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Troubleshooting For Call Drop PDF
Troubleshooting For Call Drop PDF
Table of Contents
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M900/M1800 Base Station Subsystem Chapter 10 Troubleshooting for Call Drop
10.1 Overview
For GSM network, call-dropping failure rate is an important index measuring the
quality of radio network.
This chapter analyzes the causes resulting in call drop and describes the methods
of troubleshooting for the purpose of reducing call-dropping failure rate, thus
improving the quality of network. In addition, it also introduces the measures of
dealing with worst cells caused by high call-dropping failure rate, reducing worst cell
ratio, thus decreasing call-dropping failure rate.
Definitions of worst cell ratio indices that are calculated according to different
network sizes are given below:
Worst cell ratio in super network: Number of worst cells/number of cells where the
busy time average traffic per channel exceeds 0.15Erl.
Worst cell ratio in large network: Number of worst cells/number of cells where the
busy time average traffic per channel exceeds 0.12Erl.
Worst cell ratio in medium network: Number of worst cells/number of cells where the
busy time average traffic per channel exceeds 0.1Erl.
Definition of worst cell: The cell where the busy time TCH congestion rate (not
including handover) is greater than 5%, or the TCH call-dropping failure rate is
greater than 3%.
Definition of call-dropping failure rate: Call-dropping failure rate = [Busy time total
TCH traffic * 60]/total number of busy time TCH call drops, in which the number of
call drops indicates the number of Clear Request messages.
10.1.1 Description
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Radio link failure, which occurs in the course of communication and causes the
situation that messages cannot be received.
T3103 timeout. It indicates the MS cannot occupy a channel of the destination
cell or return to the original channel.
System failure, such as equipment failure etc.
1) Among the three causes, radio link failure is the main factor
During a conversation, when the voice quality of a MS is too bad to be accepted
and cannot be improved via radio frequency power control or handover, the MS
will consider the radio link gets faulty and forcedly release the link, which thus
causes call drop. As stated in GSM specification, there is a counter S in the MS.
As soon as a conversation starts, the counter is assigned an initial value, which
is the parameter Radio Link Timeout. If the MS fails to decode a SACCH
message with period of 120 ms, 1 will be subtracted from S. Contrarily, every
time when the MS receives a SACCH message successfully, 2 is added to S,
but the value of S cannot be greater than the initial value. When S is 0, the MS
reports radio link failure. The Signaling procedure is shown in Figure 10-1.
Steps (1) and (2) shows SDCCH/TCH have been established, while step (3)
cannot decode the SACCH message block (uplink/downlink), thus radio link
timeout is caused.
In addition, in case that the layer 2 frame cannot interwork with MS normally,
BTS layer 2 radio interface will report the message Error Indication to BSC, as
shown in step (3) in Figure 10-1. The cause is T200 timeout, and at this time,
BSC will release the radio link and report the message Clear REQ.
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(1)
Measurement Result
(2)
Connection Failure
(3)
Clear REQ
(Radio Interface Failure)
2) T3103
(a) Definition: In the course of an intra-BSS or inter-BSS handover, BSC
reserves TCHs of the cell initiating the handover and the destination cell in
terms of T3103. This timer is activated as soon as BSC sends the message
Handover Command, and is cleared after receiving Handover Complete (for
intra-BSS handover), or Clear Command (for inter-BSS handover).
(b) This timer is used to reserve a channel for a long time so that MS can return
to the channel. Nevertheless, If MS lost, it will be used to release the channel.
When BSS sends a handover command to MS, the timer starts to perform the
timing function. After BSC receives a Handover Complete message from the
destination cell or a Handover Failure message from the source cell, the timer
will be reset. Following BSC sending a Handover Command message to BTS,
if no messages are received after T3103 expires, BSC will consider radio link
failure occurs to the source cell, and then release the channel of the source cell.
The Signaling flow is shown in Figure 10-2.
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Channel Activate
Channel ACK
Handover Access
Handover Detection
Physical Info (TA)
SABM
Establish Indication
UA
Handover Complete
Handover Complete
Reset T3103
3) See example 8 for detailed descriptions of call drop resulting from the causes
such as equipment failure.
1) TCH call-dropping failure rate = number of TCH call drops/times when TCH is
occupied successfully % 100%
2) TCH call drop measurement point: The channel currently occupied is of TCH
type when BSC sends a Clear Request message to MSC.
3) The cause values for sending Clear Request are as follows:
Radio Interface Message Failure
O&M Intervention
Equipment Failure
Protocol Error Between BSS and MSC
Preemption
The Signaling flow is shown in Figure 10-3.
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MS BTS BSC
Or.
Handover Procedure Signaling
Handover Complete
Or. Connection Failure
SDCCH call-dropping failure rate = number of SDCCH call drops/total times when
SDCCH is occupied successfully % 100%
SDCCH call-dropping failure rate (%) = [number of radio link failures when SDCCH
is occupied (connection failure) + number of radio link failures when SDCCH is
occupied (error indication) + number of terrestrial link failures when SDCCH is
occupied (Abis)]/total times when SDCCH is occupied successfully % 100%
SDCCH call drop measurement point: The channel currently occupied is of SDCCH
type when the messages Clear REQ and Error Indication are sent to MSC.
10.2 Causes
10.2.1 Coverage
I. Analysis
If BTS lies in the place where the landform is intricate and radio propagation
environment is complicated (e.g., a mountainous area), it may cause call drop
owing to discontinuous coverage.
2) Poor indoor coverage
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In the place where many buildings are located, call drop easily occurs due to
high transmission attenuation, low indoor level and great penetrate loss.
3) Beyond coverage (isolated island)
Owing to some reasons, the coverage of a serving cell is beyond the defined
coverage. For example, the power in cell A is so high that a MS still occupies
the signals of cell A after it moves out of the coverage of the adjacent cell B that
has been defined by cell A and reaches cell C. However, cell A has not
defined cell C as an adjacent cell yet, so at this time the MS cannot find a
proper cell when it tries to perform a handover according to the adjacent cell B
provided by cell A, thus call drop occurs, as shown in Figure 10-4.
Cell A
Expected Coverage
Cell B
Actual Coverage
4) Shortage of coverage
It may be caused by some equipment failure in a cell. For example, the
antenna is obstructed or the carrier taking BCCH (power amplifier) gets faulty.
II. Location
Get familiar with the area that is not covered enough and perform a large-scope test.
Observe the signal level, whether the handover is normal and whether call drop
occurs. In addition, by means of OMC traffic measurements check the BSC
call-dropping failure rates to find the cells with high call-dropping failure rates and
other relevant statistics, facilitating the location.
The related traffic measurement tasks and items are listed below:
1) In power control performance measurement, see whether the average
uplink/downlink signal strength is too low.
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III. Solution
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diversity unit or antenna, because faults of the uplink will cause high handover
failure rate of the original cell.
10.2.2 Handover
I. Analysis
1) Unreasonable parameters
For example, if the level of the handover candidate cell is set to be too low and
the handover threshold is set to be too little, some MSs will be handed over to
the adjacent cell when the level of the adjacent is a little stronger than that of
the serving cell for a time. But after a while, if the signal of the adjacent cell
faint, and it happens no proper cell is available for handover, call drop could
occur. See example 6 for call drop resulting from improper settings of handover
parameters.
2) Adjacent cell undefined
If an adjacent cell has not been defined yet, MS will keep communicating in the
serving cell until it goes out of its coverage. At this time, call drop shall occur
since MS cannot be handed over to a cell with stronger signals.
3) Existence of adjacent cells with the same BSIC and BCCH frequency.
4) Traffic congestion
Unbalance of traffic may cause handover failure due to lack of handover
channel available for the destination BTS. When reestablishment of handover
channel fails too, call drop occurs.
5) BTS clock out of synchronization and frequency offset beyond limits, which can
cause handover failure and call drop.
6) T3103 timeout
II. Location
According to traffic measurement indices analyze whether there are cells with low
handover success rate, high call-dropping failure rate, multiple handover and
reestablishment failures. By ways of traffic measurement analyze the causes
resulting in handover, such as uplink/downlink receive signal level, uplink/downlink
receive quality, power budget (PBGT), call directed retry and traffic. Observe
whether there are BTS related clock alarms and whether BTS clock runs normally.
Check BTS clock and remove clock fault if necessary. Perform a road test to find the
cell in which handover is abnormal. Perform multiple road tests near the problem
cell to find handover related call drop, and optimize handover parameters to reduce
call-dropping failure rate.
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III. Solution
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10.2.3 Interference
I. Analysis
II. Location
Interference may be from inside or outside of the network and exists in uplink or
downlink signals. The following methods can be used to locate interference.
1) Find the position that may be interfered by analyzing traffic measurement.
2) Perform road tests at the position that may be interfered according to
complaints of the users and search downlink interference. With road test tools
check whether the position where the receive signal level is strong but the
conversation quality is poor exists. Or use a test MS to perform dialing tests at
a locked frequency to observe whether interference occurs at the frequency.
3) Check whether there is co-channel interference caused by improper frequency
planning.
4) Adjust the frequencies that might be interfered to try to reduce even avoid
interference.
5) Remove the interference caused by equipment failure.
6) If interference still remains, perform frequency scan with a spectrum analyzer to
search the frequency that is interfered and to further find the interference
sources.
See examples for detailed analysis of interference. List below the traffic
measurement indices used for interference analysis.
1) Interference band for observing uplink interference
If an idle channel appears in interference bands 3, 4 and 5, generally it
indicates there is interference. For intra-network interference, the interference
may increase with the augmentation of traffic, while out-network interference
has nothing to do with it. Note that interference band is reported to BSC by the
BTS carrier channel in an idle state via radio frequency resource indication, it
indicates the uplink characteristics of the radio channel occupied by MS,
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III. Solution
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I. Analysis
II. Location
1) Check whether there are combiner, CDU, tower top amplifier and standing
wave ratio alarms.
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2) View whether all boards of BTS work normally via remote maintenance.
Analyze whether uplink/downlink unbalance appears from traffic measurement.
3) Trace relevant Abis interfaces by performing Abis interface tracing function or
with a Signaling analyzer. Further observe whether uplink/downlink signals are
balanced from the measurement report about Signaling messages.
4) Perform road tests and dialing tests. Make sure the BCCH frequency of the
serving cell is consistent with the expected one and the Tx antenna is installed
correctly prior to road tests.
5) After full remote analysis, perform on-site inspections and tests. Check whether
the azimuth and the downtilt of the antenna are designed normatively and
whether the feeder and jumper are connected accurately. Make sure the
antenna & feeder connector is in good contact and the feeder is in good
condition. Test whether the standing wave ratio is normal.
6) Judge whether BTS hardware failure causes the uplink/downlink unbalance.
For hardware failure, replace the part that might be faulty or disable other
carriers in the cell before performing dialing test on the doubtful carrier to locate
the fault point. Once a part is found in a faulty state, it should be replaced in
time. If no alternative part is available, block the faulty board first lest call drop
should occur to impact the running quality of the network.
List below some traffic measurement items used for analysis of uplink/downlink
balance:
1) From Up-Down Link Balance Measurement, analyze whether uplink/downlink
unbalance exists.
2) From Call Drop Measurement, analyze the average uplink/downlink levels
and qualities in case of call drop.
3) From Power-Control Measurement, analyze uplink/downlink average receive
signal levels.
As there are Abis interface and A interface link, poor quality transmission and
unstable transmission link also may cause call drop.
1) Observe transmission and board alarms (e.g., FTC failure alarm, A interface
PCM out of sync alarm, LAPD link break alarm, power amplifier alarm, HPA
alarm, TRX alarm, CUI/FPU alarm). Based on alarm data, analyze whether
transmission is intermittent or whether there are faulty boards (e.g., the carrier
board is faulty or in poor contact).
2) Check transmission paths, test BER and check whether E1 connector or
grounding of equipment is reasonable, thus decrease call drops by ensuring
stable transmission quality.
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3) Observe whether there are too many call drops caused by transmission
problem via traffic measurement.
a) in TCH performance measurement of traffic measurement observe whether
there are too many A interface failures when TCH is occupied.
b)In TCH performance measurement observe whether the TCH availability rate
is abnormal.
c) In TCH performance measurement observe whether there are too many call
drops caused by interruption of terrestrial link.
Check relevant parameter configurations and make sure they are configured
reasonably, which are as follows:
1) System message data table: Radio link failure counter
If the value is too little, call drop may occur easily when the receive signal level
of MS declines greatly and abruptly due to some reasons such as fluky
landform. If it is too great, only when the radio link expires can the network
release the related resource although the quality of voices is too bad to tolerate,
which thus reduces the resource utilization. Generally, this value should be set
greater for the area with low than that for the area with high traffic.
2) Cell attribute table: SACCH multiframe number
Recommended value: BTS3X 14 (31 for version 05.0529 or newer)
BTS2X 31
3) System message data table: MS minimum received signal grade, RACH
minimum receive signal level, RACH busy threshold.
In virtue of existence of uplink/downlink signals, the actual coverage is subject
to the weaker signal. If in a cell the coverage of the uplink signal is larger than
that of the downlink signal, the downlink signal is weaker at the edge of the cell
and can be submerged easily by stronger signals from other cells. Contrarily,
if the coverage of the downlink signal is larger than that of the uplink coverage,
MS shall have to stay in the strong signal. However, MS cannot originate a call
owing to weak uplink signal, or although it can set up a call, the voice quality is
very poor, or signal pass even call drop may occur. Therefore, it is necessary to
ensure the uplink/downlink balance as possibly as you can.
It indicates the minimum receive signal level required for MS accessing the
system, which is for the downlink signal. If the value of this parameter in a cell
is too little, MS in the cell can access network easily, and the coverage is large.
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But MS at the edge of the cell tries to stay in the cell, which shall cause greater
load on the cell and increase the possibility of call drop. If it is too great, the MS
with low receive signal level cannot access network, which helps to reduce
call-dropping failure rate but lessens the coverage. Therefore, both coverage
and call-dropping failure rate should be taken into account for setting of this
parameter. Call-dropping failure rate cannot be reduced at the cost of lessening
of coverage.
It indicates the minimum receive signal level required for MSs uplink access to
the system (RACH busy threshold used in BTS20 is similar to MS minimum
receive signal level. Both coverage and call-dropping failure rate should be
fully considered for setting of this parameter.)
10.2.7 Others
There are many other reasons causing call drop. For example, when the version of
TRX in a BTS is inconsistent with that of FPU, it may increase the number of call
drops occurring to the whole network. Or, improper use of BTS version related
parameters also causes call drop, as shown in example 7.
10.3 Examples
I. Description
Too many call drops that occurred at the mouth of the cave near the BTS and were
caused by the situation that handover cannot be executed immediately were found
during road tests from place A to place B.
II. Analysis
The mouth of the cave lay just near the BTS. In the cave, the power of the
destination cell can be about 80dBm, but the signal power of the serving cell rapidly
declined to be less than 100dBm. Handover cannot be triggered since the downlink
power of the two cells was good enough, but the signal level of the serving cell
decreased rapidly in the cave, which caused the situation that call drop occurred
before the measurement ended.
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Value before
Parameter name Value after modification
modification
PBGT handover measurement time 5 3
PBGT handover duration 4 2
PBGT handover threshold 72 68
Emergency handover uplink quality
70 60
threshold
Candidate cell minimum downlink
10 15
power
I. Description
The BTSs distribution of an area is shown in Figure 10-5. (The red digits indicate
BCCH frequencies. DTX is adopted without frequency hopping). As shown in the
figure, it could be seen that there were too many call drops occurring in cell 2 of BTS
C. (The reason that hardware failure could cause such trouble has been excluded.)
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II. Analysis
1) By analyzing the BTS topology map, it could be concluded that the frequency
planning was reasonable.
2) By viewing traffic measurement, the interference bands of the cells of BTS C
are shown in Table 10-2.
Interferenc
(09:00~10:00) Interferenc Interferenc Interferenc Interferenc
e band 1
e band 2 e band 3 e band 4 e band 5
Cell 1 2.85 14.25 1.14 0.27 0.54
Cell 2 4.09 12.57 3.14 0.03 0.01
Cell 3 0 2.92 13.27 0.25 0.37
3) By performing actual road tests, it was found that the conversation quality had
been very poor when the receive signal level become high.
4) By observing traffic measurement, it was found that handover was mainly
caused by poor quality conversation and the channel assignment failure rate
rose with the augmentation of call drops.
5) By analyzing traffic measurement and the results of road tests, it could be
concluded that there was interference.
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6) A repeater was found through the on-site inspection. The repeater was a set of
broadband equipment, amplifying the signals of a remote analog BTS sent to
the near end via optical fiber and transmitting them. Also, the digital signals
were amplified by the repeater and then the cell 2 of BTS C was interfered.
The maintenance personnel reduced the transmit power of the repeater so that the
interference level could degrade from bands 2 and 3 to band 1. Consequently, the
high call-dropping failure rate at BTS C was solved.
I. Description
A BTS adopted 1%3 RF hopping. After it was expanded, TCH assignment failure
rate kept high owing to radio link failure, accompanied with high TCH call-dropping
failure rate and high handover failure rate. Nevertheless the SDCCH call-dropping
failure rate remained normal.
II. Analysis
Considering high call-dropping rate and high handover failure rate accompanied
high assignment failure rate, it could be caused by two reasons as follows.
1) TCH was assigned incorrectly.
2) The frequency or time slot occupied for this conversation was interfered or
unstable.
As the SDCCH call-dropping rate remained normal, it is almost impossible that the
carrier carrying BCCH frequency and BCCH frequency itself were interfered. But the
carriers carrying non-BCCH frequencies and hopping frequencies might be
interfered.
No faults were found during the check of equipment, antenna & feeder and
transmission stability. It was found that the situation of high level with poor quality
was serious during road tests. Through an on-site dialing test the voice quality was
found very poor, and MAIO of the newly added carrier was found the same as that
of another carrier during the check of parameters.
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I. Description
The MS occupied a cell but cannot originate a call. Single pass occurred. Call drop
always occurred at the place away from the cell. Call drop could occur after
frequency handover.
II. Analysis
The unbalance between the uplink signal level and the downlink signal level might
cause such trouble.
Perform on-site tests. Make the MS move to the edge of the cell during the test and
trace data with a Signaling analyzer at BTS so as to observe the receive signal
levels of the BTS and the MS.
As shown in Figure 10-6, the uplink signal level is 98dBm (highlighted with a red
circle) and is much lower than the downlink signal level that is 66dBm. If the level
is lower than 98dBm, it means the signal is too weak, which can cause call drop
easily.
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I. Description
The call-dropping failure rate in cell 3 of a BTS reached 10%, while the call-dropping
failure rates and congestion rates in cells 1 and 2 kept normal.
1) High congestion rate always existed no matter how to block the carrier channel
of the cell.
2) The maintenance personnel found the interference band was regular by
viewing and analyzing traffic measurement data. Generally it was high at days
but low at nights. That is to say, when traffic was high at days, interference
become high, and vice versa.
3) The maintenance personnel set the frequency of cell 3 to be over 1 MHz
higher/lower than the original one, but the trouble still existed. Therefore,
co-and adjacent-channel interference could be excluded.
4) The maintenance personnel checked the equipment and excluded the
possibility of equipment fault.
5) The maintenance personnel located the trouble was caused by external
interference.
6) The maintenance personnel performed the frequency scan test with a spectrum
analyzer and found a suspicious signal that was similar to a spectrum with the
central frequency of 904.14MHz and broadband of 300KHz. And the signal
existed continuously and stably.
7) The strength of the interference signal at the mouth of the divider in cell 1 was
27dBm, and those in cells 2 and 3 were 40dBm and 60dBm respectively.
Since traffic at days is higher than that at nights, inter-modulation occurs at
days more easily than at nights. Therefore, it can be located that the trouble
was caused by the external interference source of 904 MHz.
8) The maintenance personnel couldnt locate the interference source by
performing road tests with a spectrum analyzer. Then he performed all tests at
the roof and found the interference came from the little antenna of a repeater.
He interrupted the signal test of the repeater, and the interference disappeared.
I. Description
The user complained call drop always occurred at the fifth floor or above of a
building.
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II. Analysis
1) After the on-site test, the maintenance personnel found call drop and noise
existed. And from the test MS, he found the MS had always stayed in a serving
cell not belonging to the local BTS A before call drop occurred.
2) The cell belongs to BTS B that is 3~4km away from the building. Therefore, he
concluded that the signal received here was the signal reflected by an
interrupter, consequently a coverage equivalent to an isolated island was
formed.
3) By viewing the data configuration, the maintenance personnel found that only
cell 2 of BTS A had been configured in adjacent relationship between A and B
of BSC data configuration. When a MS adopts the signal of cell 2 of BTS B in
the area, the signal of cell 3 of BTS A is stronger but no adjacent relationship
has been defined for cell 2 of BTS B and cell 3 of BTS A. As a result, handover
cannot be implemented.
4) As the signal of cell 2 of BTS B has been reflected for many times, when the
signal from BTS B received by the MS weakens abruptly owing to a certain
reason, an emergency handover might occur. However, for cell 2 of BTS B
cells 2 and 3 of BTS A are not the most ideal candidate cells, thus handover to
another BTS (e.g., BTS C) might occur. Nevertheless, the MS cannot receive
the signal from BTS C at this time, hence call drop occurs.
5) By modifying the data in [BA1(BCCH) Table], [BA2(SACCH) Table] and
[Adjacent cell relationship table] in BSC data configuration, the maintenance
personnel set cell 3 of BTS A as an adjacent cell of cell 2 of BTS B and further
optimized the network engineering parameters to eliminate the isolated island
effect.
6) Solving the trouble was confirmed after tests.
I. Description
After an expansion, the call-dropping failure rates of five BTSs in an area reached
5%, and the number of call drops in each cell reached 100. In addition, the
call-dropping failure rate of a cell that was not expanded rose too. All these troubles
were the RF call drop. But the maintenance personnel had no idea whats the cause
since no interference and no hardware faults were found.
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III. Summary
After the system is adjusted greatly, e.g., cut-over access of new BTS, expansion of
BTS, re-planning of frequency, upgrading and patching etc., the related parameters
should be checked and adjusted correspondingly, especially the adjacent cell
relationship, frequency interference, frequency hopping and cell parameters etc.
And the version of BTS should be fully taken into account as well.
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