A Novel Approach to Provide Relay Coordination in
Distribution Power Systems with Multiple Reclosers
Amir Enayati, Thomas H. Ortmeyer
Clarkson University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Potsdam, NY, USA
enayata@clarkson.edu, ortmeyer@clarkson.edu
Abstract Electricity customers are increasingly sensitive to
electric power interruptions and high reliability has become a
growing expectation. Due to this increased attention in electric
power distribution system reliability, more protection devices are
being installed and significant investment is made to help
improve grid reliability. The increased usage of protective
devices in distribution systems makes coordination among the
protective devices challenging. In many cases, proper
coordination cannot be achieved with traditional time-
overcurrent schemes. In addition to the coordination problem,
the traditional approach might experience longer clearance time
intervals. In order to achieve feasible coordination in a radial
distribution system with multiple reclosers, a new approach is
proposed. In this method, distance relays are applied along with
overcurrent relays and reclosers to provide the expected proper
coordination. The paper includes detailed case study that
represents the performance of the proposed scheme in a multi-
recloser distribution system.
Index Terms Circuit breakers, Distribution System
Protection, Relays, Time-overcurrent Protection, Distance
Protection, Reliability.
I. INTRODUCTION
I n recent years, studies have been conducted to resolve
distribution system protection issues [1-6]. However, a
robust method that can solve all coordination and reliability
problems associated with distribution system protection has
not yet been proposed.
An important distribution system protection issue is the
time-current coordination of multi-recloser systems. Even
though system reliability improves by increasing installations
of the protection devices, time coordination can be adversely
impacted. Public Service Electric and Gas Company (PSE&G)
proposed a new technology to solve this issue [7]. Their
recommended technology, which utilizes automated feeder
reconfiguration, reduces the duration of outages and the
number of customers affected by the fault.
To meet higher reliability requirements, fewer customers
are affected when additional protective devices are in use.
However, due to the cumulative delay in multi-recloser radial
systems, it can be difficult to provide coordination between all
of these devices. Lack of coordination can significantly reduce
the reliability improvement provided by adding a recloser. A
new approach should be utilized to achieve a proper protection
system that meets operational standards. PSE&G implemented
fiber-optics along the feeders in order to provide medium
speed communications among the relays. Each recloser offers
two channels to provide communication between the upstream
and downstream reclosers. Therefore, a single pair of fibers is
required for this operation. An additional pair is required to
allow engineers access and to control the reclosers by using
SCADA data.
Distance protection usage in distribution systems has been
proposed in [8]; however, the proposed scheme in [8] does not
provide solution for the coordination of multiple recloser
distribution systems. The protection scheme proposed in [7]
provides a solution for coordination issues of the protection
system. However, it can be expensive for radial distribution
systems. Communication is the cornerstone of most
distribution system protection schemes studied recently [1-6].
This paper proposes a new design that utilizes distance relays
along with overcurrent relays to obtain proper coordination. A
major advantage of the proposed protection method is the fact
that communication between the reclosers is not required. The
proposed method allows for full time-current coordination
with backup tripping times that do not violate conductor and
transformer damage curves.
This paper presents a case study of a radial feeder with one
recloser initially, as two additional reclosers are added. In the
initial instance, full coordination is achieved with traditional
time-overcurrent (TOC) methods. It is shown that this is not
possible when there are three reclosers on the line. The
proposed method adds impedance relays at upstream
locations, with the overcurrent relay timing adjusted by
impedance relay operation. With this approach, distribution
engineers can design a protective system that ensures the
fewest isolated customers and the shortest fault clearance time
intervals for a given fault in the system.
II. PROPOSED SCHEME
In order to allow the coordination of the radial distribution
system with multiple reclosers, utilizing distance relays along
with the overcurrent relays and reclosers is proposed. In this
design, distance relays are utilized to detect the location of
faults. On each main feeder section, fast overcurrent relays
supervised by zone 1 distance relays are used for the primary
protection of that zone. These fast overcurrent relays only
need to coordinate with the lateral sectionalizing fuses. Zone 1
of each upstream relay or recloser is set to 90 percent of the
length of that main feeder section. A Zone 2 distance relay is
set to the length of the protected feeder section plus 50 percent
of the length of the next main feeder section. For the
coordination of the adjacent devices when the Zone 2 of the
upstream device operates, a fixed time margin T is utilized as
a Zone 2 time delay in addition to the local fast overcurrent
relay. If a fault occurs on the protected feeder section but
outside of Zone 1, Zone 2 of the associated upstream
protective device will trip after an additional time delay T.
Faults on the first 50 percent of the downstream feeder section
will be cleared by Zone 1 of the recloser on that feeder
section. If Zone 1 of the upstream device on the feeder section
does not trip, Zone 2 of the relay installed to protect the
upstream feeder section will trip after time T. This fixed time
margin is set such that the two adjacent protection schemes
have a coordination time interval of 0.3 seconds. By using this
method, no recloser will see beyond the next feeder section,
and cumulative delay in multiple recloser distribution systems
will not be a problem. As a result, the system will have a fast
reliable protection design. Consequently, due to the utilization
of the distance relays, the clearing time is decreased and the
distribution system coordination is improved.
In the proposed scheme, three additional voltage
transformers (VTs) need to accompany each recloser. The
addition of the VTs to the traditional recloser increases the
cost of a recloser; however, it provides distance protection in
the recloser installation point.
A. Protection philosophy of the proposed scheme
The philosophy underscoring the coordination and relay
settings of the proposed protection scheme is depicted in Fig.
1. As indicated in Fig. 1, the total sensing time on each area
protected by Zone 1 is the operating time of the fast
overcurrent relay and Zone 1 of the associated distance relay.
On the line segments protected with Zone 2 supervision, it is
sufficient that the upstream time overcurrent characteristics
plus time T be no faster than the downstream TOC with an
additional 0.3 seconds to maintain the coordination
Fig. 1: Coordination curves of the proposed protection scheme
III. CASE STUDY
A test system has been studied to investigate relay
coordination, as well as the fault clearance time interval [9].
Fig. 3: Operating diagram of the three-recloser case study
This system is protected by multiple protection devices and
shown in Fig.2. This model contains two main feeder sections
M1 and M2. M1 is the feeder section from the bus to the
recloser and M2 is the feeder section from the recloser to the
end of the line. Each of these feeder sections contains ten
fused laterals. In this system, if a fault occurs on one of the
laterals, the fuse on that particular lateral will disconnect the
lateral from the main feeder. If there is a prolonged fault on
the feeder section M2, the recloser will disconnect M2 from
the system, and M1 will remain powered. If a fault occurs on
feeder section M1, the feeder circuit breaker will trip and
service to the entire feeder will be interrupted. In this
protection system, the feeder circuit breaker also is a backup
protection device for the recloser and if set properly, trips
when the recloser does not trip for a fault on M2. TrCB is the
transformer circuit breaker that protects the transformer from
overload conditions, and is a backup protection device for the
bus and the feeder protection. The test case specifications are
shown in Table 1. In this example, the total feeder load is
considered single-phase with peak load of 5 MVA.
Table 1: System specifications of the one recloser case study
Feeder Section Length Number of Customers
M1 5 miles 250
L1.1 through L1.10
2 miles 100
(each)
M2 5 miles 250
L2.1 through L2.10
2 miles 100
(each)
Total Feeder 50 miles 2500
Fig. 2: Operating diagram of the one-recloser case study
In order to enhance the reliability of the distribution system,
two additional reclosers have been added to the previous case
study at the midpoint of feeders M1 and M2. Fig.3 represents
the resulting system that contains four main feeder sections.
What follows is the application of the traditional overcurrent
relays in the case study shown in Fig 3.
A. Coordination issues of the protection system using
traditional overcurrent relays while maintaining coordination
 Short-circuit calculations and load levels are essential to procedure of R1 is described below. Since R2 and the feeder
coordinate the overcurrent relays properly. Time-current circuit breaker follow a similar protection approach to that of
coordination between two adjacent protection devices is R1, we have only focused on the R1 protective device. As
needed for currents up to the maximum fault current at the depicted in Fig. 3, R1 protects the main feeder section M2,
downstream device. In addition, minimum pick-up current and R2 protects the main feeder section M3.
should be determined for coordination of overcurrent relays The 51F relay provides the fast sensing of the faults, and
and the fuse. When the input current of the relay exceeds the will not time out for faults beyond fuses (51F will operate as a
minimum pick-up current, the relay will start to time. The back-up when the fuses fail to operate as expected). If 51F and
minimum pick-up current for each protective device is initially Zone 1 distance 21Z1 both operate, the fault is on the
based on the multiple of the load level at that location. Table 2 protected main feeder segment. Tripping is immediate once
shows the minimum pick-up current ranges for all protective both operate. If 51F, 21Z2 and the timer T all operate, the fault
devices on the main feeder. is on the remaining 10% of M2 or the first 50% of the M3.
Faults on the first 50 percent of M3 will be cleared by Zone 1
Table 2: Minimum pick-up current ranges and three-phase bolted fault current of the recloser R2. If Zone 1 of the recloser R2 does not
values of the time-overcurrent relays
operate, Zone 2 of R1 will trip after time T. The system is also
Fault
TrCB CB R1 R2 R3 protected by slow overcurrent protection. The 51 relay acts as
location a back-up for the combination of 51F and distance relays.
Settings of the 51 relay are the same as the 51 relay used in the
Three-phase 11561 11561 3302.5 1917.8 1344
previous section, where traditional overcurrent relays are
bolted fault
82.40 82.40 70 68.02 67.30 utilized in order to obtain complete coordination in the
current (A)
protected segment.
325.4 245.2 162.7 81.74 Fig. 4(b) represents the tripping system of the transformer
Minimum
pick-up circuit breaker, which can be done to achieve faster clearing
1050 < MPC < MPC < MPC < MPC
current
(MPC)
times. TrCB protects the transformer from the overloads.
< 542.3 < 408.7 < 271.2 < 136.2 TrCB also protects the system from bus faults. In addition, as
range (A)
the transformer circuit breaker and the feeder circuit breaker
sense the faults on M1, hence, coordination with the proper
Fault clearance times for faults at different locations are
time interval is required. Therefore, zone 1 of the TrCB will
shown in Table 3. Faults at the end of each line section have
trip after T seconds and zone 2 will trip after T2 seconds to
the slowest clearing time. Therefore, in order to consider the
protect the transformer from overloads. The rest of the
worst case, only clearance times of the end of feeder section
tripping procedure will be the same as that of R1, which is
faults are presented in the table. As depicted in Table 3,
shown in Fig. 4(b). In the proposed scheme Zone 1 of the
protection system experiences long fault clearing times, which
TrCB is set to 80% of the length of M1 and Zone 2 is set to
is not acceptable.
Table 3: Excessive fault clearance times required to maintain coordination
protect M1 plus 50% of M2.
with traditional TOC protection
At the At the At the At the V. PHASE PROTECTION
At the
end of end of end of end of Fast overcurrent relays are designed and used in the protection
Fault location
substation scheme. As the overcurrent relays are only required to
M1 M2 M3 M4 coordinate with the sectionalizing fuses when Zone 1 senses
11561 3302.5 1917.8 1350 1042
the fault, the coordination is much easier compared to the
Three-phase cases using only traditional time-overcurrent protection.
bolted fault
82.40 70 68.02 66 66.7 Because there is no need for coordination between reclosers in
current (A)
the scheme, the tripping times are substantially reduced by
Fault including the distance relay fault location detectors.
3.2 3.8 2.2 1.5 0.6
clearance time
(sec) A. Coordination scheme of the proposed design
Fault
clearance time To obtain the desired coordination in Zone 2 of the distance
for arcing fault relays, the coordination between the devices mentioned below
currents equal 4.5 6.5 6 4 0.95 should occur.
to 50% of the
Three-phase Coordination between R3 and the sectionalizing
bolted fault fuses, as well as the coordination between R2 Zone
current (sec)
2 and R3.
Coordination between R2 and the sectionalizing
fuses, as well as the coordination between R2 and
IV. TRIPPING SCHEME OF THE PROPOSED METHOD
Zone 2 of the recloser R1, with time delay T.
Fig. 4(a) demonstrates the tripping system of the protection Coordination between R1 and the sectionalizing
devices R1, R2 and the feeder circuit breaker. The protection fuses, as well as the coordination between R1 and
 (a) (b)
Fig. 4: Protection devices trip system: (a) R1 and R2 and feeder circuit breaker (b) Transformer circuit breaker.
zone 2 of the feeder circuit breaker CB, with time horizontal axis (R axis) added to the line impedance, which
delay T. can move the impedance seen by the MHO relay outside the
Coordination between the feeder circuit breaker coverage zones.
and the sectionalizing fuses, as well as the In order to obtain greater resistance coverage for the three-
coordination between CB and the TrCB at their phase faults on the system, a quadrilateral relay can be used
Zone 1.
Coordination between CB and the TrCB in Zone 2.
Fault clearance times for this proposed design are shown in
Table 4 for faults at different locations. This table shows that
fault clearing time is decreased significantly compared to the
traditional approach fault clearing time, which is presented in
Table 3.
Table 4: Fault clearance time at different locations using the proposed scheme
At the At the At the
At the At the end
Fault end of end of end of
location substation of M2 Fig. 5: MHO relays characteristic on the R-X diagram
M1 M3 M4 [10], [11]. It is essential to set the maximum reach of the relay
Three- so that the load and switching currents and currents generated
11561 3302.5 1917.8 1350 1042
phase from faults on sections outside the trip zone of the relay, do
bolted fault 82.40 70 68.02 66 66.7 not initiate any trip signal. Fig. 6 shows the characteristics of
current (A) the quadrilateral relay on an R-X diagram. L1, L2, L3, and L4
Fault represent the boundaries of the quadrilateral relay. In the
0.5 0.6 0.6 1.1 0.6
clearance protection system, the protection region of the relays shall not
time (sec) overlap with the load region. The margins of the load region
Fault can be defined as follows [12]:
clearance
time for = (1)
arcing fault Where and are load angle and angle of the lines in the
currents load blinder, respectively. Also, is the impedance of the
equal to 0.6 1 1.2 1.8 0.95 load and Z is the magnitude of the arcs radius.
50% of the
Three-
phase
bolted fault
current
(sec)

B. Distance relays characteristics

MHO and quadrilateral relays are the two most popular
distance relays used by protection system designers. Under
faulted conditions, quadrilateral relay provides much higher
resistance coverage than MHO relay. The characteristics of
MHO relays are shown in Fig. 5 [10]. Zone 1 reaches to 90%
of the length of the line segment it protects, as shown in the
figure. Zone 2 reaches into the next line segment. Bolted faults
Fig. 6: Quadrilateral relays characteristic on the R-X diagram
will be sensed by a value on this line that is related to the fault
location. Fault resistance is sensed as a value parallel to the
C. Utilizing quadrilateral relay to protect the three-recloser
case study
As depicted in Fig. 6, in order to have a reliable protection
system, L1, L2, L3, and L4 need to be set properly. As the
system under study is radial, L1 is set by using the zone values
and is a parallel line to the R-axis, but there is no practical
reason to increase the angles of L2 and L3. Also, L4 is set by
the values of the faults arc resistance. It is assumed the arc
due to the fault is resistive, variable, and unpredictable.
However, resistance values of up to 20 ohms covers almost all
arcing fault resistances in distribution systems. To set L4
properly, the maximum load impedance at all relays and
reclosers are needed. Table 5 represents the load impedances
at R1, R2, CB and TrCB.
Table 5: Maximum load levels
TrCB and CB R1
S (MVA) 5 3.75
Z !" () 34.84 46.46
As we can see, especially in reclosers close to the end of the
line, there is a significant difference between the load
impedance and the arcing resistance. Therefore, a designer can
increase L4 to support more resistive faults. The other
characteristic that can limit L4 is the inequality of the fault
current angle and angle of the current sensed by the recloser
[11]. As in radial distribution systems, these current angles are
equal; L4 is only set by the faults arc resistance. However, the
question is: Will the overcurrent function of the reclosers and
relays sense the low current caused by the high arcing
resistance?. To obtain the answer, the currents flowing into
the relays need to be calculated when a fault with 20 ohms
resistance occurs at 50% of the next line. Table 6 represents
the current at relays and reclosers for faults at 50% of the next
feeder section. This table shows that overcurrent function of
all of the reclosers and relays are capable of detecting the
arcing faults with 20 ohms resistance.
Table 6: Minimum fault currents as a result of arcing faults located at each
relay and recloser with 20 Ohms fault resistance
TrCB and CB R1
1318 j150.9 = 955.4 j78.8 = 748.6 j48.2 =
Current (A)
1326 6.53 958.6 4.71 750.1 3.69
Consequently, by using the distance relay, along with the
overcurrent relay, the clearance time interval is decreased
significantly. In the next section, this method is implemented
on single-phase-to-ground faults to prove that the proposed
method improves coordination of the protective devices.
VI. GROUND PROTECTION
Due to the design philosophy similarity of the proposed
ground protection method to that of the phase protection
scheme presented previously, settings of the proposed method
are only discussed in this section. At the end of this section
outcomes of implementing the proposed method in ground
protection are analyzed.
A. Calculating the minimum pick-up currents in the ground
protection design
Due to less sensitivity of the ground relay during heavy load
currents or load inrush compared to the phase relay, setting the
ground relay to include all of the faults is simpler than the
phase overcurrent relay. In a perfectly balanced feeder, the
current of the ground overcurrent relay is near zero under
normal load. Therefore, the ground relay is not affected by
load current and can have a sensitive setting compared to that
of the phase relay [13]. However, the distribution line is not
perfectly balanced and there is always current flowing in to
the ground due to the load imbalance; hence, it is necessary to
estimate how much current the ground relay might sense. In
addition, sectionalizing fuse operation on the fused laterals
that causes the loss of the load on the single-phase lateral and
R2 increased current flow through the ground relay shall also be
2.5
taken in to consideration. Furthermore, the ground current due
to operation of sectionalizing fuses shall be considered to
69.69 avoid ground relay nuisance tripping. Therefore, by
considering the aforementioned conditions, 25 to 50 percent of
the phase minimum pick-up current is commonly used to set
the minimum pick-up current of the ground relays.
B. Distance element settings in the ground protection
In the proposed method, Zone 1 of the distance elements of
the reclosers R1, R2, and feeder circuit breaker are set to 85
percent of the impedance of the associated main feeder
section. The 15% safety margin ensures that there is no over-
reaching in the protected main feeder section. Typically, this
safety margin is 5-10% higher than that of the phase distance
settings due to higher errors for ground protection. The angle
setting of the distance relay is set to be the same as the line
impedance angle. Similar to the phase protection, Zone 2
distance relay is set to the length of the protected feeder
section plus 50 percent of the length of the next main feeder
section.
C. Outcomes of proposed scheme implementation in the
ground protection
R2 Using the proposed scheme, ground protection of the
system is designed. The ground protection coordination
philosophy of the proposed scheme is depicted in Fig.7. As
indicated in the diagram, distance relays are utilized along
with the fast over-current relays at the reclosers R1 and R2.
Since proper coordination and small clearance time interval
can be obtained by only using over-current relays at CB and
TrCB, distance relays are not utilized in the design scheme of
these reclosers. Therefore, by utilizing distance relays at only
R1 and R2 a protection scheme is designed that meets all
existing power system protection requirements from the power
system reliability standpoint.
Similar to the phase design the clearance time interval is
decreased significantly while maintaining coordination. Table
7 and 8 show the fault clearing time using the traditional and
Fig. 7: Coordination curves of the proposed ground protection scheme
proposed approaches respectively. protection scheme is recommended to be utilized as one of the
Table 7: Fault clearance times using the traditional approach best options for the multi recloser protection systems, as well
At the At the At the At the as the smart-grids, where grid resiliency is the key factor.
At the
end of end of end of end of
Fault location
substation REFERENCES
M1 M2 M3 M4
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Amir Enayati was born in Salmas, West
reliability. In this paper, it is proven that utilizing multi Azerbaijan, Iran, in 1984. He received the
recloser protection schemes to protect the system from faults B.S. degree in electrical engineering from
adversely impacts power system coordination. A new design is Iran University of Science and Technology,
proposed, which addresses the coordination concern of multi in 2008 and the M.Sc. degree in electrical
recloser distribution systems. The proposed method, which is engineering from Clarkson University, NY,
the combination of distance and over-current protection, in 2013. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D.
improves the coordination and decreases the fault clearance degree in electrical engineering at Clarkson
time interval. From system reliability and maintenance University.
From 2012 to 2013 he was a research
standpoints, the proposed methods advantages overweigh the
assistant developing a power system
merits of the other existing methods in which the laboratory at Clarkson University. His research interests include
communication among the relays is the cornerstone. The Power system protection, reliability resiliency, micro-grid, smart-
cumulative delay issue of the multi recloser protected systems grid, and renewable energy.
requires high speed wireless connection amongst the relays. Thomas Ortmeyer is Professor of
The connection can also be done by fiber-optics. The proposed Electrical and Computer Engineering at
method is based on the current and voltage measurements at Clarkson University. His work includes
the recloser or the relay; hence, the communication amongst research into power quality, power
the relays is no longer required. In addition, in some case system protection, and power
distribution systems. Dr. Ortmeyer has
studies, the proper coordination design can be obtained by
chaired Clarksons Electrical and
implementing the proposed scheme on only some of the feeder Computer Engineering Department for 9
protective relays (observed in ground protection), which years, and developed and managed
further decreases the cost. Clarksons Experiential Learning
To sum up, the proposed method solves the coordination Program.
and system reliability issues properly. Therefore, the proposed