and weak first story)
1995 Hyogo-ken-nanbu (Kobe) Earthquake (1995 Kobe Earthquake)

Damage to water tank
Uppermost small parts suffer from

Overturning of Computers severe damage
(1978 Miyagi-ken-oki Earthquake) (1989 Loma Prieta, California Earthquake)
Unusual mid-story collapse

1995 Hyogo-ken-nanbu (Kobe) Earthquake (1995 Kobe Earthquake)
Three typical distributions

of seismic force parameters
Uniform Inverted
(1) (2) (3)

Seis. force triangular
9th floor Max. 1040 gal

Seismic
force a b c
(coeff.)
1st floor Max. 260 gal
Seismic d e f
shear
Acceleration time histories of 9th floor & 1st floor force
(1978 Miyagi-ken-oki Earthquake)

Damage to non-structural elements
(1978 Miyagi-ken-oki Earthquake) 1978 Miyagi-ken-oki Earthquake)
Overturning of furniture
(1978 Miyagi-ken-oki Earthquake) (1978 Miyagi-ken-oki Earthquake)
Damage caused by soil failure Damage caused by soil failure

(1993 Kushiro-oki Earthquake) (1974 Izo-oshima-kinnkai Earthquake)

Non-
Non-Engineered Construction
and its Earthquake Damage
Non-
Non-engineered buildings are spontaneously
and informally constructed in the traditional
manner without intervention by qualified
architects and engineers in their design.
Non-
Non-engineered construction is most
common construction technique in the world
and also most vulnerable against Un-
Un-reinforced brick masonry with no
earthquakes. columns and beams (Java, Indonesia)
Un-reinforced brick Wooden houses

wall farmed with RC have better
columns and beams
(Confined masonry)
performance
against EQs.
Wood frame for

door sash can
support brick wall.
Roof sheathing
board is not used.
Damage to brick
Seismic force is the inertia force. masonry, most of
them have no
reinforcement.
ma
W=mg
a
2006 Central Java,
Indonesia EQ

Hydraulic jacks
applying lateral
forces (Peru)
Hydraulic jacks Lateral component

where there are of gravity forces Tilting table
floor diaphragms acts as EQ forces (Indonesia)
Structural test Unreinforced

(Lima, Peru) masonry infill walls
are used in many
countries.
Reinforced
concrete frame
with un-reinforced Brick infill wall
brick infill walls in Egypt
Low-rise building with Tilting Table with a long stroke

RC frame with un-
reinforced brick infill hydraulic jack
walls (Confined
masonry) (Lima, Peru)
High rise buildings

Hydraulic jack is
with un-reinforced
not very
brick infill walls
expensive.
(Lima, Peru)

Research Center for Tilting Table in Cuzco, Peru
Human Settlement
(RCHS, Indonesia)
Tilting table
moved to a new
laboratory
Damage to Adobe Damage to Tapial

(sundried mud block) construction (1990
construction (1996 Peru EQ)
Nazca, Peru EQ)
Tapial is cast-in-place
Damage to Adobe mud construction
(2001 Atico, Peru EQ) (1990 Peru EQ)
Damage to Braces are

Japanese traditional effective to resist
wooden houses lateral forces (1995
(1995 Kobe EQ) Kobe EQ)
Narrow boards nailed Connections of

to frame cannot braces and frames
resist lateral forces should be sound
(1995 Kobe EQ) (1995 Kobe EQ)

Connections of RC
members are also Haiti Earthquake
important Widespread damage: lack of attention and
construction to the possibility of
earthquakes
The earthquake did not produce sufficient
to severely damage well-
well-engineered
structures.
Re-bars of columns
should be anchored Many bearing-
bearing-wall structures survive the
to foundation (2006 earthquake, even though they are unlikely
Central Java, to have ductile details.
Indonesia EQ) USGS/EERI Advance Reconnaissance Team Report, Feb 18, 2010
Key Requirements Guidelines for

Earthquake Resistant
Quality of materials Non-
Non-Engineered
Construction
Structural members
Connection of Revised Edition (1986)
structural members
International
Association for
Earthquake
Engineering
(After 2006 Central
(IAEE)
Java, Indonesia EQ)
Easy to understand Applicable at

Anand S. Arya (India)
Teddy Boen (Indonesia)
with many illustrations construction site
Yuji Ishiyama (Japan)
A. I. Martemianov (USSR)
Roberto Meli (Mexico)
Charles Scawthorn (USA)
Vargas Julio N. (Peru)
Ye Xaoxian (China)

Down Load
http://www.nicee.org/IAEE_English.php
If you have interest, please contact Thank you

Anand S. Arya : anandsarya@gmail.com for your attention
Teddy Boen : tedboen@cbn.net.id
Yuji Ishiyama : to-
to-yuji@nifty.com

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4.1 Outline of the joint research
Presented by Kenji Okazaki, Professor, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS)

Session 1:
Vulnerability of non-engineered houses and efforts to
International Symposium on More Resilient make them safer
Non-engineered Houses for Earthquake Disaster
Reduction
26 February 2010, GRIPS, Tokyo Objectives of the session
To share some findings from the joint survey on non-
engineered houses in developing countries and share the
efforts and activities to make them safer.
Presentations
- Peru: Japan-Peru Center for Earthquake Engineering
and Disaster Mitigation CISMID
- Indonesia: Center for Disaster Mitigation, Institute of
Technology Bandung (ITB)
- India: SEEDS
- Nepal: NSET-Nepal
- Pakistan: Preston University
- Turkey: Istanbul Technical University (ITU)
A Study on Non-engineered Construction Data to be collected

z General
Objective of the study - Most common building types and their brief description
To collect basic data on non-engineered houses in developing - Technical requirements for the brick masonry construction
countries to better understand their actual conditions and practices. z Field Survey at 5 construction sites
- Location, construction cost, soil type, building function, size and
Method of the Study area, foundation type, masonry type, plan and elevation, etc.
The study is Jointly conducted 2009-2010 by Building Research - Wall: material, thickness, height to thickness ratio, opening ratio
Institute (BRI) and National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies - Beams and columns: material, yield strength, steel bars and stirrup
(GRIPS) together with the partner institutions in Peru, Indonesia, Nepal, - Roof structure and connection of structural elements
Pakistan, India, Turkey, and Egypt.
- Non-structural elements: Roofing material, floor material
- Masonry: brick/stone, grout mortar, plaster
Data collection
- Concrete: compression strength, aggregates, composition,
The partner institution conducted a field survey to 5 construction sites
water/cement ratio
or more to collect necessary data, following the same data sheet.
- Steel: strength and durability
- Contractor: number of workers, skill, education

4.2 Report from Peru
Presented by Carlos Zavala, Director, Japan Peru Center for Earthquake Engineering and
Disaster Mitigation (CISMID /
What is a non engineered building?

Vulnerability of
Non-engineered Buildings Housing build without standards and
quality control
And Efforts To Make Them
Safer
Dr. Carlos Zavala
Msc. Lourdes Crdenas
Msc. Jenny Taira
Eng. Francisco Ros
February 2010
Japan-Peru Center for Earthquake Engineering Research and Disaster Mitigation-CISMID

National University of Engineering
Symposium on Non-engineered Houses C. Zavala Symposium on Non-engineered Houses C. Zavala

GRIPS Tokyo 26th 2010 CISMID-FIC-UNI GRIPS Tokyo 26th 2010 CISMID-FIC-UNI
What is a non engineered building? What is a non engineered building?

Building that try to imitate conventional Building that try to imitate conventional
structural system without engineer structural system without engineer
assistance assistance

What is a non engineered building? What is a non engineered building?

Building without elements of reinforce Housing build without previous studies of
soil, materials, disasters hazards


What is a non engineered building? Factors that contribute with
Housing build by their or owner or an vulnerability
empirical technician.
COLOMBIA
Soil conditions ECUADOR
ZONA 1
Topography
Morphology of roof systems BRASIL
ZO
Non reinforce elements
ZO
NA
NA
2
3
Seismic Zone
Type of housing
BOLIVIA
CHILE

Zone and type of Housing

COLOMBIA
ECUADOR
Zone 3- Coastal city (Lima) ZONA 1
BRASIL
ZO
ZO
N
NA
A
2
3
BOLIVIA
CHILE DISTRIBUTION OF
ISOACELERATION FOR 10%
EXCEDENCY IN 50 YEARS
Zone 2 - Highland city (Cuzco) Zone-1 Jungle city (Lamas) (Alva y Castillo, 1993)
O
C
EA
N
O
PA
C
IF
IC
O

Coastal City Lima Microzonification and Soil types

Lima
- Capital city of the country

- Location: Western coast over
the Pacific Ocean
- Population: 8`219,000 Inhab.
- Size: 2,800 sq meter.
- Growth rate in last five years: 1.5%
- Average income: US$ 500.00
- Common types of buildings:
Confined masonry, unconfined masonry
walls buildings, concrete resistant
frames. Source: CISMID-UNI APESEG Project

Expected Intensities in Lima Surveyed locations
Source: IGP
Basic scheme of Masonry

Typical Roof System
Construction in Lima

Statistical results from survey Statistical results from survey

Site condition and location building function
Building Function Building Function
Site condition Rural or Urban Area
5 3.5 4.5
3 4
4
Site condition
Residential and
3.5
Residential (1)
2.5
comercial (4)
Location
3 2 3
2 1.5 2.5 40%
Residential
1
1 2
0.5
Comercial & Residential
1.5
0 0 1
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 60%
Data sheet number
0.5
Data sheet number
0
1 2 3 4 5
(1) Flat gentle slope (2) Semi Urban Data sheet number
(2) On step slope (4) Urban

(3) Under slope


Type of foundation and soil Wall Information parameters
Type of foundation sub soil
Wall height to thickness ratio
20%
Type of Foundation Sub Soil 25.0
3.5 20.0
thickness ratio
Wall height to
Soft Soil (2) Sand (3)
3
Sof t Soil 15.0
2.5
Sand
2 10.0
1.5
5.0
1
80% 0.0
0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 Height / thickness ratio
1 2 3 4 5 Data shee t number Average 17.9
Data she et numbe r Type of foundation
Confined wall panel area

(2) Stripe 14
(4) Stripe and square
confined wall panel

12
40% 10
strip
8
area
strip+square 6
60%
4
2
0 Confined panel
1 2 3 4 5
Data sheet number
Average


Wall Information parameters Wall Information parameters
Concrete resistance stress
Brick Material Strength 25
25.0
20
Compressive streght
stress (Mpa)
20.0
15
15.0
(Mpa)
10
10.0
5
5.0
0
0.0
Brick Material strength 1 2 3 4 5 Concrete strength
1 2 3 4 5
Data shee t numbe r Average 17.9 MPa Data sheet number Average 14.4 MPa
Total length of wall divided by floor area
Average thickness of mortar between bricks
25 0.50
20 0.40
Thickness (mm)
15 0.30
L/A
0.20
10
0.10
5
0.00
0 Average thickness mortar 1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5 16 mm. Data sheet number
Data sheet number
L/A= Length/ Area
Efforts to improve Non Final state of house

engineered housing
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Program by MLIT, IDI, JAPAN in cooperation with

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1/65


Use of wire mesh for reinforce masonry walls Procedure for reinforce masonry walls
Wire mesh
Nails and wire
Epoxy
Mortar
Put out the plaster
Tools
Reduce the wall
thickness

Procedure for reinforce masonry walls Procedure for reinforce masonry walls
Fix the wire mesh (4x4 with

4 mm.) with nails on both Put mortar of Final plaster
directions each 50 cm. and cement sand
use the cracks for fix the
wire. ratio 1:4
Efforts to improve Non

Efforts to improve Non engineered housing
engineered housing Estera
2004-2006 Muro de Adobe

Madera
Dissemination of Seismic Adobe Houses by JICA, in cooperation with SENCICO

(National Services of Training for the Construction Industry) and CIDAP, Peruvian NGO. Mortero Suelo Cemento
Alambre
Costalillo
Madera
Muro de Adobe
Mortero Suelo Cemento

Alambre
Model house in Caete, no damage in 2007 Pisco earthquake

Proposal for reinforce adobe walls on existing housing
C. Zavala
Eng. Lucia Igarashi Dr. Carlos Zavala C. Zavala
Symposium on Non-engineered Houses Symposium on Non-engineered Houses

Manual for reinforce adobe Dynamic tests through shaking table
existing walls 1/8 scale at CISMID-UNI Lab
NON REINFORCE WOOD+MATS REINFORCE

Construction of the non

Construction of the reinforce
reinforce specimen
specimen
earth Mud blocks First layer Finishing model

Footing Mats + wood Reinforce Increment of Section

Shacking Table Test on 1/8 Efforts to improve Non engineered housing

specimens
CISMID/FIC/UNI - Laboratorio de Estructuras

Ensayo Cclico en Muro ML-6 y ML-5
0.60
Esfuerzo de corte (kgf/cm )
2
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.015 -0.010 -0.005 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015
-0.20
-0.40
-0.60
NON REINFORCE WOOD+MATS REINFORCE Distorsin
ML-6 ML-5
Proposal for reinforce adobe walls on existing

Housing JICA Project Professor

Efforts to improve Non
engineered housing CONCLUSIONS
Refuerzo Horizontal Refuerzo
ID Tipo Material
Norte Sur Ortogonal Vertical
Caa
MC-1,MC-2 C
Caa partida
@ 4 hiladas
partida @
2 hiladas
Caa partida
@ 4 hiladas
Caas @
600 mm
Adobe Survey methodology was applied on 6
Columnetas
ML-1, ML-2 L
Geomalla
@ 4 hiladas
_ Geomalla
@ 4 hiladas
de
Concreto
Columnetas
Adobe
countries producing interesting data.
Geomalla Geomalla
ML-3, ML-4 L _ de Adobe
ML-5, ML-6 L
@7 hiladas
_ _
@ 7 hiladas
_
Concreto
Varillas de
Tapial
Diverse documents has been developed
3/8
for improve the resistance of walls.
CISMID proposal for masonry walls, and
adobe walls are an alternative for
contribute to have a safer non engineered
house.

Thank you
Sulpaa
Gracias
Symposium on Non-engineered Houses C. Zavala

GRIPS Tokyo 26th 2010 CISMID-FIC-UNI

4.3 Report from Indonesia
Presented by Dyah Kusumastuti, Associate Professor, Institute of technology Bandung (ITB)

Data Collection on Introduction

Non-Engineered Construction z Indonesia has high seismic risk
in Indonesia z Past earthquakes show that structural damages due to earthquake
caused many fatalities and economic losses
z 70 percents of buildings in Indonesia are non-engineered structures,
Case Study: Bandung, Indonesia i.e. built traditionally with very little or no assistance from engineers,
z Most buildings affected by earthquake are non-engineered
structures, including houses and public facilities
Dyah Kusumastuti z Occupancy rates for public facilities are high
Krishna S. Pribadi z Experience shows that:
z Good quality of non-engineered structures can survive earthquake
with little or no damage
Center for Disaster Mitigation
z Poor quality of non-engineered structures are vulnerable to
Institut Teknologi Bandung earthquakes, and the occupants are susceptible to earthquake
Tokyo, 26 February 2010 Data Collection on Non-Engineered Construction in Indonesia 1 Tokyo, 26 February 2010 Data Collection on Non-Engineered Construction in Indonesia 2
Seismic Zonation of Indonesia

(based on Seismic Risk Analysis)
Bandung
Jakarta
Change in building technology

Vulnerability is increasing in how people live
Traditional house on stilts
Change of habitat style, inadequate building practices New type of (inadequate) houses in masonry.

Problems Found on Problems Found on Non Engineered Structures
Non Engineered Structures
z Problems mainly due to minimum reference to codes: Poor detailing for joint,
poor rebars and ties,
z No/minimal verification of design adequacy no seismic hooks
Poor detailing
z Structures are built by local masons/workers, using local Poor brick laying
materials and traditional construction methods 4mm stirrups and
large spacing,
z Minimum supervisions during construction no seismic hook
z Building permits may be issued without proper inspections Excessive water Poor brick material
z Typical problems on buildings:
z Improper structural design (structural irregularities,
inadequate, structural elements, heavy masses for roofs or
facades)
z Poor detailing
z Wide variety of quality of materials
z Wide variety of construction methods
Typical houses with faade and canopy adapted from
traditional house concept
Damage on Improving Performance of

Non Engineered Structures Non-Engineered Structures
z Structures should be built properly according to the building
codes/standards
z Better understanding of earthquake hazard and structural
behavior due to earthquake
z Efforts should be:
z Multidisciplinary aspects
z Involve all parties in building construction
z On national level
z Improvement should consider building functions, occupancy,
and available resources
z Different approach should be used for new buildings and
existing structures
Improving Performance of Research Collaboration of

CDM ITB GRIPS
Non-Engineered Structures
z Project:
z Possible approach for new buildings:
z Development of system for dissemination of building standards/codes Data collection on non-engineered construction in developing
z Publication of national standard of field manuals and guidelines for proper countries
design and construction for non-engineered structures z Background:
z Installment of system for strict enforcement (regulations) for building construction
z Many buildings were damaged due to recent earthquakes in
z Introducing a common perception of damage level in educating the community
regarding buildings safety and earthquake vulnerability developing countries
z Development of seismic risk map for Indonesia that considers local soil z Damage on buildings caused casualties and economic losses
characteristics and potential seismic sources z Most buildings in developing countries are non engineered
z Development of appropriate building technology using local materials and local structures
construction techniques
z Possible approach for existing structures: z Majority of damaged buildings are non engineered structures
z Evaluation of existing structural conditions to improve safety against future z Objectives:
earthquake risk.
z To better understand the current situations and practices of the
z Conducting appropriate retrofitting strategy for structures with deficiencies and
poor quality non-engineered construction in developing countries
z Buildings with high occupancy rates such as school buildings should have z To develop appropriate technologies and policies to reduce the
higher priority for technical evaluation and possible retrofitting efforts vulnerability of non engineered construction against earthquakes

Field Survey (January February 2010) Location of the Surveyed
Construction Sites in Bandung
z Location: Bandung City
z Information on Bandung:
z Capital of West Java Province
z 107 36 East and 6 55 South
z Southern Bandung until the line of grade
crossing is relatively flat, while the northern
part is mountainous.
z Consisted 30 districts (Kecamatan) and
the population reached 2,390,120 persons
(2008).
z Growth rate in the last five years is about
1.73%
z Average of local income of population per
year is IDR 26.3 million/USD 2,874 (2008)
z Potential hazards are earthquake, flood,
wind/storm, and landslide
Surveyed Construction Sites Building Regulations

z Indonesia has a national building law (UU No.28/Th.2002)
z No building code for non-engineered structures, but the national
government provided some guidelines of earthquake resistant
construction for non-engineered building
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 z Building law is mandatory for whole country, but implemented
through Government Regulations and/or other related laws
including Local Government Regulations.
z Not all local governments in Indonesia have local regulation on
building construction.
Site 5 z In Bandung City, building regulation is mandatory by local
Site 7 authority regulation and each building construction should have
Site 4 building permit.
z However, many building constructions in Bandung City were
found with no building permit.
Site 6
Tokyo, 26 February 2010
DK DataData
Collection on Non-Engineered
Collection Construction
on Non-Engineered in Indonesia
Construction in Indonesia 15
15 Tokyo, 26 February 2010 Data Collection on Non-Engineered Construction in Indonesia 16
Typical Non Engineered Structures Survey Findings

z Reinforced Concrete with Infill Masonry Walls Building The survey was conducted to study the
z Relies on the reinforced concrete columns and beams as the characteristics of non engineered constructions
main load bearing structural elements. in Bandung, and to assess their vulnerability
z Masonry infill walls will behave as strutting components when the against earthquake.
lateral loads are applied. The survey sites only consists of a very small
z Confined Masonry Building population (7 samples) of non engineered
z Relies on masonry walls as the main load bearing structural buildings in Bandung city. Therefore, the results
elements. may not represent the typical conditions of non
z Confinement also contributes to maintain the integrity of the wall. engineered buildings in the area.
z Confinement can be of various systems, such as practical All buildings surveyed were located at the
columns/beams, and iron wire mesh. flat/gentle slope area.
z Most structures in Bandung are confined by reinforced concrete The construction cost could not be estimated
practical columns/beams. because it depended on the availability of the
z Unconfined Masonry Building budget.
z Relies on the wall as the only load bearing structural elements. Most buildings use simple equipments for
z No confinement or reinforcement used on this type of building. construction.
z Rarely found in Bandung area.

Survey Findings General Problems
Improper detailings
Fired brick wall is still the most popular Use of plain rebars as longitudinal rebars
material for wall construction. No seismic hook on transverse reinforcements
The arrangement of bricks in unconfined Improper connections of buildings elements
masonry was found to be better than in (orthogonal walls, column and walls, beams and
columns)
confined masonry / reinforced concrete
Most craftmen do not have formal training on
frame with infill walls building constructions and they obtained their skill
Most buildings use sideways roof structure. from practices/experiences.
The use of light steel truss for roof structure Many building owners and craftmen have limited
is increasing. knowledge on proper construction methods, and
Few workers had some knowledge on they do not consider earthquake as potential hazard.
determining proper spacing of stirrups at Guideline for non engineered structures is not well
joint and midspan disseminated.
Problems on connections and detailing Some owners tend to lower the structural quality to
reduce the construction cost due to limited budget,
although craftmen may understand that the practice
is not appropriate.
Recommendations SD Padasuka II
Guideline for non engineered
structures should be well disseminated, z Located in Kabupaten
and the implementation should be Bandung, West Java, with
enforced by regulation, i.e., building moderate seismic risk
permit.
z High occupancy during the day
Workers should be educated on simple
earthquake resistant constructions to z 400 students
produce good quality of building. z School time: 7:00 17:00
Wall reinforcement should be explored z Building layout
to strengthen wall elements and to z 2 buildings, 4 rooms each
reduce the risk of damage due to
earthquake. z Structural system
Considering the increasing use of light z Unconfined masonry structures
steel trusses, there is a need on
developing specific national codes for
light steel construction.
CDM ITB - UNCRD Collaboration Typical Layout of SD Padasuka II

on Reducing Vulnerability of
School Children to Earthquake

z School Earthquake Safety Initiative (SESI)

z Background of project:

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Existing Condition of SD Padasuka II
Structural Survey
z Similar structural system for both buildings
z Unconfined masonry structures
z Inadequate foundation system
z Shallow foundation, no tie beam
z Soil cover and support eroded on some parts
z Inadequate roof system
z Poor connection of roof system and walls
z Poor quality of roof truss members and connections
z Roof was deformed on top chordnan
z Damage on walls with cracks and gaps
z Conclusions:
z Inadequate structural system to support lateral loads
z Poor quality of materials and detailing
z Need of finishing/cosmetic repair and improvement on sanitation
facility
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Implementation of Retrofitting of SD Padasuka II
Building Performance during

West Java Earthquake
Performance of School Building

Performance of SD Padasuka II in Soreang
Building Performance during

West Java Earthquake
z Damage were non structural and required finishing/cosmetic
repair
z Minor cracks were found near openings and connections to
plafond
z Damage on the buildings were less severe compared to other
buildings in the area with similar existing conditions
z Considering the condition prior to retrofitting projects, the
THANK YOU
structural repair was successful in improving structural
performance against earthquake loads

4.4 Report from India
Presented by Nitin Verma, Senior Programme Officer, SEEDS

Vulnerability of
Vulnerability of Non-Engineered Buildings and Efforts
Non-Engineered Buildings and to Make them Safer in India
Efforts to Make them Safer in General Conditions of Buildings in
India India
Findings from the Field Survey
Presentation By: Efforts to tackle these Non-Engineered
SEEDS Technical Services, India houses for structural improvement
Based on the Outcome of the Survey It
would be necessary to .
In India an overwhelming majority of buildings are

Non-Engineered.
General Conditions of Buildings in
India
Efforts to tackle these Non-Engineered
houses for structural improvement
Based on the Outcome of the Survey It
would be necessary to .
In Contemporary buildings one finds a mix of traditional and
new materials / technology such as cement and concrete.
In India an overwhelming majority of buildings On the contrary In India.

are Non-Engineered.
Baring exceptions a majority of these structures

have no engineering input and the people who
build them have no formal technical knowledge
of construction.
Traditional Constructions especially houses, have been
For various reasons most of these buildings have built using locally available materials and prevailing
not been built to withstand the forces of an practices.
earthquake. These buildings incorporate sensibilities being
promoted as good practices for safety of the building
against seismic activity.

Findings from the survey
General Conditions of Buildings in Selection of 5 sites for sample survey included selection on basis of
practices and varied construction technologies
India
Sample Sites
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Balasore Dehradun Barmer Portblair Shimla
Efforts to tackle these Non-Engineered Category Traditional Contempor Traditionall Contempor Traditional
ary y adapted ary
houses for structural improvement Construction August
Period 2008 to
1995 Jan - July
2007
complete 1990
d Jan 2008
Dec 2008
Based on the Outcome of the Survey It Project Owner Public Communit Trust Private
would be necessary to . Delivery
Method
appointed departme y Driven
nt (Govt.) constructi
owned
on
Shimla
Dehradun
Findings from the SurveyBuilding Codes
In India there is big gap between knowledge
and practice.
Barmer
Building Codes (NBC) and Regulations
(BIS)exist but are not enforced.
Balasore
Barring few local bodies in urban areas no
agency is responsible for its enforcement
especially in rural parts
Now Guidelines have been issued for
construction of Non-engineered buildings by
NDMA.
Port Blair
Dehradun School Building

Findings from the SurveyBuilding facts
In traditional construction (and traditionally

adaptive buildings) the storey height is
controlled by limiting walls height to thickness
ratio.
All the buildings surveyed had small opening
against high wall area to display the fact that
care has been taken in design of structures for
seismic resistance.

Balasore Residence
Dehradun School Building
Findings from the SurveyBuilding facts
The roof structure of the sloping roofs needs its

integrity through bracing and proper connectivity
Connections; though not with RCC bands but with wooden with the walls. Such integrity is automatically
members were located in buildings in higher seismic risk provided by reinforced concrete slabs wherever
regions and built with traditional practices. used for floors and the roof.
Findings from the SurveyWork Force

General Conditions of Buildings in India
All mason teams who have worked on these Findings from the Field Survey
projects have learnt these skills traditionally
and were not exposed to any formal training
or certification programme. houses for structural improvement
The fact is that communities depend on these Based on the Outcome of the Survey It
masons for technical advices and decides would be necessary to .
against calling an engineer or an architect.

Buildings for Structural Improvement General Conditions of Buildings in India
Structural Retrofitting Efforts to tackle these Non-Engineered
Strict Adherence to building codes in all future houses for structural improvement
constructions Based on the Outcome of the Survey It
Mason Certification programme would be necessary to .

Based on the Outcome of the survey
It would be necessary to.
Noted the major deficiencies indicating non-

compliance with Codal provisions.
The house owner may need to be sensitized with
the kind of damage to which his building may be
subjected.
Those deficiencies will need to be considered for
upgrading the seismic safety by retrofitting the
building suitably to prevent total or partial
collapse of in future.

4.5 Report from Nepal
Hima Shrestha, Senior Structural Engineer, National Society for Earthquake Technology (NSET)
NSET
Study of Non-Engineered Non-

Non-Engineered Building Types in Nepal
Buildings in Nepal Prevalent Building Types in Nepal
International Symposium on -Unreinforced masonry buildings mostly in
semi urban and rural areas
More Resilient Non-engineered
-Brick in cement in hilly and plain region and
Houses for Earthquake Disaster Stone in cement/mud in mountainous region
Reduction -More than 60% of the buildings are of these
types (NSET,JICA 2001, Study on
Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in
Kathmandu Valley)
-RC buildings with brick masonry infill in urban
Hima Shrestha and semi urban areas
National Society for Earthquake -Non-engineered / Owner built
Technology-Nepal(NSET) -Haphazard construction
-Urbanization and hike in land price
26th Feb 2010, Tokyo, Japan -Rise in building height
Sources of Earthquake Risk in Kathmandu (source: Outcomes on Study of Non-

Non-Engineered
GESI)
Brick Masonry Buildings in Nepal
Location of survey area

Three districts of Kathmandu
Primary Hazard Valley
Secondary
Hazards { -Kathmandu
-Lalitpur
Lack of
{
Preparedness /
Capabilities
-Bhaktapur
2 types of brick masonry
buildings prevails in Nepal
-Brick in cement masonry
-RC frame with brick infill
Characteristics of Selected Brick Masonry Characteristics of RC Buildings with brick

Construction masonry infill
Unreinforced Masonry Rapidly growing in Urban and Semi Urban
Mostly built by local masons and region, Informal Construction
craftsmen Light frame irrespective to height
With no consideration for earthquake Poor ductile detailing
Typical structural details of selected High seismic vulnerability/Experience from
buildings recent earthquakes
-230mm wall thick Typical structural details of selected buildings
-cement mortar -Column size 230 X 230 mm with 6 nos of
vertical bar and 8 mm dia stirrup @ 150-
-Thickness of mortar layer-19mm 200 mm spacing
-Compressive strength of local bricks=6-10 -Beam size 230 X 325 mm
MPa
-Slab thickness = 100mm
-RC slab of 100mm thick
-Grade of steel = 415 tor or 500, 550 TMT
-Brick on edge over door/window
-Concerte mix =1:2:4, Water poured from
-No bands, vertical reinforcement and pipe
corner stitches
-Thickness of brick infill 230mm

Laboratory Experimental Test Typical Deficiencies (Masonry Buildings)
Lack of integrity between walls
Lack of roof anchorage to wall
Lack of strength/Lack of ductility
Long unsupported walls
Door/Window opening attached to wall
junction
Probable Damage to Masonry buildings National Building Code Requirement
TAEC
NSET
Typical Deficiencies (RC Buildings with Probable Damage to RC buildings with brick
masonry infill) infill
Insufficient size of structural elements
Lack of ductility/Improper detailing of steel
bars
Weak columns and strong beams
Open ground floor
Lack of connectivity between frame and
brick infill
Large Window openings
Reinforcement lapping at the

same location and too small lap
length.

National Building Code Requirement Why Vulnerable Buildings???
Out of 75 districts Building Code is Mandatory only in 6
districts
Building Code prevails but not practically implemented
Lack of Awareness in community
Lack of Ignorance because the last big earthquake
was 76 years back
Lack of monitoring from Government Agencies/Lack of
resources
Lack of capacity of Technicians/Engineers
Knowledge gap between academic researchers and
end users
Focus on Proper
Configuration and Detailing
NSET Activities on Earthquake Risk Intervention Options

Management
Suitable strengthening Reasons
measures for non- - Most economic out of
Earthquake orientation to community/various engineered buildings in various available
organizations for awareness raising Nepal methods
Splint and Bandage - Practically feasible
Earthquake Safety day celebration Reinforced Concrete Wall - Local materials and
Mason Training jacketing
manpower can be used
GI Wire Mesh Wall
Engineer /Overseer Training jacketing - Most widely used as
viable methods
School Earthquake Safety Programme
Construction of earthquake resistant
buildings/Retrofitting of buildings
Free consultation every Friday for the general public
Earthquake mobile clinic
Conclusions
Highly vulnerable building stock to impending

earthquake
New constructions at least should meet the building
standard
Strengthening of existing structures necessary to reduce
the existing high vulnerability
Challenge for the government, NGOs and INGOs and
other stakeholders working for earthquake risk reduction
Strategic approach has to be taken to make it practically
feasible in developing countries like Nepal.

4.6 Report from Pakistan
Presented by Najib Ahmad, Project Manager, Preston University

INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MORE

VULNERABILITY OF NON-ENGINEERED
RESILIENT NON-ENGINEERED HOUSES FOR
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER REDUCTION HOUSES AND EFFORTS TO MAKE THEM
SAFER IN PAKISTAN
DR. KENJI Okazaki GRIPS, Japan
Engr. Najib AHMAD - DRI Preston University,

Field Help by
February 26, 2010 MR. GHULAM ABBAS, ETSSR Centre, Pakistan.
Engineering Staff DESIGNMEN
Engr. Akash Shahzad Khan
Engr. Asjid Ali
National Graduate Institute for Policy
Engr. Shahid Amin
Studies, (GRIPS) Tokyo
Engr. Muhammad Khurshid
1.0 Introduction
In most deaths caused by
earthquake, people are The non-engineered houses in seismic zones are
responsible for deaths upto (85%) of total casualties
killed by their own houses. in an earthquake.
Majority of the world This latest research, which has been initiated jointly
population in developing by National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
countries lives in their non- (GRIPS) and Building Research Institute (BRI) on
engineered abode, which non-engineered buildings, which is initiated in six
are vulnerable to selected developing countries i.e. Peru, Indonesia,
earthquake, and other India, Nepal, Pakistan and Turkey.
disasters.
We are here to share the results of the survey to
improve the safety of the non-engineered buildings.
Typical non-engineered
multi-storey structures in Typical buildings and multi-
burnt clay brick houses in storey structures in burnt
Yemen (see photograph). clay bricks
To clearly appreciate and see, if different types of

2.0 Location and Features of Study Areas materials are being used in different areas.
A study of typical non-engineered house Both areas are 100 150 KM apart and have
different types of soil conditions.
construction in Pakistan in two areas.
One area is in North (near Islamabad) has an
The research survey was conducted in central altitude of 1500 1800 feet (500 600 m.) from sea
part of Pakistan where more than 60% of the level, and seismically is in higher zone.
total population resides.
Topographically it is a plateau and has stones, clay-
stone and gravely surface with ground water quite
This Central part can be divided deep.
topographically into two regions i.e. Potohar
Plateau and Plains of Punjab. The second area is in plains of Punjab, where
generally the level is around 300 feet (100 m.) from
mean sea level. The soil is mostly sand, silt and
clay..

Group-1
Group-2
The materials for manufacture of burnt bricks are The location of 6 sites (GRIPS 1 TO GRIPS-6) within
different in both areas, similarly the sand being the two areas are grouped as described below:
used in mortar/plaster both areas are from quite
different source and constituents. GROUP-1
i. Grips 1, 5 & 6 - Potohar Plateau
The sand in north is mostly clear, particle size is
larger, with smaller amount of clayey silt. The GROUP-2
aggregate is also different, resulting in different
strengths of concrete, with same volumetric ii. Grips 2, 3 & 4 - Plains of Punjab (Hafizabad)
ratios.
The soil types and available sands used in mortar
Three typical houses were taken in each area, are:
with a view to have a better understanding of
construction being done in Pakistan. 1. Potohar Plateau - Lawrancepur Sand
2. Plains of Punjab - Chenab Sand/Ravi Sand
Table of Duties 3.0 General Condition of Non-engineered

Houses in Pakistan
Description of Site Responsibility
Sr. No. Project Site

Site Survey
Date
Survey
Conducted By
Engr. Asjad Ali Engr. Shahid Engr. Akash Engr.
Non-engineered houses, are vulnerable to any
Amin Khan Shahzad Khan Khursheed
natural phenomenon like floods, tsunami, fire,
1. GRIPS Site 01 24 12 09 Engr. Asjad Engr.
Shahid
Sample
Preparation and
Sample
Preparation and
Data Collection
and Photography
N/A
mud slides etc., which can lead to a disaster, but
Engr. Akash Photography data collection
earthquake are most important, as they are
2. GRIPS Site 02 30 12 09 Engr. Asjad
Engr. Akash
Site Selection and
sample
Data Collection
and Photography
N/A N/A
responsible for loss of lives in much greater
Preparation
3. GRIPS Site 03 31 12 09 Engr. Asjad Data Collection N/A Sample Sample
number in a disaster.
Engr. Akash and Photography Preparation Preparation
Engr. Khursheed
4. GRIPS Site 04 01 01 10 Engr. Asjad N/A Data Collection, N/A Sample The vulnerability of these non-engineered house
Engr. Akash Photography Preparation
Engr. Khursheed structures in Pakistan can be due to many
5. GRIPS Site 05 13 01 10 Engr. Asjad
Engr. Akash
Data Collection
and Photography
N/A Sample
Preparation and
Sample
Preparation
reasons, the important ones are listed below; for
Engr. Khursheed Photography the typical (most common) non-engineered house
6. GRIPS Site 06 14 01 10 Engr. Khursheed N/A Sample N/A Data Collection
Engr. Shahid Preparation and
Photography
and Sample
Preparation
structure, which is made of burnt clay bricks;

(Some Photographs of Non-engineered structures) Low quality of bricks.
Bricks not layed in proper
systematic manner. When
bricks are laid in mortar in a
proper systematic manner, 1. Box Structure
they form a homogenous mass,
which can withstand lateral
and vertical forces without
disintegration.
Use of low cement-sand
mortar ratio or use of mud
mortar.
Large sizes of rooms, where
the structure doesnt
behave/act as a box or in
other words the shoe box
effect is lost due to abnormal 2. Unsafe _______
sizes and unsysmetric
geometry (See Fig .)
Similarly, other factors in structural elements like

overhangs, small dia verandah columns made
up of pipes which are vulnerable and can cause
damage in an earthquake.
Abnormal height of rooms should be avoided.
Though RCC slab helps in certain level of

stability, but it was seen that it caused much
more damage, was responsible for deaths of
children in schools (8th October, 2005
earthquake).
Therefore, lighter wooden/steel roof should be

used.
Samples under preparation of project site. Non-engineered house with columns in Verandah
4.0 Current Situation Field Survey Result
The data on typical mortar being used for brick

As indicated above 6 projects were under taken laying and plaster was collected and mortar cubes
within the parameter of survey developed by the
Center for Disaster Mitigation-Institute were got tested from standard laboratory of a
Technology Bandung, Indonesia, in Engineering University near Islamabad. Similarly,
collaboration with GRIPS, Tokyo, Japan. the concrete samples for quality of concrete being
used in roof slabs was also collected and samples
The Data sheets, are used to collect and record got tested.
the basic data on the non-engineered buildings,
which includes the structural safety, construction Slump tests were made for each site, for fresh
work, quality of construction materials, current concrete when concrete slabs were poured. The
(technical) requirements pertinent to non- results of slumps were recorded and noted (see
engineered structures, etc. consisting of Table 1.2).
quantitative as well as qualitative data.

Table 1.2
Similarly, relevant features of each project site

Sr. No. Project Site Slump (mm)
was recorded for location of the house (site
condition), Characteristics and types of hazards,
soil type and condition, design intervention etc. 1. GRIPS Site 01 --------
2. GRIPS Site 02 150
A summary of the test results on different 3. GRIPS Site 03 Collapse
construction materials obtained, is presented
below (See Table 1.3). 4. GRIPS Site 04 102
SUMMARY OF TEST RESULT FOR DATA SHEET

Summary of Test Results for Data Sheets
Sr. Project Site Compressive Compressive Crushing Tensile
No. Strength of Strength of Mortar Strength of Strength of
Basic Data on Non Engineered Buildings Concrete (Mpa)* (Mpa)a Bricks Reinforcemen
(Mpa)* t (Mpa)*(Bar
No.)
14 28 14 DAYS 28
DAYS DAYS DAYS
Conducted & Prepared By : GROUP-1
1. Grips Site - ----- ----- 4 4.45 9 562(#2),
01 570(#3)
5 Grips Site - 14 17.5 10 12.5 9 462(#4)
DESIGNMEN Consulting Engineers (Pvt) Ltd. 05
6 Grips Site - 20 25 11 13.75 10 460(#4)
ETSSR CENTRE. 06
GROUP - 2
2 Grips Site - 15 18.75 7 8.75 9 347(#3),
02 390(#6)
Tests Conducted at: 3 Grips Site - 11 13.75 2** 4 4 318(#2),
03 401(#4)
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila, 4 Grips Site - 9 11.25 2** 4 10 318(#2),
401(#4)
04
Pakistan.
*Rounded up to the next whole number.
** Compressive strength of mortar cube tested at 7 days.
Mix Ratio Mix Ratio Mix Ratio

Sr. No. Project Site
of Concrete of Mortar of Plaster
Group 1
5 Grips Site - 05 13-01-10 01-02-10 14
1 Grips Site - 01 1:2:4 1:6 1:4 6 Grips Site - 06 14-01-10 01-02-10 14
5 Grips Site - 05 1:2:4 1:5 1:3 Group 2
6 Grips Site - 06 1:2:4 1:5 1:4 2 Grips Site - 02 30-12-09 16-01-10 14

Group 2
3 Grips Site - 03** 31-12-09 16-01-10 14
2 Grips Site - 02 1:2:4 1:6 1:4
4 Grips Site - 04** 01-01-10 16-01-10 14
3 Grips Site - 03 1:2:4 1:4 1:4
4 Grips Site - 04 1:2:4 1:4 1:4
Cast Date Difference * Reportedto the nearest number of

Sr. No. Project Site Test Date days as specified by codes.
** Compressive Strength of mortar
of Test Samples (Days)*
cubes measured at 7 days.
Group 1
1 Grips Site - 01 24-12-09 16-01-10 21

5.0 Comparison of Data
Mix Ratios
The strength of mortar/plaster and concrete in the
The mix ratio of concrete by volume at all sites samples from Group-1 is better than that of Group-2
was reported to be 1:2:4, i.e.; because of the possible variation of aggregates used
as the aggregates found in the Potohar area are
1 part of cement.
stronger than the river aggregate being used in plains.
2 parts of fine aggregates. They have also better shape factor like less flaky etc.
4 parts of coarse aggregates. The quality of both the sands is different that is
Similarly for mortar and plaster the ratio ranges probably another reason for better strength obtained
from 1:4 to 1:6, i.e., in GROUP-1, sample tests as compared to Group-2
1 part of cement. result of mortar and concrete.
4/6 parts of sand. The low strength of mortar used at site 1 is quite low
even when taken at 28 days possibly due to the
Where the above quantities are measured by
reason that the mix ratio reported by the contractor
volume
was incorrect.
Bricks of the both area are of almost the same

The steel reinforcement being used in the plain strength although the quality and strength is much
areas of Group-2 are of much lower strength due lower as compared to the bricks being used in the
to the fact that the bars are not being rolled houses where proper engineering design in
involved.
according to the standard specifications. Most of
the bars tested were under weight (Figure).
Another factor, which is not taken but people
should be made aware of is curing. Even with low
The percentage elongation of the steel samples in cement-sand ratio, better results are expected due
to curing, and therefore, this should be
the Group 2 showed a higher value than that of emphasized. Water cement ratio may have also
Group 1 probably due to the same reason played some part in strength variation.
described above.
No particular quality control system was found on
the construction sites.
6.0 Efforts To Make Them Safer
Efforts are afoot, after the great Northern Pakistan

earthquake of 8th October, 2005 for improvement in
construction of safer houses.
The improvement in risk perception in general of

the people and the resulting desire to have safer
houses is leading people to ask question, about
safety of their houses and buildings.
Training to masons & contractors by UNDP, JICA,

BRI etc. have contributed towards efforts to
improve construction in earthquake prone areas.

Efforts made to improve the minimum design 7.0 Necessary Steps for Improvement/ Retrofitting
standards which are applied without general these buildings in Pakistan.
intervention of the engineers (by different
development authorities in some cities).
As anticipated and is quite obvious house
structures vulnerable to earthquake require to be
Awareness to improve construction techniques of designed properly or in case of non-engineered
bricks to have proper bonds to ensure the greatest construction, some minimum parameters to be
possible interlocking for longitudinal and lateral taught to the master masons, which can reduce
strength of structure. the vulnerability of these houses.
The minimum parameters should be such that

Awareness to Introduce confined masonry concept they can be followed easily, without engineering
with columns and plinth beams, seismic based etc. intervention and provide resistance for a certain
this is the most simple and direct technique, which is level of earthquake.
gaining some respect. Some literature in this respect
has been prepared by ERRA & UN HABITATE.
8. Photographs of the Typical Non-

Non-
Engineered Building Sites
For the existing structures, vulnerability reduction
can be achieved by using some minimum amount
of Retrofitting, like strengthening of corners or
strengthening of verandah etc., where support is
being provided through very vulnerable columns.
Another way can be by use of Light Weight roof,

instead of heavy RCC slabs, which can cause
much damage. This is being some what followed
now in public buildings (engineered) but still the
local house construction requires some minimum
rules.
Still much has to be done and awareness

inculcated in the people for improvement in
construction of non-engineered houses.
THANK YOU

4.7 Report from Turkey
Presented by Alper Ilki, Associate Professor, Vice Head of Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul
Technical University /
Introduction
Istanbul is the heart of Turkey
Population: 13 000 000 (Turkey ~ 70 000 000)
Probability of M>7 EQ in few decades is over 50%
Foreseen death toll is around 75 000
Heavily injured around 120 000

Mustafa Comert
Alper Ilki
Photo:Ara Gler
Introduction Seismic risk map of Turkey

Poor construction (existing buildings); RC, Masonry
All > NONENGINEERED (PARTIALLY-ENGINEERED?)
New buildings; RC, much better quality after 1999 Eqs
No new masonry buildings
Deprem aratrma dairesi
76% of existing buildings RC + so-called RC
22% of existing buildings unreinforced masonry
Wide openings
Locations of the buildings Buildings 2, 15 and 35 in Yenikapi
Vertical discontinuities
Existing damages
Wall removals
Story addition
Non-orthogonal
6-1 and 13 in Uskudar
Europe
Uskudar
Building 6-1and 13
Sirkeci
Building 61, 69 and 97
Yenikapi
Asia
Building 2, 15 and 35
All 8 buildings are in the first level EQ zone

61, 69 and 97 in Sirkeci

Structural load Non-bearing Roof structure
Foundations
bearings partitions materials
Reinforced
Strip stone
Building 15 Fired Brick Walls Fired Brick Walls concrete slab and
masonry
wooden truss
Fired brick and

Yenikapi Reinforced
hollow brick walls Strip stone
Building 35 Fired Brick Walls concrete slab and
and reinforced masonry
wooden truss
concrete columns
Reinforced Strip stone

Building 2 Fired Brick Walls Fired Brick Walls
concrete slab masonry
Reinforced
Fired brick and Strip stone
Building 61 Wooden concrete slab and
hollow brick walls masonry
wooden truss
Sirkeci Strip stone
Building 69 Fired Brick Walls Fired Brick Walls Steel truss
masonry
Strip stone
Building 97 Fired Brick Walls Fired Brick Walls Brick vault
masonry
Reinforced Brick vaults supported by one-way steel
Building Strip stone
6-1
Fired Brick Walls Fired Brick Walls concrete slab and
wooden truss
masonry members, I140 or I160.
Uskudar
Reinforced
Fired brick and Strip stone
Building 13 Fired Brick Walls concrete slab and
hollow brick walls masonry
wooden truss
Both mortar and bricks are poor Comparison of several characteristics with code
requirements
Average compressive
strength of brick-
mortar prisms (MPa)
Building 15 1.10
Yenikapi Building 35 4.10
Building 2 1.20
Regional average 2.13
Building 61 1.70
Sirkeci Building 69 4.20
Building 97 2.50
Building 6-1 4.20
Uskudar
Building 13 1.70
City average 2.59
Ratio of minimum wall lengths to floor area in comparison with code limits
City standard deviation 1.37
Comparison of several characteristics with code

requirements Dominant quantitative problems
i) generally the heights of the buildings are
remarkably higher than permitted,
ii) the irregularity of the structural system;
generally strong in one direction and weak in
the other,
iii) insufficient wall lengths, less than 20% of
the floor area,
iv) large openings of certain walls reaching up
to approximately 80% for some buildings.
Maximum wall opening ratios in comparison with code limits

Seismic risk map of regions Denizli Typical house type
Deprem aratrma dairesi
wowturkey.com
Wooden horizantal
ring beams
Typical floor plans Typical wall details
Entrance 1st Storey
Buildings are generally two stories
Negative factors of this regions buildings Tokat-Typical house type

Irregularity on vertical arrangements of windows
Windows and doors are too close to corner of walls
Irregular wall bonding (continuity of vertical mortar
layer)
Mud mortar (less adhesive effect)
Thin or unsupported walls
www.turkiye-resimleri.com
Less shear effects in one direction (Because of one

way wooden slab beams)
Weak connections at the corners
Irregularity of structural load bearing system in plan

Timber structures Typical floor plans
1st Storey
Entrance
Entrance
Wooden frame is main load Buildings are generally two

bearing system stories
Adobe is used as infill materials 1st Storey
Negative factors of this regions buildings Erzurum-Typical house type

Generally 1st storey load bearing walls has 40
cm 70 cm offset in two side of buildings
www.erzurumgazetesi.com.tr
Plan irregularity is the most encountered

problem www.netresim.net
One side of the buildings are attached to one

side of the next building
Most of this regional buildings were constructed

as attached to next building
Typical floor plans Negative factors of this regions buildings

Generally 1st storey load bearing walls has 50 cm 150
cm offset in two side of buildings
Plan irregularity
Soil roof (high weight contrubition during seismic event)
Big openings because of windows of doors
Irregular shear strength and out-of-plane stability of walls

because of one way wooden slab beams

Bitlis-Typical house type Typical floor plans
Entrance
1st Storey
1st
Storey
Entrance
Negative factors of this regions buildings Comparison of the regional materials

Windows
Structural load Non-bearing Roof structure
Mortar Foundations and Staircases
bearings partitions materials
doors
Stone walls and
Wooden
The region is on the high slope Bitlis
Uniform ashler
stone walls
half timber
frames with
beams + soil
roofs
Thatched
mud
Strip stone
masonry
Wooden Wooden
adobe infills
Corners and
some parts of
Soil roof (High weight contrubiton exterior walls
are ashler
Wooden
Thatched
mud and Strip stone
Erzurum Adobe walls beams + soil Wooden Wooden
during seismic events) stone walls
and the others
roofs
lime
mortar
masonry
are random
rubble walls
Wooden slabs
Generally, high ratio of wall openings Tokat
Half timber
frames with
Adobe walls
and wooden
beams +
Thatched Strip stone
Wooden Wooden
adobe infill mud masonry
are encountered at living room walls walls
traditional tile
roofs
Wooden and
Variable size Stone and wooden Strip stone
Denizli Mud Wooden Wooden
stone Walls wooden walls beams + tile masonry
roofs
Typical problems and strengthening concepts Typical problems and strengthening concepts
Wrong type of bricks, wrong Heavy roofs and one way structural
coursing, removal of walls system of roofs/floors

Typical problems and strengthening concepts Typical problems and strengthening concepts
Too many and too wide openings Insufficient diaphragm action
Wooden grids
Typical problems and strengthening concepts Conclusions

Weak corner connections This survey study revealed that all examined buildings have
inconsistencies with the relevant regulations at different
levels in terms of configuration of structural system and
material quality.
Further studies towards increasing the number of examined
buildings may create a chance of identifying the typologies of
existing masonry buildings more realistically, and this can
bring forward some efficient and feasible retrofitting
techniques
References
Tokat Houses, Halit al, Publications of Ministry of Culture, 1988 (In Turkish)
Erzurum Houses, Haim Kapuz, Publications of Ministry of Culture, 1989 (In
Turkish)
irinky Houses, Cengiz Bekta, Bekta Engineering and Architecture Publications,
1987 (In Turkish)
Thanks & Questions
Bitlis houses, Yksel Sayan, ahabettin ztrk, Publications of Ministry of Culture,
2001 (In Turkish)
Earthquake report of Erzurum- Kars earthquake (30 October 1983), Ministry of
public works publications, 1983 (In Turkish)
Earthquake report of Erzurum- Kars earthquake (30 October 1983), Chamber of
Civil Engineering publications, 1983 (In Turkish)
Report of Denizli Earthquake (19 August 1976), Publication of Geophysicists
Association of Turkey, 1977 (In Turkish)
Earthquake report of Erzurum- Kars earthquake (30 October 1983), Istanbul
Technical University, 1983 (In Turkish)

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5.1 Special report Damages of Haiti Earthquake Disaster /
Presented by Hidetomi Oi, Adviser, Global Environment Department, Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA) /

217,366
- Towards a Resilient Haiti - 120
285,677
97,294188,383
2010226
50

(Post Disaster Needs PDNA
AssessmentPDNA)

2 8217 Planning Mission

218220

222311

312
318
324
317
331

National Disaster Risk Management Systems (NDRMS) 2001

National Disaster Risk Management Plan (NDRMP)
National Risk and Disaster Management Committee (CNGRD)
Directorate of Civil Protection (DPC) 1997
Permanent Secretariat of Risk and Disaster Management (SPGRD)

Department DRM Committee at all 10 departments
Municipal DRM Committee at 110 municipalities out of 165

5.2 Summary of International joint research project on comprehensive strategies for earthquake
disaster mitigation /
Presented by Tatsuo Narafu, Information Center for Building Administration (ICBA) /
Summary of Background of Joint Research Project

International Joint Research Project on
Comprehensive Strategies Earthquakes cause serious damages to human societies
for Earthquake Disaster Mitigation
Non-engineered houses are the main cause of human
casualties
More resilient non- reduction
non-engineered houses for earthquake disaster reduction Comprehensive approach is
at Sokairo Hall, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS),
necessary for disaster
Tokyo, Japan
mitigation including
February 26, 2010
appropriate technologies,
dissemination of technologies
Dr. Tatsuo Narafu and risk management
Director, Research Department-1, Building Administration Research Institute, system/approach
Information Center for Building Administration (ICBA)
Approach of the Joint Research Project Outline of the research project
R&D focuses on realization of mitigation of disasters Term of R&D

three years
(2006-2008)
To concentrate on conventional houses which is the main
cause of human losses Target structures
Non-engineered
constructions in
developing countries,
To prepare complete also applicable to
developed countries
proposal of strategies like Japanese
conventional houses
based on comprehensive
approach Funds
The Asia S&T Strategic
Cooperation Promotion
Program prepared by
Ministry of Education,
Culture, Sports,
Science and
Technology (MEXT)
Participating institutes Participating institutes

Indonesia: Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) Turkey: Istanbul Technical University (ITU)
Research Institute for Human Settlement (RIHS), Ministry Middle East Technical University (METU)
of Public Works
Gadjah Mada University (UGM) Earthquake Research Division, Ministry of Public Works
and Settlement, Turkey
Syiah Kuala University (Unsyiah)
Nepal: Nepal Engineering College (nec) Japan: Building Research Institute (BRI)
National Society for Earthquake Technology-Nepal (NSET) National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster
Department of Urban Development and Building Reduction (NIED)
Construction (DUDBC), Nepal Government National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS)
Mie University
Pakistan: Preston University
NWFP University of Engineering and Technology
Peshawar

Platform activities for the joint research project Research topics
Feasible and Affordable Seismic Constructions
International symposium and To develop appropriate seismic structures and construction
video workshops connecting practices, which will be expected to be accepted by communities
all the participating countries - Study by full scale shaking table experiments
- Bridge between engineering and construction practices
18 events for three years for - Simple and affordable seismic isolation
close collaboration
Strategies for Dissemination of Technologies to
Communities
To develop strategies and tools for dissemination of technologies to
people and communities
Risk Management System

To develop systems and tools for evaluation of seismic risks by
assumed earthquakes and for managing them
Topic 1: Feasible and Affordable Seismic Constructions

Study by Full Scale Shaking Table Experiments
Study by Full Scale Shaking Table Experiments
Collapse
Full Scale Shaking Table Shaking Table Experiment in NIED in Procedure
Experiments on Several Types of Tsukuba on Dec. 27, 2007
Structures in Asia Table: 14.5mx15m
Loading Capacity: 90cm/sec., 940gals
Several Methods are applied to

analyze the results GI-C

A roof system
Activities Program
2007 First Experiment in NIED
2007 Second Experiment in NIED
2008 Third Experiment in Peru


Topic 1: Feasible and Affordable Seismic Constructions Study by Full Scale Shaking Table Experiments
Study by Full Scale Shaking Table Experiments Result of DEM
Analysis by several methods by participating
Prepare DVD of results of experiments and distribute to researches
share the data Finite element method (FEM)
Organize workshops for detail explanation and discussion Distinct element method (DEM)
Approaches for analysis
Result of FEM
- Finite Element Method (FEM)
LeftIndonesia RightPakistan
- Distinct Element Method (DEM)
- Frame Analysis Method
- Simplified Evaluation Methods

Topic 1: Feasible and Affordable Seismic Constructions Samples from Indonesia, Peru and Iran
Bridge between Engineering and Construction Practices Indonesia
Monitoring Construction Practices on Site Buy at a small
Elaborating Recommendations which could be accepted shop and obtain at
and adopted by Local Workers a construction site
Peru
Buy at a small
shop and a home
center
Iran
Obtain at a radey
mixed concrete
plant and a
construction site
Bridge between Engineering and

Compression strength of Construction Practices
cement mortar by sample cement
age: 28 days Proposed designs and
age: 3 days result of cyclic loading test

Indonesia Peru Iran Japan (in different mixing)

Topic 1: Feasible and Affordable Seismic Constructions Topic 1: Feasible and Affordable Seismic Constructions
Bridge between Engineering and Construction Practices Simple and Affordable Seismic Isolation
Research Topics
Jointexperiment of proposed - development of low cost isolation
Dimension of

designs in Bandung, Indonesia devices Attachment

of devices

Devices
- low cost rigid base Devices
- simple construction procedures

Activities

- Experiments on devices
- Workshops for dissemination
- Pilot project Devices
Devices

Shaking Table in Building
Weight

Research Institute (BRI)
in Tsukuba used for the

experiments Devices

Shaking
Table

Topic 1: Feasible and Affordable Seismic Constructions Topic 2: Dissemination of Technologies to Communities
Simple and Affordable Seismic Isolation
Several proposals were examined Comprehensive Study on Dissemination of Technologies consisting
followings
-sliding device with stone and metal plates
- collecting and analyzing good practices
-scrap tire pads
- interview survey on risk perception of communities
-geo textile sheets - survey on policies of
-low cost rolling device local and central government
on disaster mitigation
strategies
- pilot project with several
approaches
- analysis of effectiveness of
each approach
Topic 2: Dissemination of Technologies to Communities Topic 2:Dissemination of Technologies to Communities

Interview survey by same questionnaires in five countries Pilot project for dissemination and evaluation of effects in
interviewee four countries
Indonesiadisaster management education in primary
-people in two communities in different experiences of schools
disasters in each countries
Nepaltraining programs for house wives
-construction workers Pakistandemonstration with simple shaking table,
-officials of central governments training programs for masons
-officials of local governments Turkeydisaster management education in rural areas
Nepal Pakistan Turkey
Interviews
in Nepal
Interviews
in Pakistan
Topic 3: Risk Management System Topic 3: Risk Management System

Development of a new system for Risk Management which enhances risk
recognition of communities Case study with tools prepared by the joint research project
Successful result
Community-based approach/Community participation
high school students could have a good command of the tools
Activities Program
- preparation of tools
mapping base using
satellite image/aero
photos
simple evaluation
criteria of seismic
safety of houses
- case study in several
districts
- elaboration of the
system

Firm international platform for collaboration
was established
through intensive joint research
We drew a lot of lesson from our activities
and share them by
periodical video workshops
Thank you for your kind attention

5.3 Lessons from assistance for reconstruction in Indonesia /
Presented by Kozo Nagami, Information Policy Department, Japan International Cooperation
Agency (JICA) /

Lessons from JICA Disaster
Part 1: Reconstruction
Reconstruction Assistance in
support program for Aceh
Indonesia
February 2010
Japan International Cooperation Agency
Kozo Nagami
2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake

M9.0Epicenter
(2004122687)
2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake

Devastating Damage (M9.0
Damage in Indonesia
12/26/2004
Killed and Missing more than 200,000
Seriously Damaged Houses 81,942
Partly Damaged Houses 58,785
Source: BRR and International Partners (Aceh and Nias One Year After the
Tsunami, 2005)

(URRP)
(URRP)
Tsunami Impact on Economy

JICA Reconstruction Assistance
5 % Economic Decrease Projection in Aceh
20 % Economic Decrease Projection in Nias
Emergency Relief right after
32 % Income per capita decrease Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Assistance
5.176 SMEs damaged/destroyed Core Project = URRP (Urgent Rehab and Recon Plan)
7.529 Small shops damaged/destroyed BA City Reconstruction Urban Planning
1.191 Restaurants damaged/destroyed
800 km x 1 to 6 km
destroyed
Engineering Survey for the Infrastructure Rehabilitation Non-
25 General Banks damaged/destroyed project Type Grant Aid
People
Peoples Credit Banks (BPR)
4
damaged/destroyed
GIS Data Mapping
20 Microfinance Institutions damaged/destroyed Septage Treatment Plant Rehabilitation
195 markets damaged/destroyed Community Empowerment (Trauma care, Livelihood
800 km
Jakarta Surabaya
20.000 ha fishpond damaged Revitalization etc.)
60.000 ha agricultural land damaged
Source: Blue Print 2005-2009
220.907 people lost their job
BRR20074CFAN3 / Source: BRR (CFAN3 report, Apr. 2007)

BA Reconstruction Urban Plan
Blue Print
URRP Spatial Plan

URRP
URRP
1 200511
Table 1: JICA Aceh Rehab and Recon Overview (as of Nov. 2005) 1 JICA
Chart 1: BA City Reconstruction Master Plan
Septage Treatment Plant Rehab Sanitary/Environmental Education

Poster for Community Awareness
After ProjectDec. 2005 Study Tour for Junior High
Workshop for Neighborhood
Before Project Jun. 2005
Site Visit by SBY
1 Photo1: Urgent Rehabilitation

Sanitary and environmental negative impact from the human
waste ocean dumping by collection vehicles
Capacity: 50 m3/day (100,000 population)
One of few projects completed before the first anniversary
Transit to Mid-
Mid-/Long-
/Long-term Recon. Damage on Banda Aceh City
Trigger: GAM Peace Agreement (Aug 2005) Population change by the EQ and Tsunami
Reflection from the prior results
Insufficient integration between infrastructure and community
Infrastructure assistance in coastal heavily damaged area
Community assistance in inland less damaged area
Integrated assistance at the community buildings
Urban Disaster Mitigation Facility (JICA Mater Plan)
= Community buildings
Livelihood revitalization activity
Activities: local cake baking, dried-salted fish, traditional handicraft, etc
Institutionalization and instruction by facilitators
Succeeded as a model reconstruction activity
Resulted in sustainable replication (second and third generation)

Community Building
Livelihood Revitalization Assistance
3 / Photo 3: Community Building

(20083 / Ulee Lheue, Banda Aceh City (Mar. 2008)
Escape facility for the coastal zone (3 in Ulee

2 / Photo 2: Livelihood Revitalization Activity Lheue)
(2006 / Ulee Lheue, Banda Aceh City (2006)
Community daily activity base
Extending Community Assistance

Project on Self-
Self-sustainable Community
Empowerment Network Formulation ( Radio Broadcasting Support
)
)
Extending the Ulee Lheue model to other
provinceJan 2007 Mar
regions in Aceh province
2009
2009
4 20079
Photo 4: Aceh Radio Broadcasting Support (Sep 2007)
Broadcasted from RRI station rehabilitated by the Japan

Grant Aid
Weekly one hour program (from Jul 2005 Mar 2009)
Interactive telephone dialogue with listeners
Problems in the Aceh Recon Process BRR Strategy

100% NGOs/International
NGOs and International
Initiative from the central government Agencies
Agencies
Political importance BRR (Apr 2005)

Prolonged GAM conflict BRR
BRR
Need quick remedy for social and economic Ministries

Local
Local
confusion Central Governments
Governments
Govt
Insufficient local government capacity (Aceh
province, kabupaten and BA) DEC 2005 2006 2008 2009
2007
2004
Massive damage scale
Remaining Time for End of BRR Mission
Local gov officials also disaster affected Housing Delivery
Difficult community involvement Emergency Development

Response Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Phase
Phase Phase
2 BRR / Chart 2 BRR Mid-term Shift Plan

Progress after 2.5 years
Problems in the Aceh Recon Process
Delay in house reconstruction (Apr 2007)
Direct support (temporary/permanent house
provision) by GOI and NGOs
Limited support from donors
donors were rather concentrating on transportation
and education sector infrastructure
Problems in acquiring speed and quality
Low quality house problems
Limited house option for residents (allocated by areas)
World Bank, Oct 2006
3 / Chart 3: Recon expenditure by sector

Delay in House Reconstruction

Reconstruction and
Rehabilitation Renters/Squatters
Delay in Community Revitalization
Relocation
House reconstruction delay resulted in
ORGS Need Commit Complete Need Commit Complete Need Commit Complete
community revitalization delay
NGO/IA 104,148 48,450 2,058 1,605 492 0 It took 1.5 years until JICA could proceed into
integrated assistance for community (since mid
MDF 136,000 8,113 2,645 39,000 3,271 3,210 12,000 0 0
2006)
BRR 33,224 10,623 8,776 8,496 Infrastructure assistance by donors could not
properly yield the expected impact due to the
Total 136,000 145,485 61,718 39,000 14,105 13,311 12,000 0 0
community recovery delay
3 / Housing Progress by Organizations
Total reconstruction delay

Central Java Earthquake
Damage
Part II: Central Java 5/27/2006
Killed and Missing 5,716
Earthquake Reconstruction Houses Destroyed 156,664
Program Houses Damaged 202,032
Source: International Recovery Platform (The Yogyakarta and Central Java

Earthquake, 2006)

Damage Assessment Result Actions Taken by GOI
GOI announcement
Community self-supported reconstruction
Majority in housing
Local government initiative
Yogyakarta special district (DIY) + Kota/Kabupaten
Little intervention from central (except fund)
Reflections from Aceh experience
House reconstruction subsidy
Subsiding house reconstruction cost (15 mil rup. per
Source: CGI Report (2006/6/14) Preliminary Loss and Damage household)
Chart 4: Damage by sector Assessment
Source: CGI Report (2006/6/14) Preliminary Loss and Damage Assessment
Subsidy delivery through POKMAS (victim
cooperatives)
Consist of 10-15 destroyed house owners
11,545 POKMAS (141,691HH)
Mobilizing facilitators
Technical support of house reconstruction
3 per (building, structure, social science)1,500 team
Facilitator Assignment Result Flow Chart of Subsidy Governor

(GUBERNUR)

Committee Responsible
for a Subsidy Task Force
Distribution (KPPN (SATKER)
(9) Letter of confirmation to pay (SPP/SPM)
Yogyakarta)
Sleman 405 112 137 125 374 124 147 132 403 (8) Verification
(Verifikasi)
Gunungkidul 382 21 110 121 252 23 117 128 268 (10) (SP2D) (6) Verification
(Verifikasi)
Kulon Progo 153 49 47 51 147 49 48 51 148 Provincial
Provincial Management Commitment
Jogyakarta 318 - 70 96 166 - 141 143 284 Consultant (KMP) Maker (PPK
Bantul 2,185 - 930 1,041 1,971 - 1,073 1,066 2,139 Bank Provinsi)
(7) Coordinating application between
(Bank Pelaksana) provincial management consultant and
a)Bantul 1 447 - 168 240 408 - 222 238 460 provincial commitment maker
Bantul
District Commitment
b)Bantul 2 453 - 143 172 315 - 212 187 399 District Management Maker (PPK Kab /
Consultant (KMK) Kot)
c)Bantul 3 370 - 185 185 370 - 185 185 370 (5) Coordinating application
(11) Money between district management
d)Bantul 4 528 - 243 252 495 - 260 264 524 transfer consultant and district (4) Application
(Transfer commitment maker document delivery
e)Bantul 5 387 - 191 192 383 - 194 192 386 Dana BLM)
3,443 182 1,294 1,434 2,910 196 1,526 1,520 3,242 Facilitator Head of Village
(Tiom Facilitator) (PJP,Lurah)
(3) Coordinating application
between Facilitator and head
200739 of village
Society Group

Bank Account Society Group
(Rekening (Kelompok Masyarakat)
POKMAS) (2) Making Agreement between society group

(1) Establishing Society Group and head of village, and Submission of
4 / Table 4: Facilitator assignment result Application

5 / Chart 5: Flow mechanism of subsidy
Challenge in Program Formulation

Biggest needs in housing
Obstacles
Housing = Private property > unfair?
GOI public administration capacity
Urgency in disaster recon assistance
Prolongation risk
Adverse opinions and questionable comments on

effectiveness
4 200611
Table 4: JICA Yogya Rehab and Recon Assistance Overview

House Reconstruction Assistance Inventory Survey
Information gathering for Key Requirement
Sub-project on building administration capacity
enhancement to improve the vulnerability of Feasibility and objectivity assurance
housing Surveying 133 houses (29 types) by NGO/GOI
Tie beam (example)
NA
Plinth Beam
To disseminate, publicize and enlighten the know-how Size (cm)

15X20
15X15
and technique of improving building strength 12X12
0 10 20 30 40 50
To propose essential conditions of EQ-resistant houses Column Percentage (%)
affordable even for the poor Column Dimension (cm)
NA
Column Bar (mm)
NA
4P12
To propose a rational, efficient and accountable process 15X15
4P10
of building administration 13X13
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
4P8
0 10 20 30 40 50
Percentage (%) Percentage (%)
To propose a comprehensive plan for dissemination of
EQ-resistant building 6 / Chart 6: Inventory Survey Result Examples
Key Requirement
Essential conditions of EQ-resistant houses attaining both feasibility and
effectiveness
Co-editing with local expertise (Teddy Boen and UGM faculty)
Items Category Standard
concrete cementfine aggregatecoarse aggr123
Material mortar cementfine aggr14
foundation stone Yes
dried wood Yes
foundation bottom width over 60
Structural Profile upper width over 30
height over 60
tie beam dimension over 2015
steel bar over 4 10
stirrups 8@15 spacing or 6@12 spacing
column dimension over 1515
steel bar over 4 10
beam dimension over 1215
steel bar over 4 10
maximum wall dimension less or equal 9 square meter
inclined beam at gable Yes
wall frame Yes
anchoring b/w column and u/g beam over 40
Structural Member anchor of wall Yes
Jointing
anchor of gable Yes
wind bracing Yes
overlapping of reinforcements over 40
5 / Table 5: Key Requirement Prescriptions 7 / Chart 7: Key Requirement Poster
Legislation on Key Requirement

POSYANIS set at 17 Kecamatan, Bantul
(1/30/2007)
Empowering Kecamatan regarding the IMB
(building certification) process (2/6/2007
Bupati decree on the technical support centers

(PUSYANIS (Kabupaten) and POSYANIS
(Kecamatan)) (2/8/2007)
Legislating the key requirement, exceptional free of
charge IMB process, process flow, proto-type house
design.
Public announce of officials at PUSYANIS and
POSYANIS by name (2/17/2007)

Significance of Self Recon Process Value Criteria Survey on Housing
Value criteria survey for housing
Safety is the highest Social failure
Constructor (mandor) skill? Moral?
Lack of monitoring mechanism by the gov?

(point)
3.81
4.0
3.5
3.14 3.12 2.85 2.83
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5

1.0
0.5 High safety level with balanced scores (except cost)

0.0
/comfort /cost /function /design /safety

Value Criteria Survey on Housing Community Participation

High

participation

9 / Chart 9: Participation Rate
Contribution to enhancing community

Ex-
Ex-post Assessment Result Community Awareness on IMB
Increased IMB applied Received Subsidy Reason for IMB application
Enhanced but still limited process capacity (Unprocessed Because legislated in PERDA
application increased)
Because conditioned for subsidy
IMB application rate

Comparison Aceh and Central Java
Aceh Central Java (Yogyakarta)
GOI policy Central Gov initiative Community self reconstruction
House Recon BRR House owners
Actor

Fund Flow Nation to BRR Nation/province to community
Constructor BRR Owners or mandor (local master
builder)
Part 3: Lessons and House Recon

Speed
68,881 houses / 2 year
Source: BRR (2007)
146,173 houses / 1 year
Source: Java Reconstruction Fund (2007)
Recommendation JICA Assistance

(house related)
Urban recon planning
(incl. Community building)
Building administration enhance
IMB (Building certification) process
enhancement for EQ resistant house
JICA Assistance Community empowerment Community empowerment
(other) Economic reconstruction Local industry revitalization
Infrastructure rehabilitation Reconstruction design of schools
Local government CB and health centers
Social welfare service (education) Junior experts
Total JICA Exp. approx. 874 mil yen (as of 11/2005) approx. 400 mil yen (as of 11/2006)
Japan Grant Aid approx. 14,600 mil yen approx. 1,000 mil yen
5 / Table 5: Comparison Aceh and Central Java
Lessons Lessons
Common understanding direct assistance not applicable to Opportunity given in the Central Java EQ Recon
personal property i.e. housing might lead to Program

GOI policy to subsidize house owners enabled indirect
Housing issue not included in the recon program.
housing assistance in the IMB process.

Just a technical assistance such as retrofitting pilot and building

code revision cannot assure the effectiveness.
Quick actions e.g. legislation and decrees by GOI.

Thus, infrastructure biased recon program might further delay the
community revitalization and thus yield insufficient assistance
impact.

Lessons Recommendation
Success Factor Legislation assistance on the house reconstruction subsidy
mechanism before EQs.
Key Requirement
Recognized as the highest priority government action Building administration assistance with the Key Requirement
that is highly feasible even with the immature public after EQs.
administration capacity in a severe post-disaster
situation. Consider housing as the core issue when designing the entire
reconstruction program.

Schematic invention to directly assist housing such as financial
Replication request was made for the West Sumatra
assistance loan.
(Padang) EQ Reconstruction
Combined assistance with house provision by NGOs and donors.
NGOJICA+
NGO

5.4 Japan's ODA Project in Peru, Dissemination of Seismic Adobe House /
ODA
Presented by Akihiko Tasaka, Ex-First Secretary of Embassy of Japan in Peru /

Abstract
Japans ODA Project in Peru,
1.Social background
Dissemination of Seismic Adobe House.
2.Project background
ODA
3.Project-Phase 1
4.Project-Phase 2
Akihiko TASAKA, Ex-First Secretary of Embassy of Japan in Peru 5.Consideration

( )
1
1.Social Background 1.Social Background
Geographical Features Topography and Climate

Republic of Peru
Land Area 1,285,216 km2
latitude S3-18, longitude W69-81
Costa Shierra
Selva
3 4
1.Social Background 1.Social Background
Population Social Situation

Population has increased, but inflow from mountain to costal are has
Social INDEX 2006 2007 2008 Source
accelerated.
Currently, 75.9 percent of the population are concentrated in urban areas, GDP Growth 7.74% 8.86% 9.84% Inter-American Development Bank
while urban and rural gap widening. Government Budget Ministry of Economy and Finance
45,388 61,998 71,342 *1USD=2.85 Nuevo Soles (Jan,2010)
(Million Nuevo Soles)
Area 28,221 thousnds GNI per capita (USD) 2,960 3,450 3,990 World Bank
Costal Area 54.6% Lower Middle Income Countries

DAC Category OECD-DAC
Mountain Area 32.0% (LMICs)
Jangle Area 13.4% Instituto Nacional de Estadstica e

Poverty Rate 44.5 39.3% 36.2% Informtica (INEI)
(Extreme Poverty) (16.1%) (13.7%) (12.6%) Encuesta Nacional de Hogares
Anual 2004-2008
Mortality rate, infant World Bank
27 25 17
(per 1,000 live births)
UNDP,
GINI Index 49.6
Human Development Report 2009
Source : Censos Nacionales 2007: XI de Poblacin y VI de Vivienda
5
Instituto Nacional de Estadstica e Informtica (INEI) 6

2.Project Background 2.Project Background
Abstract Earthquake History

Historic Earthquake in Peru
1.Social background 1970.5.31 Chimbote,Hualas (M7.9)
1974.10.3 Lima (M 8.1)
2001.6.23 Moquegua (M 8.4)
2.Project background 2005.9.26 Moyobamba (M 7.5)

2006.10.20 Ica (M 6.7)
2007.8.15 Ica (M 8.0)
3.Project-Phase 1
4.Project-Phase 2
5.Consideration 1970 Hualas (Photo: INDECI)

Source:The United States Geological Survey(USGS),
7 8 Instituto Nacional de Defensa Civil, Peru
House Type Residents of Adobe House

Relation between Poverty rate and adobe house

Rate of Adobe House (%)
Source : Censos Nacionales 2007: XI de Poblacin y VI de Vivienda poverty rate (by Department) (%)
9
Instituto Nacional de Estadstica e Informtica (INEI) 10
Source : Instituto Nacional de Estadstica e Informtica (INEI)
Adobe houses Damage Building Codes

Adobe houses have been damaged severely, every time an
earthquake occurs. On the other hand
REGLAMENTO NACIONAL DE EDIFICACIONES

-NORMA E.080 Adobe
11 12

Project background Focus of the Project

If constructed in appropriate method Conventional method
Local materials
Conventional construction system
(Constructed by non-engineered residents)
Appropriate construction methods
Photo: JICA
Safer Seismic Adobe House
13 14
3.Project Phase 1 3.Project Phase 1
Abstract Project Objectives
1.Social background [Overall Goal ]

Decrease of earthquake damages by disseminating
the technologies of seismic house in poverty areas.
[Project Objectives]
3.Project-Phase 1 Dissemination of technologies of seismic non-
engineered adobe house in the project areas.
4.Project-Phase 2
[Term]
5.Consideration August 2005 March 2007
15 16
Overview of the Project Project Site
Workshop
site Building Type
Lunahuan House (1)

Construction of Model Houses
Pacarn House(2)
Ziga Communal Refectory (1)

Regular Monitoring by Engineers Communal House(1)
Huangscar
Mothers Center (1)
Huac-Huas Communal House(1)
17 18
Google Map

Workshop Construction of Model Houses

Design of the Model House
{ Adaptive design to the lifestyle of residents On the Job Training with NGO
{ Residents increasing interest in their houses through
participation.
Enlightenment of Seismic Awareness
Learning program about Adobe Construction
Photo:JICA
Photo:JICA
19 20
Regular Monitoring by Engineers Evaluation (by JICA and Experts)
Peruvian Engineers Model House was constructed in

appropriate method, keeping high quality.
Japanese Expert
Through the WS, residents have higher
interests in their own houses.
Residents and their community basically

accept model houses and its construction
method, as well as their concept.
Photo:JICA Photo:JICA
21 22
Issues to Solve (By JICA and Experts) Lessons Learned (By JICA and Experts)
Continued Monitoring Communication with Community

{ Improvement of easier or reasonable construction method , { Through NGO, through community leaders
through the continued Monitoring.
{ Dissemination has achieved some degree, then Further Training
implementation ?
{ Not only the construction method, but the
meaning of that method.
Cost Reduction achieve some reduction, but
{ Further reduction Cost Reduction
{ Government involvement. Subsidy System, Establishment { Cost of cargo transportation (mountain area)
of system for compliance with building codes
{ Local materials
23 24

Abstract Project Objectives
1.Social background [Overall Goal ]

Improve the safety and health conditions of adobe
houses in poverty areas.
[Project Objectives]
3.Project-Phase 1 Dissemination of technologies of seismic, sanitary
functional and durable adobe house, so that engineers,
construction masters (Maestro de Obra) and residents
4.Project-Phase 2 in poverty areas can acquire them.
[Term]
5.Consideration April 2007 March 2010
25 26
Overview of the Project Project Site

Training to Architects, Engineers, Site
Building Type
Construction Master and Residents District Department
Lunahuan Lima House (2)
Construction of Model Houses Guadalupe Ica Communal House(1)
San juan Cajamarca Communal House(1)

Regular Monitoring by Engineers Communal House(1)
Tarma Junn
Structure Experiment (cancellation)
Lunahuan Lima House (2)
Jos
Improvement of Manual sabogal
Cajamarca Communal House(1)
27 28
Google Map
4.Project Phase 2 4.Project Phase 2 Propuesta del JICA para la 2da. Etapa del Proyecto
Viviendas Seguras y Saludables(Ao 2007-2009)
Ministerio de Vivienda
Project Team Extensionistas
Bonos,
Banco de
Estacin Planta de
materiales
Nivel 1 Materiales
Arq e Ing.
Architect
(Project Coordinator) Engineer Nivel 2 ss
Maestros de Obras e lo
Supervise sM
od
no
Pla
Supervise Central de
Trained Maestro de Obra Servicios
Tcnico y financiero
Japanese Promueve
Experts Trained Arch./Eng. Autoconstruccin
Advice
(Site Supervisor) Resident Resident
Construction of Adobe House
Team 1- Tarma Department (Acobamba and Palca) Resident Resident

Team 2 - Cajamarca Department (San Juan and San Marcos)
Team 3 Ica Department (Guadalupe) Espacio Territorial
29 30 (Comunidad, Centro Poblado)

Training to Construction Master

Training to Architects and Engineers and Residents
N Nombre y Apellido Profesion Centro de Trabajo Cargo Distrito Provincia Departamento
Asistente de oficina de Desarrollo Magdalena de

1 German Oswaldo Ascoy Vidal Ingeniero Civil Munic. Distrital De Magdalena de Cao Ascope La Libertad
Urbano y Obras Cao
2 Orgio Luis Chota Calampa Ingeniero Civil Munic. Distrital de San Juan Responsable de diversas obras Cajamarca Cajamarca Cajamarca
3 Anner Moreno Adrianzn Ingeniero Civil Munic. Distrital de San Juan Responsable de diversas obras San Juan Cajamarca Cajamarca
4 Carlos Alfonso Najarro Becerra Arquitecto Munic. Distrital de Pocsi Gerente de Infraestructura Pocsi Arequipa Arequipa
5 Alex Walter Alvarado Cruz Ingeniero Civil Munic. Provincial de Pomabamba Evaluador de Proyectos Recuay Recuay Ancash
6 Haynes Cordova Pea Profesor Dicesis de Chulucanas - Piura Responsable de diversas obras Chulucanas Morropon Piura
Bach.
Asistente de la Oficina de Obras y
7 Wilder Sandro Jess Contreras Ingenieria Municipalidad Distrital de Acobamba Acobamba Tarma Junin
Desarrollo Urbano
Civil
8 Jose Perata Ostolaza Arquitecto Ministerio de Vivienda Encarg. Cartera de Proyectos San Isidro Lima Lima
9 Marco Risco Zevallos Ingeniero Ministerio de Vivienda Encarg. de Ing. Cartera Proy. San Isidro Lima Lima
10 Liliana Ninaquispe Romero Arquitecta Ministerio de Vivienda Coord.Cartera de Proyectos San Isidro Lima Lima
11 Yoel Herrera Paraguez Arquitecto ONG CIED-Per Asesor Tcnico ONG CIED Antioqua Huarochir Lima
Constante Guillermo Castillo Municipalidad Provincial de Snchez Encargado de la Divisin de Snchez

12 Arquitecto Huamachuco La Libertad
Alva Carrin Planeamiento Urbano y Catastro Carrin
Gobierno Regional de Arequipa Apoyo en la elaboracin de

13 Freddy Salas Chavez Ingeniero Civil Arequipa Arequipa Arequipa
(COPASA) expedientes tecnicos
Sub-gerente de obras pblicas y

14 No Juan Huamn Coronel Arquitecto Municipalidad Distrital de Palca Palca Tarma Junn
desarrollo urbano y rural. Photo:JICA Photo:JICA
Municipalidad Provincial de Pomabam
15 Paolo Minaya Gonzles Ingeniero Civil Proyectista Pomabamba Ancash
Pomabamba ba
San
16 Cristbal Cornetero Ayudante Agrnomo Municipalidad Distrital Jose Sabogal Jefe Oficina de Agua y Saneamiento Jos Sabogal Cajamarca
Marcos
31 32
Construction of Model Houses Regular Monitoring by Engineers

Advice for the project
Evaluation of the model houses of phase 1
Propose of improved method
Photo:JICA Photo:JICA
Photo:JICA
33 Photo:JICA Photo:JICA 34
Structure Experiment Improvement of Manual

Material Experiment Simple Manual JICA)
Experts proposal
35 36

Interim Evaluation (by Experts) Interim Evaluation (by Experts)
Problems? Proposal
{ Not disseminated enough { Improvement of the method (considering
{ Still Higher Cost the local situation)
{ Lack of Publication { Cost Reduction
{ Incorrect Maintenance { More public relations
{ Difficulty in Coordination with Ministry { Monitoring of Model House of phase 1
37 38
5.Consideration 5.Consideration
Abstract Consideration
1.Social background How to disseminate or Implement?

{ Approach from Community Side, not from the
government side.
2.Project background { Target and concept.
Why people dont use this method.
3.Project-Phase 1 { Social and cultural background.
Who take the main role ?
4.Project-Phase 2 { Government, Community, House Owner, NGO
{ Academic or Political?
5.Consideration Continuity
39 40

5.5 Community based disaster management and assistance for retrofitting /

Presented by Shoichi Ando, United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD) /

I.
Lessons from recent Disasters
Community Based Disaster
Recent World Disasters
Management (CBDM) & Housing
Erathquake Safety Initiative (HESI) Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004.12.26
Pakistan Earthquake 2005.10.8
Java Earthquake 2006.5.27
UNCRD) Peru Earthquake 2007.8.15
Shoichi ANDO Dr. China Earthquake 2008.5.12
Disaster Management Planning Hyogo Office
26 Feb. 2010
2010226 Cyclones in Asia 2009
United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD)
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN/DESA)
Haiti Earthquake (PAP) 2010.1.12
Damages by Tsunami
Background of Disasters

Constant occurrence of natural hazards

Increasing risks by expansion of population/city

Trends of heavier damages to the poor in LDCs
: Earthquake to middle incomes etc.

Degradation of eco-system / Climate Change
UNCRD
Aug. 2005 Banda Aceh, Indonesia

A half year after:
Towards recovery
: UNCRD

20063
Collapsed School
NSET)
50

Local earthquake
proof model
More than 50 students were
killed and there is no school housing (NSET)
children in this community.

A half year after:
: UNCRD
20069
3 3 months after

Self-help and cooperation

Introduce new technology

: UNCRD
One and a half year after Lost traditional wood frame
20074
: UNCRD
20069
One year after
3 3 months after
: : UNCRD
Poster for earthquake proof house 20077
1 One week after

The roof is
light as there
is no rain and
warm weather.
: UNCRD
20078

Inside of affected adobe house
2007.8
: UNCRD
20078 Peru Earthquake

1 One week after
CISMID
()
II. UNCRD (1999 200)

ESI

SESI
Community Based Disaster Management ()
HESI
( HTF 7 - 11) (ABCD)

WCDR 2005

( HTF 4 - 6 )
GESI
CBDM
HTF ( HTF 1 - 3 )
Projects (1999 - 2009) of UNCRD Hyogo (HESI)

Recovery Projects
of disaster affected areas

School Earthquake Earthquake Safety
Gendered DM Safety Initiative: SESI Housing Earthquake
and Urbanisation (Human Security Fund)
Safety Initiative: HESI
in CBDM
( HTF 7 - 11) World Conference
(Anti-seismic Building
Code Dissemination)

on Disaster Reduction
WCDR 2005
Sustainability Global Earthquake
in CBDM Safety Initiative: GESI
( HTF 4 - 6 ) Community Based (Urban risk assessment)
Disaster Management
Hyogo Trust Fund ( HTF 1 - 3 )

Field Survey

of disaster affected areas

Housing Earthquake Safety Initiative HESI Workshop
Social Economic
Raising public Loan system Nepal

awareness, with safety HESI
License standards,
Building control, 2007. 8.
2-3
Seismic Assurance
Safety of system, Peru HESI 2007. 8. 23
codes, Houses
Urban Energy etc.
etc.
Planning Saving
Technology management,
Landscape, etc.
Environmental
There are many countries where children prepare

III. Conclusion
construction materials. Afghanistan 2003
The collapse of building causes tragedies.

Cooperation of engineers and governments,

Building code, inspection system, engineer
education and its materials are the keys.

Lalitpur (Patan) City established Experiences of other earthquake-prone country
seismic building code.
Nepal
IV.
ISDR
IDNDR, UNDRO
Disaster related
Coordination Policy UN agencies /
type of Hazards
OCHAUNICEF
Humanitarian
Hazards
Economy
W orld BankADB Floods
Finance
Cyclones
Land Slides
UNDPJICA Tsunamis
Development Social Affair Earthquakes
Volcano

UNESCOWHO Draught
Social Dev. Epidemics
Disaster Management Planning Hyogo Office
Knowledge Forest Fires
United Nations Centre for Regional Development
Global Warm

UNUUNCRD
R&D / Training
etc.

END

5.6 Earthquake Risk Reduction and Recovery Preparedness in South Asia /

Presented by Atsushi Koresawa, Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC) /

Asian Disaster Reduction

Center (ADRC) established in
Kobe, Hyogo Pref. in 1998
Earthquake Risk Reduction and Recovery
Preparedness Programme (ERRP)
for South Asian Region
Atsushi KORESAWA
Asian Disaster Reduction Center

February, 2010
ADRC Member Countries Asian Conference on Disaster management

Held in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan, on 17-19 January 2010
Organized jointly by ADRC, UNSIDAR and Japans Cabinet Office
28 Member Countries, 5 Advisor Countries
Natural Disasters in South Asia Earthquakes caused the deadliest disasters

South Asia is regarded as one of the most critical
hotspot of disasters Earthquakes are the deadliest natural hazard of
the past ten years and remain a serious threat for
Disasters with more than 10,000 fatalities (1975-2008) millions of people worldwide as eight out of the
1983 Ethiopia Drought 300,000 ten most populous cities in the world are on
1976 China Tangshan earthquake 242,000 earthquake fault-lines
2004 South Indian Ocean Indian Ocean tsunami 226,408
1983 Sudan Drought 150,000 Disaster risk reduction is an indispensable
1991 Bangladesh Cyclone Gorky 138,866
investment for each earthquake-prone city and
each community. Seismic risks is a permanent
2008 Myanmar Cyclone Nargis 133,655 risk and cannot be ignored. Earthquake can
1981 Mozambique Drought 100,000 happen anywhere at any time.
2008 China Sichuan earthquake 87,476
2005 India, Pakistan Kashmir earthquake 73,338 Margareta Wahlstrom, UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General
for Disaster Risk Reduction
2003 Europe Heat wave 56,809
Source: EMDAT

Conceptual Framework Challenges facing South Asian countries
Frequencies of earthquakes continue to result in

Disaster Risks Less Disaster Risks extensive damages and loss of life
Limited capacities of national organisations and

low awareness in the most vulnerable
communities add to the devastating impact of
these disasters
Hazard Vulnerability Mitigation Public buildings (schools, hospitals, community

Capacity centres etc.), infrastructure and private houses are
in many cases highly vulnerable to earthquakes
Earthquake Risk Reduction and Recovery

Preparedness Programme (ERRP) Roles of ADRC
Period: April 2007 March 2010 At Regional Level

Agencies: UNDP in partnership with ADRC - Co-organize Regional Workshop
Budget : Approx. USD 4.8 million from Gov. of Japan
- Arrange Japanese and other experts as resources
Coverage: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan
- Facilitate regional cooperation
Objectives: - Conduct Pull Down Test
- To strengthen the institutional and community capacity to

At Country Level
plan and implement earthquake risk reduction strategies
integrating disaster preparedness, mitigation and post - Provide training services
disaster recovery - Develop teaching materials
- Conduct Risk Assessment Reviews
- To support regional cooperation for DRR and recovery
- Hold Mini-workshop
preparedness in the context of SAARC Framework for
Disaster Management
Technical Assistance at country level Regional Workshop

Delivered lectures to local officials and engineers at
workshops in Bhutan, Nepal and Bangladesh on: Venues
- Earthquake Safe Construction Design Katmandu (Aug 2008), Islamabad (Apr 2009), Delhi (Jul 2009),
- Retrofitting Techniques, Dhaka (Dec 2009)
- Quality Management of Reinforced Building
- Earthquake Vulnerability Assessment Organizers
ADRC, UNDP, SAARC DMC, National Governments
Developed:
Lecture Notes for the Students of Colleges in Pakistan Objectives
Training Slides on Earthquake Damage to Buildings - Provide technical expertise on ERRP
Poster on Key requirement for safer construction through presentations by experts
Reviewed: - Identify priority issues and
National Building Codes (Nepal) address course of actions
Existing Government and Municipal Policies (Nepal) - Facilitate knowledge-sharing and
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Buildings (Bhutan) South-South cooperation
Seismic Vulnerability Evaluation Guidelines (Bhutan)

Pull Down Test Retrofitting Method (Jacketing)
Objectives
- Main causes of deaths in past earthquakes were related
to the collapse of buildings, especially non-engineered
masonry buildings
- Examine seismic resistance of buildings with and without

retrofitting and demonstrate differences
Retrofitting methods applied

- Use 1.6mm diameters, 19mm center-to-center distance
galvanized wire mesh sheets on both sides of walls
- Drill holes for inserting binding wire @1 ft on center
- Plastering with 1:3= Cement :Sand Mortal
Process Image of Pull Down Test Birds Eye View of Pull Down Test
15 16
Preparation for the pull down test Pull Down Test

Oct. 15, 2009 : 1st Pull Down Test for non-retrofitted BLD
Original After separation Nov.2-3 2009 : 2nd Pull Down Test for Retrofitted BLD
Brick Masonry in Mud Mortar

built in 1967
17 18

1st Pull Down Test for non-retrofitted BLD
19 20
20
Cracks started at
maximum load 16.8 ton
21 22
23 24

2nd Pull Down Test for Retrofitted BLD
25 26
The building did not fall down beyond 26.3 ton Main outcomes of the pull-down test
without any crack.
The non-retrofitted building completely fell
down by pulling with the intensity of 16.8 ton,
whereas the retrofitted building did not even
cause cracks when the intensity reached as
much as 26.3 ton.
The wire mesh with mortal coating method

has been proved to be a effective and const-
effective retrofitting method to increase
seismic resistance of masonry buildings.
More importantly, non-experts and ordinary

27 citizens have witnessed such a difference. 28
Coverage by local newspapers Thank you very much!

So successful.
30

Special Announcement from ADRC and IRP
Roster of Experts on Haiti Recovery
International Recover Platform (IRP) is urging experts to become a
member of the Technical Expert Group for Haiti Recovery. The list will be
made available for Haitian Government and International organizations Invest today for a safer tomorrow
Themes and Topics
shelter, infrastructure (utilities, telecom, roads and bridges, buildings, schools
and hospitals, water and sanitation), health, psycho social, environment,
livelihoods, and building code enforcement and implementation
Role of Experts
Experts could be deployed in Haiti (or Washington DC) for about two weeks
and work with the Haitian government and international organizations
Experts could provide assistance through virtual means,
including email, video conference, and teleconference
Qualification
English speakerlong-term commitment
How to register
The registration form is available in this venue. Please fill in the form and send it
to Ms. Gulizaer Keyimu (gulzar@recoveryplatform.org ) by FAX, email or mail
Thank you very much!
International Federation
of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

2CPGN&KUEWUUKQP
*QYVQRTQOQVGUCHGV[KORTQXGOGPVQH
PQPGPIKPGGTGFJQWUGUKPFGXGNQRKPIEQWPVTKGU

6.1 Outline of discussion
50 1,400

Problems

1) Lack of knowledge & information of people
about scenario of E.Q. damages

2) Lack of information how to construct the
seismic resistant houses

2001.7/1

100 118
Output 4 The strategy for dissemination has been developed and executed Construction systems investigated
4 easy-reading handbooks on each of the

four construction systems investigated
were produced
During
implementation
of TAISHIN Block Panel System Reinforced adobe
project, a large
number of
community
leaders where
trained by
project
researchers.
Massive dissemination has been

carried out through TV programs
and radio spots.
Soil Cement confined masonry Concrete Block system
38

Output 5 Earthquake resistant Popular housing is promoted among population
By November 2008, 103

block panel houses and
118 reinforced adobe
houses where built by the 38 c= 0.62 g
g
government and NGOs.
Future directions
1) Develop the simple & effective model of
earthquake resistant mechanism
2) Propose the effective methods on seismic safety
improvement of houses without changing its
original structural types
3) Investigate the structural performance of the
proposed safety improvement methods by tests
4) Develop the seismic safety evaluation methods
based on the resistant mechanisms
5) Develop the construction manual based on the
evaluation methods
6) Establish the supervision system for construction
quality control

Improvement strategy

People Money
Earthquake risk perception Construction cost
Discipline / Morality Retrofitting cost

Technique Regulation & Guideline

Design code
Structural system
Construction guideline
Retrofitting technique Inspection system / penalty
Quality control

2007 JICA

10
10

37

2007

100

60

10

1.2 1020

3040
JICA

2005

6.2 How to promote safety improvement of non-engineered houses in developing countries /
Presented by Hiroshi Fukuyama, Chief Researcher, BRI /
How to promote safety improvement

of non-
non-engineered houses in Contents
developing countries
1) Problems
2) Introduction of JICA Project in El Salvador

(Project Taishin)
Taishin)
3) Future Directions
Hiroshi Fukuyama
Building Research Institute, Japan
Problems
1) Lack of knowledge & information of people Introduction of JICA Project

about scenario of E.Q. damages in El Salvador (Project Taishin)
Taishin)
2) Lack of information how to construct the
seismic resistant houses
Background
Strengthening of the
Technology for the
Construction and
Dissemination of
Earthquake-resistant
Popular Housing

Goals
TAISHIN Project was implemented from
December 2003 through November 2008,
achieving important progress on scientific
Overall Goal research as well as dissemination activities.
Project Goal Earthquake-
Earthquake- related damages
resistant popular to low-income
housing has been population have
enhanced been reduced
Output 1Design, construction and equipment of Large scale Structures Laboratory Output 1
Large-scale Structures Quick specs:

Laboratory at UCA- Inclination capacity: 40
construction and equipment Maximum supported weight : 60
tons
Dimensions: 8m x 5m
Location: National University of El
Salvador
Large-scale Structures The Tilting Table was designed by

Laboratory at UCA Salvadorean researchers with
was finished on advice from Japanese and
December 2004 Mexican experts.
Output 2 Counterpart Training Construction systems investigated
Block Panel System Reinforced adobe
Researchers and dissemination team

members have been trained in Mexico and
Japan
Short-term Mexican and Japanese experts
advice project counterpart
At the present time 10 Salvadorean
counterparts have obtained master degrees
at Building Research Institute - BRI Soil Cement confined masonry Concrete Block system

Output 3 Constructive systems investigated Output 3 Construction systems investigated
Scientific research on Block Panel Model house built at Juayua using Model house built at San Juli
Julin
Scientific research on Soil
system Block Panel construction system using Soil Cement bricks
Cement confined masonry
Model house built within VMVDU

Testing a adobe house on Tilting Model house built at Suchitoto using Scientific research on Concrete headquarters using Concrete Block
Table at UES reinforced adobe Block system system
Output 4 The strategy for dissemination has been developed and executed
Construction manuals
4 easy-reading handbooks on each of the

four construction systems investigated
were produced
During
implementation
of TAISHIN
project, a large
number of
community
leaders where
trained by
project
researchers.
Massive dissemination has been

carried out through TV programs
and radio spots.
Output 5 Earthquake resistant Popular housing is promoted among population

Dissemination
Display for dissemination Workshop for technical transfer
By November 2008, 103

block panel houses and
118 reinforced adobe
houses where built by the
government and NGOs.

Goals
Project Goal
Overall Goal Government
A system to administration in the
disseminate the housing sector to
improved promote dissemination
earthquake-resistant of improved
social housing in El earthquake-resistant
Salvador is developed social housing is
enhanced
Scientific research will continue as important part of the project:

Reinforced Adobe, Soil Cement and Concrete Block systems will be instigated
further. VMVDU Staff and technical personnel of local branches will receive
A Block Panel technical manual will be elaborated and made official by the training concerning earthquake resistant social housing, construction
government . approval procedures and supervision.
Main activities are:
Officialization of 3 construction norms

Officialization of a technical manual
Elaboration of a training program for pilot offices
Training of official regarding operational guides
Future directions
Dissemination team has developed a plan which is geared to 1) Develop the simple & effective model of
institutional strengthening and human security. earthquake resistant mechanism
Human Security
Fight against natural
disasters myths
Offer more information
concerning to natural
Whole Society:
Government/population
Culture of prevention disasters
Insist on prevention
Awareness
Disaster mitigation Demythologizing 3) Investigate the structural performance of the
Buildings codes Regulation and Institutional
Review of
supervision strengthening for
building codes
Seismo-resistance
building supervision
existing in El
Salvador
Teaching
materials
elaboration
New houses Existing housing
Dissemination 5) Develop the construction manual based on the
and training
Training stage Retrofitting evaluation methods
Knowledge about how to construct houses House maintenance
using system investigated in TAISHIN
project.
Reparation (house restoration) 6) Establish the supervision system for construction
Costs (for each system investigated) quality control

14 c= 0.24 g
22 c= 0.37 g
g
38 c= 0.62 g
38 c= 0.62 g
g
38 c= 0.62 g
g

Future directions
1) Develop the simple & effective model of
earthquake resistant mechanism
3) Investigate the structural performance of the
5) Develop the construction manual based on the
evaluation methods
Building Research Institute
JAPAN
6) Establish the supervision system for construction
quality control

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International Symposium on

More resilient non-engineered houses for earthquake disaster reduction

Background and Objectives

I am pleased to share with you the message of Ms. Margareta

As all of you know, 5 years ago in Kobe, at the UN World

(1978 Miyagi-ken-oki Earthquake)

Since the shear force becomes max. at 1st story,

Uppermost small parts suffer from

Unusual mid-story collapse

Three typical distributions

9th floor Max. 1040 gal

Damage caused by soil failure Damage caused by soil failure

Un-reinforced brick Wooden houses

Wood frame for

Hydraulic jacks Lateral component

Structural test Unreinforced

Low-rise building with Tilting Table with a long stroke

High rise buildings

Damage to Adobe Damage to Tapial

Damage to Braces are

Narrow boards nailed Connections of

Key Requirements Guidelines for

Easy to understand Applicable at

If you have interest, please contact Thank you

A Study on Non-engineered Construction Data to be collected

What is a non engineered building?

Japan-Peru Center for Earthquake Engineering Research and Disaster Mitigation-CISMID

Symposium on Non-engineered Houses C. Zavala Symposium on Non-engineered Houses C. Zavala

What is a non engineered building? What is a non engineered building?

Symposium on Non-engineered Houses C. Zavala Symposium on Non-engineered Houses C. Zavala

What is a non engineered building? What is a non engineered building?

Symposium on Non-engineered Houses C. Zavala Symposium on Non-engineered Houses C. Zavala

Soil conditions ECUADOR

Symposium on Non-engineered Houses C. Zavala Symposium on Non-engineered Houses C. Zavala

Zone and type of Housing

Zone 3- Coastal city (Lima) ZONA 1

Symposium on Non-engineered Houses C. Zavala Symposium on Non-engineered Houses C. Zavala

Coastal City Lima Microzonification and Soil types

- Capital city of the country

Basic scheme of Masonry

Symposium on Non-engineered Houses C. Zavala Symposium on Non-engineered Houses C. Zavala

Statistical results from survey Statistical results from survey

(2) On step slope (4) Urban

Symposium on Non-engineered Houses C. Zavala Symposium on Non-engineered Houses C. Zavala

Confined wall panel area

confined wall panel

Symposium on Non-engineered Houses C. Zavala Symposium on Non-engineered Houses C. Zavala

Statistical results from survey Statistical results from survey

Efforts to improve Non Final state of house

465 465 495 495 430

465 557 433

400 323 3 430

495 495 373

433 400 433

302 495 323 349

465 61 590 43 636

Construction Technology Development and Promotion

248 248 349 400 61

Program by MLIT, IDI, JAPAN in cooperation with

557 495 430

590 465 465 4 95

615 590 430

525 433 430

207 433 495

z School Earthquake Safety Initiative (SESI)

z Background of project:

z Children are more vulnerable during the earthquake $

z Reducing vulnerability of school children to earthquakes 5

z SD Padasuka II, Bandung

detailing of roof truss systems .$> $7