Bi 6 : M ha tn hiu 6.1.

D liu s, tn hiu s

6.1.1 M n cc (Unipolar)
6.1. D liu s, tn hiu s
6.1.2 M cc (Polar)
6.2. D liu s, tn hiu tng t
6.1.3 M lng cc (Bipolar)
6.3. D liu tng t, tn hiu s
6.4. D liu tng t, tn hiu tng t

6.1.1 M n cc 6.1.1 M n cc

- Dng 2 mc in p, mt mc biu
- u im : n gin, r.
din 1, mt mc biu din 0.
- Nhc im :
- Ch s dng mt cc in p (dng
hoc m). - C thnh phn mt chiu (DC),
khng th truyn i m khng x l.
- Vn ng b ha : Bn nhn
khng th xc nh im u v im
cui ca mi bit. (C th gii quyt
bng cch lp thm 1 ng truyn
xung ng b)

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 6.1.2 M cc M NRZ-L

- NRZ-L (nonreturn to zero Level)

- Dng 2 mc in p, mt dng, mt
m biu din gi tr nh phn. - Bit 1 : +V (+3v...), bit 0: -V (-3v...)
- u im : Gim thiu hoc loi b - u im : Thnh phn DC gim hn so
c thnh phn DC. vi m n cc.
- Nhc im : vn ng b. Phi dng
- Cc loi m cc : NRZ_L, NRZ_I, RZ,
Manchester, Manchester vi sai. thm mt dy truyn tn hiu ng b.
- ng dng : Ghi d liu, it dng truyn tn
hiu.
- ng dng : Dng cho cng RS232

M NZR-L M NRZ-I

- NRZ-L (nonreturn to zero Inverted)

- Gp bit 1 s o cc in p, gp bit 0
khng o cc in p.
- u im :
Thnh phn DC gim hn so vi m
n cc.
Gii quyt c 1/2 vn ng b.
- ng dng : Ghi d liu, it dng truyn
tn hiu.

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M NRZ-I M RZ
- RZ (return to zero)
- Bit 0 : Na u ca bit l in p -V v
na sau ca bit l in p 0V.
Bit 1 : Na u ca bit l in p +V
v na sau ca bit l in p 0V.
- u im :
- Khng c DC.
- Gii quyt c vn ng b.
- Nhc : Cn c tn s ln hn v 3
mc in p.

M RZ M Manchester

- Bit 0 : Na u ca bit l in p +V
v na sau ca bit l in p -V.
Bit 1 : Na u ca bit l in p -V
v na sau ca bit l in p +V.
- u im : Khng c DC. Gii quyt
c vn ng b.
- ng dng : IEEE 802.3 (ethernet)

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 M Manchester vi sai M Manchester
- Lun o cc in p ti gia chu k
bit (dng cho ng b)
- Gp bit 0 th o cc in p. Gp bit
1 thgi nguyn cc in p.
- u im : Khng c DC. Gii quyt
c vn ng b.
- ng dng : IEEE 802.5 (token ring)

6.1.3 M lng cc (Bipolar) M AMI

+ c im : Dng ba mc in p + c im :
dng, m, v zr (0 volt). Bit 0 = 0V.
+ Phn loi : Bit 1 = -V hoc + V lun phin.
AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion) + u im :
B8ZS (Bipolar 8- Zero Substitution) Trit tiu thnh phn DC ca tn hiu
HDB3 (High-Density Bipolar) + Nhc : Mi gii quyt c bi
ton ng b.

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M AMI M B8ZS
+ c im :
Bit 1 = -V hoc + V lun phin.
Bit 0 : Chia s bit 0 lin tip thnh cc
nhm 8 bit v mt nhm cui c s bit
nh hn 8. Mi bit trong nhm cui m
ha thnh 0V. Mi nhm 8 bit 0 c
m ha nh hnh sau :

M B8ZS M B8ZS

+ u im :
Trit tiu thnh phn DC ca tn hiu
Gii quyt c bi ton ng b.
+ ng dng : M

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 M HDB3 M HDB3
+ c im :
Bit 1 = -V hoc + V lun phin.
Bit 0 : Chia s bit 0 lin tip thnh cc
nhm 4 bit v mt nhm cui c s bit
nh hn 4. Mi bit trong nhm cui m
ha thnh 0V. Mi nhm 4 bit 0 c
m ha nh hnh sau :

M HDB3 6.2. D liu s, tn hiu tng t

+ Khi nim: iu ch s l qu trnh thay
i mt trong cc c tnh (Bin , Tn
s, Pha) ca tn hiu sng mang (sng
hnh sin) da trn thng tin ca tn hiu
s (1 v 0).
+ L do :
- Cn truyn d liu s A qua ng
truyn tng t (in thoi, v tuyn).
- Ghp knh.

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 6.2. D liu s, tn hiu tng t 6.2. D liu s, tn hiu tng t
(tip) (tip)
+ Phng php :
+ Thit b : MODEM (MOdulator-DEMulator)
- ASK (amplitude shift keying): iu bin
- FSK (frequency shift keying): iu tn
- PSK (phase shift keying): iu pha
- QAM (quadrature Amplitude Modulation)

6.2. D liu s, tn hiu tng t iu bin

(tip)
Cc thut ng: + c im : Dng bin ca tn hiu sng
- Bit Rate (Rbit): l s bit c truyn trong mt mang biu din bit (tn s v pha khng
giy, n v tnh l bps thay i).
- Baud Rate (Rbaud=Nbaud): l s n v tn + u im : i hi bng thng thp
hiu truyn trong mt giy (baud/s) + Nhc im :
- Tn hiu sng mang (carrier signal): L tn hiu - Tc truyn thp
sng lm nn cho tn hiu thng tin. - Nhy cm vi nhiu
- Tn hiu iu ch : l tn hiu mang thng tin.

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 iu bin (tip)
+ V d : Bin i vi bit 1 l 5V, bin
i vi bit 0 l 2V. Tc bit l 5 bps. Tn
s sng mang fc= 20Hz.
iu tn (tip)
+ V d :Bin sng mang l 5V, tn s i
vi bit 1 l 20Hz, bit 0 l 10Hz. Tc bit l
5 bps.
iu tn
+ c im : Dng tn s ca tn hiu sng
mang biu din bit (bin v pha
khng thay i).
+ u im : Trnh c nhiu bin
+ Nhc im : Bng thng cao hn ASK
iu pha
+ c im : Dng pha ca tn hiu sng
mang biu din bit (bin v tn s
khng thay i).
+ u im :
- Trnh c nhiu bin
- Bng thng thp hn FSK
- C th truyn nhiu bit trong 1 baud
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 iu pha (tip) QAM
+ V d :Bin sng mang l 5V, tn s sng + c im : QAM l phng thc kt hp
mang l 20Hz, pha ca bit 0 l 00, ca bit 1 gia ASK v PSK, va thay i bin va
l 1800. Tc bit l 5 bps. thay i pha.
+ V d :
Gin 8_QAM

QAM (tip) 6.3. D liu tng t, tn hiu s

+ V d : + Khi nim: L qu trnh ri rc ha thng tin
tng t, chuyn thnh dng chui bit truyn
i bng tn hiu s
+ L do : Cn truyn d liu tng t (m thanh,
hnh nh) qua ng truyn k thut s .
+ Phng php :
- PCM (Pulse Coded Modulation - iu ch xung
m)
- DM (Delta Modulation iu ch Delta)
+ Thit b : CODEC (COder-DECoder)

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 6.3. D liu tng t, tn hiu s u ch xung m
Cc bc
1. Ly mu (Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Sampling PAM Sampling)
2. Lng t ha cc xung mu (quantizing)
3. M ha s-s (Encoding)

u ch xung m u ch xung m

1. Ly mu
- nh l Nyquist : Nu ly mu tn hiu f(t) vi
tn s khng nh hn 2 ln tn s cao nht
ca tn hiu th tn hiu c th c ti to.
N=2.f
N : tn s ly mu ti thiu
f : tn s cao nht ca tn hiu
2. Lng t ha : Xp x gi tr cc xung mu
thnh gi tr nguyn v biu din di dng
bit

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 u ch xung m u ch Delta
V d : Gi s tn hiu thoi c tn s cc i V d : Gi s tn hiu thoi c tn s cc i
l 4 KHz. Mi mu c 256 mc. Tnh tc l 4 KHz. Mi mu c 256 mc. Tnh tc
bit ti thiu s ha ng thoi. bit ti thiu s ha ng thoi.
Gii : Gii :
Tc ly mu ti thiu : 4000x2=8000l/s Tc ly mu ti thiu : 4000x2=8000l/s
S bit cho 1 mu : log2256=8bit S bit cho 1 mu : log2256=8bit
Tc bit ti thiu : 8000x8=64Kbps Tc bit ti thiu : 8000x8=64Kbps

6.4. D liu tng t, 6.2. (tip)

tn hiu tng t + Phng php :
+ Khi nim: L qu trnh thay i mt - AM (Amplitude Modulation): iu bin
trong cc thng s ca sng mang cao - FM (Frequency Modulation): iu tn
tn (tn hiu tng t) biu din tn
- PM (Phase Modulation): iu pha
hiu tin tc (d liu tng t).
+ L do :
- Cn truyn d liu s A qua ng
truyn tng t (in thoi, v tuyn).
- Ghp knh.

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 iu bin (AM) iu tn (FM)
+ u im + u im
- D thc hin (iu ch v gii iu ch) - t b nh hng bi nhiu
- D bin i tn hiu sang cc gii bng tn - S dng hiu qu nng lng
khc nhau + Nhc im
+ Nhc im - Yu cu bng thng rng hn
- D b nh hng ca nhiu - Kh thc hin hn
- Khng s dng hiu qu nng lng + Bng thng
+ Bng thng BWAM = 10xBWi
BWAM = 2xBWi

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