252 Examples in Structural Analysis 4.6 Statically Indeterminate Beams In many instances multi-span beams are used in design, and consequently it is necessary to consider the effects of the continuity on the support reactions and member forces. Such structures are indeterminate (sce Chapter 1) and there are more unknown variables than can be solved using only the three equations of equilibrium. A few examples of such beams are shown in Figure 4.57 (a) to (d). 20KN 40KN 20KN-30KN 4 Unknown reactions: | horizontal 3 vertical Figure 4.57(a) 4 Unknown reactions: | horizontal 2 vertical 1 moment Figure 4.57(b) T2KN 20KN 30KN SOKN }2kNim 5 Unknown reactions: Hs | horizontal 3 vertical 1 moment Va Ys Ve Figure 4.57(¢) 20KN 40KN 20KN 30 KN 1OKN 4 Unknown reactions: 1 horizontal 3 vertical Va Ve Ve Figure 4.57(d) ‘A number of analysis methods are available for determining the support reactions, and member forces in indeterminate beams. In the case of singly-redundant beams the “unit-load method’ can be conveniently used to analyse the structure. In multi-redundant structures the method of ‘moment distribution’ is a particularly useful hand-method of analysis, These methods are considered in Sections 4.6.1 and 4.6.2 respeotively.Beams 253 4.6.1 Unit Load Method for Singly-Redundant Beams Using the method of analysis illustrated in Section 4.5 and considering the compatibility of displacements, member forces in singly-redundant beams can be determined as shown Examples 4.17 and 4.18 and in Problems 4.24 to 4.27. 4.6.2 Example 4.17: Singly-Redundant Beam 1 ‘A propped cantilever ABC is fixed at A, supported on a roller at C and carries a mid-span point load of 15 KN as shown in Figure 4.58, determine the value of the support reactions and sketch the shear force and bending moment diagram. My 15.0 kN { 6.0m E and J are constant. Figure 4.58 ‘The degree-of-indeterminacy Ip = [(3m +] -3n=[G x 1)+4]-GBx2)=1 Assume that the reaction at C is the redundant reaction and consider the original beam to be the superposition of two beams as indicated in Figures 4.59(a) and (b). The beam in Figure 4.59(b) can be represented as shown in Figure 4.60. (Note: H, = zero) ISKN Figure 4.60 To maintain compatibility at the roller support, i.e. no resultant vertical displacement, the deformation of point C in Figure 4.5%a) must be equal and opposite to that in Figure 4.59(b) as shown in Figure 4.61254 Examples in Structural Analysis ISKN. : | } 8 Le be Figure 4.61 (6' due to the applied load) + (5" due to the u t load) x Me 1 ie. ita + max bx Vo=0 JE The product integrals can be evaluated as before in Section 4.5, e.g. using the cocfficients in Table 4.1. Solution: ‘The bending moment diagrams for the applied loads and a unit point load at B are shown in Figure 4.62. 45kNm = 45.0 km Ms c uuu ie M Sx pointioad 2 fort verte oad tC Figure 4.62 Using the nefflctents given in Table 4.1: {Mm SC, point tod = bar ae 6. point oad = tos X 45.0 x 3.0 x 3.0) + (0.333 x 45.0 x 3.0 x 3.0)VEI = ~ 337.5/ET 6, unittoat = [> deBeams 255 1S.OKN { 6.0m My = M'n + (Max Vo) =~ 45.0 (6.0 x 4.69) — 16.86 kNm ) Mu= M ‘y+ (M"y x Vo) = zero + (3.0 4.69) My =+14.07kNm () Vn = Vint V'n x Ve) = + 15.0 (1.0 x 4.69) ee Lr 10.31 kN, 10.31 kN x - ) Shear Force Diagram 469 KN ‘469KN 16.86kKN m | B c A ee Bending Moment Diagram 1407 Nm Figure 4.63 4.6.3 Example 4.18: Singly-Redundant Beam 2 ‘A non-uniform, two-span beam ABCD is simply supported at A, B and D as shown in Figure 4.64, The beam carries a uniformly distributed load on span AB and a point at the mid-span point of BCD. Using the data given: (i) determine the value of the support reactions, (ii) sketch the shear force and bending moment diagrams. 8kN/m 20kN c256 Examples in Structural Analysis Solution: Assume that the reaction at B is the redundant reaction. ‘The bending moment diagrams for the applied loads and a unit point load at B are shown in Figure 4.65. 8kNin | c . A B c Dd El El pe 120kN 12.0 KN zero. oo KNm Ur on M coxa os . c p A c D 7 ’ TTR eM me 75kN 4S5KN Ay : 20KN M Sor oppied toads c : A B c TT) : B 3 UTA: a 625kN 13.95kN 18.75 kN ‘Ay 4 2s c J A D * 0.4625 10 0375 2 Gxt veil oad Figure 4.65 * 8 i Se Min oy, + Mm oy PEL jISEr (0.667 x 3.0 x 9.0)=+18.0kNm?, y= -0.94m, —~ Ayyy =~ 16.92 kNm? (05 x3.0% 225)= 433.75 kNm?, y2=— 125m, 2. Ay, =~ 41.29 kN? (0.5 x 3.0 x 18.75) = + 28.13 kNm’, =1.25m, +. Ayys=—35.16 KN? (0.5 x 5.0 x 22.5) = + 52.25 KNm’, =125m, 2. Ayy=- 65.31 KNmP (2.5 * 18.75) = + 46.88 kNm”, =1Alm, — . Asys=— 66.10 Nm? (05 «25 « 15.63)= + 19.54 KNm?, =1.25m, +. Agyo=~ 24.43 KN? =0.63m, 2. App) =— 27.08 KN? ~ [(16.92 + 41.29 +35.16VEI + (65.31 + 66.10 + 24.43 + 27.08)/1 SEI] = 216.13/EFBeams 257 43.53 = +588 m° Az =~ (0.5 x 5.0 x 1,88)=-4.70kNm?, == 1.25 m, L De bar® ie = SA) nia) [+ G.53/ED + (5.88/1.5ED |= + 7.45/ET Ada jin [han 216.1V/EDI7ASIEN =+29.01 kN. f 2 Vy =+ 7.62 kKNm 2. Vp =+7.37 KN te 22.5 + 18.75 ~ (1.88 x 29.01) Mg =~ 13.29 KN 11.25 + 34.38 — (0.94 x 29.01) o Me=— 18.36 KN (§ 7 1.63 kN 737KN737KN Shear Force Diagram 16.38KN Bending Moment Diagram Figure 4.66258 Examples in Structural Analysis 4.6.4 Problems: Unit Load Method for Singly-Redundant Beams A series of singly-redundant beams are indicated in Problems 4.24 to 4.27. Using the applied loading given in each case: i) determine the support reactions, i) sketch the shear force diagram = and sketch the bending moment diagram. Problem 4.25 -—15 kN/m B vy! 3.0m { 40m Vel 3.0m { 5.0m il 3.0m |r 7.0m 7 Om { Support C settles by 4.0 mm and E7= 100.0 x 10° kNm? Problem 4.27Beams 259 4.6.5. Solutions: Unit Load Method for Singly-Redundant Beams Solution Topie: Unit Load - Singly-Redundant Beams Problem Number: 4.24 Page No. 1 Determine the value of the support reactions and sketch the shear force and bending moment diagrams. ‘Assume that the reaction at B is the redundant reaction. 6kN/m A B c © UTTTP ar ccsnasnan 4 M crapetiot 15.0 kN 15.0 KN. zero "18.75 kNm A B c M Sc apptied toads M secapptied oats A A 18,75 kN 18.75 kN260 Example: in Structural Analysis Solution Topic: Unit Load - Singly-Redundant Beams Problem Number: 4.24 Using the coefficients given in ‘Table fita- = Yi (Coefficient xaxbx L)/ EL is de. = [- (0.333 x 18.75 «2.5 x 5.0) — (0.333 x 93.75 2.5 x S.0)Y1SEL + [- (0.333 x 28.13 x 2.5 x 5.0) ~ (0.333 x 93.75 x 2.5 x 5.0) 2.081 — 565.85/ET fra = + (0.333 x 2.5 x 2.5 x 5.O0V/1SEL + (0.333 X 2.5 x 2.5 « 5.0)/2.0ET 3 =+1214/EI — 565.85/EI(I2.14/ED = +46.61 kN f pow LIL Va = + 15.0 + 18.75 ~ (0.5 x 46.61) 422.5 + 18.75 ~ (0.5 x 46.61) 93.75 ~ (2.5 x 46.61) 27.06 kN doe IgtnXe) Shear Force Diagram 22.78 kN. 9. kN au “‘Y oeBeams 261 Solution ‘Topic: Unit Load - Singly-Redundant Beams Problem Number: 4.25 B op pum SE a er 2081 moment diagrams. ‘Assume that the reaction at C is the redundant reaction, BkN/m — c A ‘2.081 ° M cocape nts 16.0kN 90.0 kNm. The 30.0 kNm i H B ac 0 A 22.5kN M ‘orappiedioads foe vit vertical lon at 8 + fee art Ode Mom 4 _ 5 Mm 2.081 pel ik = [ode ad P2083 : zero since mt is equal to zero Using the coefficients given in Table 4.1: bx = D0 (Coefficient xaxbx L)/ EL dx = [+ (0.333 x 16.0 x 4.0 x 4.0) ~ (0.333 x 90.0 x 4.0 x 4.0))/2.0ET + [- (0.5 x 30.0« 4.0 x 4.0) ~ (0.333 x 60.0 x 4.0 x 4.0) V1.5ET 570.26/EL262. Examples in Structural Analysis Solution Topic: Unit Load - Singly-Redundant Beams Problem Number: 4.25 tad ate = + (0333 x 4.0 «4.0 x 4.0)/2.067 + 0.333 % 4.0 x 4.0 x 4.09/.5E1 é =+24.87/E1 [ita dx /i i" dy =~ (~510.26/EN/(24.87/ED) = +22.93 kN f p— 8kN/im 4 2.0m 1 Vx =+ 16.0 22.5 + (1.0 x 22.93) 2 Vue +1643 Nf Va =+ 16.0 + 37.5 — (2.0 x 22.93) . Vo= + 7.64 KN t ‘Mp =~ 90.0 + (4.0 x 22.93) My =+ 1.72 kNm Mc =~ 30.0 Mc=—30.0 kNm > 16.43 KN I5.0kN__15.0kN <7 B ie Shear Force Dingram 15.57 kN jing Moment DiagramBeams 263 Solution Topic: Unit Load - Singly-Redundant Beams Problem Number: 4.26 Page No. 1 The E/ value of the beam BC varies linearly from E/ at support B to 2.0ET at C. Determine the value of the support reactions and sketch the shear force and bending, moment diagrams. ‘Assume that the reaction at B is the redundant reaction. The value of E/ at a distance of x m from A is given by: E/(0.4 + 0.2x) IM wit vera oad at each of the discontinuities, i.e. A to B and B to C. The value of / at position ‘x” along the beam between B and C is given by: EI(0.4+0.2x) L 2 c My MO gg 5 JM 5A ar PEL (0.4+0.2x)264 Examples in Structural Analysis Solution Topic: Unit Load - Singly-Redundant Beams Problem Number: 4.26 Page No. 2 Consider the section from A to B: 0) 22.55KN Shear Force Diagram 4.75 Nm © Bending Moment Diagram266 Examples in Structural Analysis Solution Topic: Unit Load - Singly-Redundant Beams Problem Number: 4.27 Page No. 1 Support C settles by 4.0 mm and E/ = 100.0 x 10° kNm” Determine the value of the support reactions and sketch the shear force and bending, moment diagrams. Assume that the reaction at C is the redundant reaction.- 12kNim Note: BM. diagrams not to scale cp E ‘ 420KN 420 KN A M soe applied ads q pe . 79.69 kNm 42.0 kN As E il AIO kNm F 25.0kNm, BEG E ae er Ajo 35.6kNm Asp F BIC WIR E 1 For unit veri Yad at 8Beams 267 Solution Topic: Unit Load - Singly-Redundant Beams Problem Number: 4.27 Page No. 2 vem [000 | + fina N/ ma bx (Note: ‘The reader should check this using the coefficients given in Table 4.1), A= + (0.67 x 7.0 x 73.5) = + 344.72 KNm? eee 214m . Aqyy =~ 737.70 kNm* =+(0.5 x 7.0 x 179.69) = + 628.92 kNm’ eee se 2. Any: = — 1792.42 kN? ‘As = (0.5 x 11.0 x 179,69) = + 988.30 kNm* y3 (7.33 m from F) =~ 2.85 m 2. Aayy = ~ 2816.66 kNm? ‘Aa= + (0.5 3.0 x 25.0) = + 37.50 kNm? ya (2.0 m from A) = - 1.22 m v Agys = — 45.75 kN? ‘As= + (4.0 x 18.33) = + 73.32 kNm? ‘ys (5.0 m from A) = ~ 3.05 m Agys = ~ 223.63 kN? ‘Ag= + (0.5 x 4.0 x 6.67) = + 13.34 KNm? ‘¥e (4.33 m from A) = - 2.64 m J. Ago =~ 35.22 KNm? ‘Ay = + (0.5 x 11.0 18.33) =+ 100.82 kNm? 31 (7.33 m from F) =— 2.85 m 2. Any =~ 287.34 kNm? ‘Ag= + (0.5 x 7.0 x 24.92) = + 87.22 KNm* 1s (4.67 m from A) =~ 2.85 m ¢. Ags =~ 248.58 kN? ‘y= + 3.0 x 24.92) = + 74.76 KNm? ‘yo (9.50 m from F) =— 3.71 m Agyo = ~ 277.36 KNm? ‘Ajo = + (0.5 x 3.0 x 10.68) = + 16.02 kKNm? 310 (9.0 m from F) =~ 3.51 m Ay) = ~ 56.23 KNm? Ay = + (0.5 * 8.0 x 35.6) = + 142.4 KNm? v1) (5.33 m from F) =~ 2.08 m ©. Ayn = 296.19 kNm? Ain = + (0.5 x 7.0 x 7.0) = + 24.50 kNm? ‘ro (4.67 m from A) =~ 2.85 m » Ayyir =~ 69.83 kN? Ay (8.0 x 7.0) = + 56.0 kNm? Yo (7.0 m from F) = - 2.73 m 2. Atay = — 152.88 kN? ‘Aya = + (0.5 x 8.0 * 8.0) =+ 32.0 KNm? ys (5.67 m from F) =~ 2.21 m 2. Agia = = 70.72 KN? ‘Ais =+ (0.5 x 3.0 x 15.0) =+ 22.5 KNm? 1s 2.0m from F) = = 0.78 m + Ais (4d) 17.55 kNm* 7128.06/E1 m268 Examples in Structural Analysis Solution Topic: Unit Lond - Singly-Redundant Beams Page No. 3 Ay =+(0.5 x 7.0 x 4.28) = - 14.98 kNm? 1 (4.67 m from A) =~ 2.85 m 2. Ay = + 42.69 Nm? Az =+(0.5 x 11.0x 23.57 kNm? 2 (7.33 m from A) ©. Aays = + 67.09 KNm? vn An) _ = [+ (42.69/61) + (67.09/ED| = + 109.78/E1 =+61.03 in Va = + 42.0 + 25.67 + 8.33 + 3.56 + 1.0 — (0.61 x 61.03) + 43.33 KN Vg = + 16.33 + 1.67 + 4.44 + 5.0 - (0.39 x 61.03) : +3.64 KN Mc =+ 179.69 + 18.33 + 24.92 + 7.0 ~ (4.28 x 61.03) Me=+31.27kNm 233 kN QC) 1036 kN G E Saw leoer a Shear Force Diagram UNM .® 088 Nm E 10.92 kNm 7599 Nin I Bending Moment Diag