I AOD 2 MUO FILO WD) HYDRAULIC MACHINES ae RS}WIN A CASH AWARD OF Rs. 200.00 It has come to our notice that some booksellers are fraudulently selling fake/duplicate copies of some of our fast selling titles. In our sincere efforts to provide you with our genuine books and to protect you against these counterfeit books, Laxmi Publications (LP) has put a Hologram on the cover of some of its fast selling titles. The Hologram displays a unique 3D multi-level, multi-colour effect from different angles. It has the following three levels of flat graphics merged together. The background artwork seems to be ‘under’ or ‘behind’ the Hologram and gives the illusion of depth unlike the fake Hologram on the fake/duplicate books. ‘crarmay anne Presently, only some titles have got the Holograms. In this case, A Text Book of Fluid Mechan- ies and Hydraulic Machines (2005 edition, priced at Rs. 360.00) has got the Hologram. If you or any of your friends finds anywhere in India/abroad any book of this Edition without the LP Hologram, he/she is requested to write to us at M/s LAXMI PUBLICATIONS PVT. LTD, 7/19, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Dethi-110002, giving the name and address of the bookseller from where he/she purchased this book, together with the photocopy of this page and the photocopy of front title cover of, the book. He/She will be sent a cash award of Rs. 200.00. ‘How to decide if the book is genuine or fake ? 1, Tho above information may or may not be printed: 2. The counterfeit edition of the book may have no LP Hologram or if it has, it will be without the illusionary depth as described above. What is the harm in purchasing duplicate books ? — "Poor quality of paper and printing which affect your eyes. — No royalty to authors who are scholars and have put their hard labour in writing the book, thus depriving them of their intellectual rights. Warning : Selling or buying pirated books is an offence. Legal action shall be taken against the bookseller(s) and student(s) or whoever found guilty of such an offence in any way. Published by = R.K. GUPTA (B.Sc. Engg. Mech.) for LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD 22, Golden House, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002. , [011-23 26 23 68 Phonae’: {ovat 262370 Hoe 011-23 25 25 72 011-28 26 22 79 Branches * 129/1, [IIrd Main Road, IX Cross Chamrajpet, Bangalore (Phone : 080-26 61 15 61) * 26, Damodaran Street, T. Nagar, Chennai (Phone : 044-24 34 47 26) * St. Benedict's Road, Cochin (Phone : 0484-239 70 04) + Pan Bazar, Rani Bari, Guwahati (Phones : 0361-254 36 69, 251 38 81) + 4-2-453, Ist Floor, Ramkote, Hyderabad (Phone : 040-24 75 02 47) + Adda Tanda Chowk, N.D. 365, Jalandhar City (Phone : 0181-222 12 72) + 106/A, Ist Floor, S.N. Banerjee Road, Kolkata (Phones : 033-22 27 37 73, 22 27 52 47) + 18, Madan Mohan Malviya Marg, Lucknow (Phone : 0522-220 95 78) = 128A, Block 3, First Floor, Noorani Building, L.J. Road, Mumbai (Phone : 022-24 46 39 98) « Radha Govind Street, Tharpagna, Ranchi (Phone : 0651-230 77 64) ‘EMAIL : colaxmi@hotmail.com WEBSITE : www.laxmipublications.com First Edition : Sept. 1983 Complied by : Smt. Nirmal Bansal Ninth Edition : 2005 All Rights Reserved with Author & the Publishers. Author : Dr. R.K. Bansal C-11010/05/07 Price : Rs. 360.00 Only. EFM-0559-360-FLUID MECHANICS & HM Typesetted at : Shubham Composer, Delhi. Printed at: Dharmesh Art Process, New Delhi-110028.CONTENTS Chapter Digi Chapter 1. Properties of Fluids 1-33 LL. Introduction oe 1 12. Properties of Fluids ‘ 1 1.2.1. Density or Mass Density é 1 1.2.2. Specific Weight or Weight Density * 1 1.2.3. » Specific Volume a 2 124. Specific Gravity i 2 = te 2 LS. Viscosity 3 Units of Viscosity oy 3 Kinematic Viscosity 5 Newton’s Law of Viscosity : 5 Variation of Viscosity with Temperature 6 Types of Fluids : 4 Solved Problems 1.3—1.19 : 6 imic Properties . i 141. Dimension of R ‘ 18 142. Isothermal Process : 18 1.4.4. | Universal Gas Constant “ 19 1.5. Compressibility and Bulk Modulus 21 1.6. Surface Tension and Capillarity Surface Tension on Liquid Droplet Surface Tension on a Hollow Bubble Surface Tension on a Liquid Jet Solved Problems 1.25—1.27 1.6.4. Capillarity Solved Problems 1.28—1.32 1.7. Vapour Pressure and Cavitation Highlights i BS BBEREREBIS :@ 24. Absolute, Gauge, Atmospheric and Vacuum Pressures 25 Manometers 2.5.2. Mechanical Gauges 2.4, Simple Manometers 26.1. Piezometer 2S. Pressure at a Point in Cerapressiile Fluid 28.1. Isothermal Process © 28.2. Adiahatic Process 2.8.3. ‘Temperature at any Point in Compressible Fluid 2.8.4. Temperature Lapse-Rate (L) Highlights Exercise—2 Forces on Surfaces Vertical Plane Surface Submerged in Liquid 3.4, Horizontal Plane Surface Submerged in Liquid Solved Problem 3.13 ” 3.5. Inclined Plane Surface Submerged in Liquid Solved Problems 3.14—321 3.6. Curved Surface Submerged in Liquid Solved Problems 3.22—8.81 Lock Gates S Pr aa2—338 3.8. Pressure Distribution in a Liquid Subjected to 3.8.1. Liquid Containers Subject to Constant ‘Horizontal Acceleration Solved Problems 3.24—3.26 3.8.2. Liquid Containers Subjected to Constant Solved Problems 3.37—5.38 Highlights Feercse 24Gi) pier 4. Buoyaney and Ploatation 44. Introduction Buoyancy i, Centre of Buoyancy = 41-46 4.4, Meta-centre 4.5, Meta-centric Height 4.6, Analytical Method for Meta-centric Height Solved Problems 4.7—4.11 rc 4c. Conditions of Equilibrium of a Floating and Submerged Bodies 4.7.1, Stability of a Submerged Body . 4.7.2. Stability of a Floating Body Solved Problems 412—4 18 48. Experimental Method of Determination of ‘Meta-centrie Height Solved Problems 4,19—4,20 4.9. Oscillation (Rolling) of a Floating Body ged lights eal ee 5.2. Methods of Deseribing Fluid sti ‘5.3. Types of Fluid Flow 5.3.1. Steady and Unsteady Flows 5.3.2. Uniform and Non-uniferm Flows 6.33. Laminar and Turbulent Flows 5.3.4. Compressible and Incompressible Flows 5.3.5, Rotational and Irrotational Flows 5.3.6. One, two and Three-Dimensional Flows SA. Rate of Flow or Discharge (Q) . Continuit; uation Solved Problems §.1—5.5 5.0. Contingtty Bquation in Three: Dimensiuns .6.1. Continui ation in Cylindrical 5.7. Velocity and Acceleration 5.7.1. Local Accel werkin Solved Problems 5.6—5.9 4.8. Velocity Potential Function and-Stream Function 5.8.1. Velocity Potential Function E82 Si Funct 5.8.3. Equipotential Line 5.84. 1 x s k: eC iB BEBE EEEBE EREBEEES 3 187 BEBEEB E BI BE BBE BEREEI B lea EERE Copyrighted material(xii) 6.8.5. Flow Net 5.8.6, Velocity Potential Function From Equation (5.9) 5.9. Types of Motion Li 7 . Rotation 5.9.1. 6.9.2. Linear Deformation 6.9.3, Angular Deformation or Shear Deformation 5.9.4. 5.95. Vorticity | 5101 Forced Vortex Flow 6.10.2. Free Vortex Flow 6.10.3. Equation of Motion for Vortex Flow 5.10.4, 6.10.5. 5.10.6. Equation of Forced Vortex Flow Solved Problems 5.20—5.25 Closed Cylindrical Vessels : Solved Problems 5.26—5.31 a Equation of Free Vortex Flow Solved Problom 5.32 Important Cases of Potential Flow Uniform Flow 6.12.1. Uniform Flow Parallel to x-Axis 6.12.2. Uniform Potential Flow Parallel to y-Axis Source Flow Sink Flow Solved Problems 5.33—5.35 Free-Vortex Flow Super-Imposed Flow 5171 i FE FE BEE Source and Sink Pair Solved Problems 5.36—5.37 617.2. Doublet G Solved Problem 5.38 5173. is (Flow Past a Half-Body) (Plow Past a Rankine Oval Body) Solved Problem 5.42 A Doublet in a Uniform Flow (Flow Past a Circular Cylinder) Solved Problems 5.43—5.44 Highlights Exercise—5 E REBEEBREBBEBEE BEEEE PBEE EB BB BEREEEREEEBRER(aii) Chapter 6, Dynamics of Fluid Flow 256-312 6. Introduction a 256 . Equations of Motion 256 . Euler's Equation of Motion = 267 . Bernoulli's Equation from Euler's Equation 258 ‘Assumptions a 258 "Solve — 2 258 6.6, Bernoulli's Equation for Real Fluid a 262 6.7. Practical Applications of Bernoulli's Equation 3 265 &.Z1 Venturimeter 265 Solved Problems 6.10-—~6.21 * 267 6.2 Pitot-tuhe 282 lve 6.28 283 6.8. The Momentum Equation _ 3 285 Solved Problems 6.29635 08 6.9. Moment of Momentum Equation 295 Solved Problems 6.36—6.37 295 6.10, Free Liquid Jets 298 Highlights 3 304 Exercise—6. 306 Chapter 7. Orifices and Mouthpieces 813-850 ZL. Introduction 313 2, Classifications of Orifices 7 313 Flow Through an Orifice : 313 4, Hydraulic Co-efficients = 314 74.1. Co-efficient of Velocity (C.) 314 7A. Co-efficient of Contraction (C,) Ss 315 7.4.3. Co-efficient of Discharge (C,) : 315 ved Probl 112. 15 5, Experimental Determination of Hydraulic Co-efficient: - 216 7.5.1, Determination of C, 316 7.5.2. Determination of Co-efficient of Velocity ©, 317 7L5.3.__Determinatian of Co-efficient of Contraction C, es z 317 Solved Problems 7.3—7 10 31 7.6. Flow Through Large Orifices i 323 7.6.1. Discharge Through Large Rectangular Orifice * 324 Solved Problems 7 1)—=7 1g _324 4.1, Discharge Through Fully Submerged Orifice se 326 Solved Problems 7.14—715 BT 18, Discharge Through Partially Submerged Orifice ae 327 Solved Problem 7.16 B28 pyrightad miv) ‘Time of Emptying a Tank Through an Orifice hv 1s 7.17—7.] 10. Time of Emptying a Hemispherical Tank 211, Time of Emptying a Circular Horizontal Tank s Probleme 7221.28 LAX. Classification of Mouthpieces Lia Flow Through an External Cylindrical Mouthpiece Salved Problems’ 2 ‘Li4. Flow Through a Convergent-Divergent Mouthpiece ‘L1G, Flow Through Internal or Re-entrant on Borda's Mouthpiece Highlights Exercise—7 d Wai S Discharge Over a Rectangular Notch or Weir 8.4, Discharge Over a Triangular Notch or Weir Solved problems 8.4—-8.6 . Advantages of Triangular Notch or Weir over Rectangular Notch or Weir _ 8, Discharge Over a Trapezoidal Notch or Weir Solved Problem 8.7 3.2. Discharge Over a Stepped Notch Solved Problem 8.8 SS. Effect on Discharge Over a Notch or Weir ace ia Dad 8.8.1. For Rectangular Weir or Notch a 8.8.2. For Triangular Weir or Notch os ‘Solved Problems 8.98.11 84. (a) Time Required to Empty a Reservoir or a ‘Tank with a Rectangular Weir or Notch on (@) Time Required to Empty a Reservoir or a Tank with a Triangular Weir or Notch Salved P. < 8198.14 Velocity of Approach EE Empirical Formulae for Discharge Over Rectangular Woir Cipolletti_ Weir or Notch "Solved Problems 8.23—8.24 Discharge Over a Broad-Crested Weir F 328 829 aa 332 834 ‘B35 831 337 Ags 340 adi B43 45 346 248 BEEBE BBEE 8 BEER EBERE BEREEE Copyrighted material(au) 8.14. Discharge Over a Narrow-Crested Weir 8. Discharge Over an Ogee Weir 8.16, Discharge Over Submerged or Drowned Weir Solved Problems 8.25827 Highlights Exercise—8 Chapter 9. Viscous Flow 9.1, Introduction 9.2. Flow of Viscous Fluid Through Circular Pipe Solved Problems 9.1--96 1.3. Flow of Viscous Fluid between Two Parallel Plates Solved Problems 9.7—9.12 9.4. Kinetic Energy Correction and Momentum Correction Factors Solved Problem 9.13 2.5. Power Absorbed in Viscous Flow 9.6.1, Viscous Resistance of Journal Bearings Salved Problems 914-9 18 9.5.2. Viscous Resistance of Foot-step Bearing Solved Problems 9.19—9.20 9.5.3. Viscous Resistance of Collar Bearing Solved Problems 921—9.22 © 4. f Ds riction in Viscous Flow 1,7. Movement of Piston in Dash-pot 9.8. Methods of Determination of Co-efficient of Viscosity . 9.8.1. Capillary Tube Method . 9.8.2. Falling Sphere Resistance Method 9.8.3. Rotating Cylinder Method 9.8.4, Orifice Type Viscometer 882 a2 386 392 395 209 393 402 402, 403 406 407 407 408 409 410 412 413 41d 414 415 416 417 418 422, 424, Highlights Exercise9 Chapter 10. Turbulent Flow 428-459 428 428 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Reynolds Experiment 10.3. Frictional Loss in Pipe Flow 10.3.1. Exprossion for Loss of Head Due to Friction in Pipes 10.3.2. Expression for Co-efficient of Friction in Terms of Shear Stress 10.4. Shear Stress in Turbulent Flow 10.4.1. Reynold Expression for Turbulent Shear Stress sae 432 10.4.2. Prandt] Mixing Length Theory for ‘Turbulent Shear Stress e& 8 B(avi) 10.5, Velocity Distribution in Turbulent Flow in Pipes 10.5.1. Hydrodynamically Smooth and Rough Boundaries 10.5.2. Velocity Distribution for Turbulent Flow in Smooth Pipes 10.5.3. Velocity Distribution for Turbulent Flow in Rough Pipes Solved Problems 10.1—10.4 10.5.4. Velocity Distribution for Turbulent Flow in Terms of Average Velocity Solved Problems 10.5—10.6 Velocity Distribution for Turbulent Flow Smooth Pipes by Power Law 10.6, Resistance of Smooth and Rough Pipes Solved Problems 10.7—10.13 Highlights Exercise —10 BREEE BE 88 8 8 B Chapter ii, Flow Through Pip Li. Introduction, 11.2. Loss of Energy in Pipes 11.8. Loss of Energy (or head) Due to Friction Solved Problems 11.1—11.7 lia, Minor Energy (Head) Losses 11.4.1. Loss of Head Due to Sudden Enlargement Tg Tan. of Hand Due to Rudden Contraction Solved Problems 11.8—11.14 11.4.3. Loss of Head at the Entrance of a Pipe 11.4.4. Loss of Head at the Exit of Pipe BOL f Head D 0 5 ina Pipe 11.4.6. Loss of Head Due to Bend in Pipe 11.4.7. Loss of Head in Varioys Pipe Fittings Solved Problems 11.15—11.21 1.5. Hydraulic Gradient_and Total Energy Line 11.5.1, Hydraulic Gradient Line 11.6.2. Total Energy Line Solved Problems 11.22—11.26 11.6, Flow Through Syphon Solved Problems 11.27—11.29 11.7. Flow Through Pipes in Series or Flow Through Compound Pipes 3 SEBBBEBE BEBBESRESA~ RSBBBBBBBB LLA. Equivalent Fipe LLS. Flow Through Parallel Pipes 11.10. Flow Through Branched Pipes Solved Problems 11.42—11.44(xvii) «Power Transmission Through Pipes wi 525 Thee ere ‘Transmission of Power “ 526 11.112. Maximum Efficiency of Transmission of Power 526 Flow Through Nozzles . 30 11.12.1, Power Transmitted Through Nozzle a a2 Beanie ian Bee Transmitted Through Nozzle “4 532 11.123. Diameter of Nozzle for Maximum ‘Transmission of Power Through Nozzle Iv 7 1.4811. . Water Hammer in Pipes Ee 536. 11.13.1, Gradual Closure of Valve Pe 537 11.13.2, Sudden Closure of Valve and Pipe is Rigid .. 537 11.13.3. Sudden Closure of Valve and Pipe is Elastic ... 538 11.13.4. Time Taken by Pressure Wave to Travel from the Valve to the Tank and from Tank to the Valve “ 540 Solved Problems 11.52—11.55 oy 540 Pipe ork 542 11.14.1, Hardy Cross Method " 543 Highlights we 847 Exercise— 11 . 549 Chapter 12. Dimensional and Model Analysis 554-605 12.1. Introduction 554 122. Secondary or Derived Quantities 554 Solved Problem 12.1 . ‘555 Dimensional Homogeneity - 566 Methods of Dimensional Analysis 556 12.4.1, Rayleigh’s Method ws 556 12.4.2. Buckingham’s x-Theorem ~ 560 12.4.3. Method of Selecting Repeating Variables 12.4.4. Procedure for Solving Problems by Buckingham’s Theorem Solved Problems 12.8—12.14 12.5. Model Analysis 12.6, Similitude-Types of Similarities 12.7. Types of Forces Acting in Moving Fluid 8. Dimensionless Numbers 12.8.1, Reynold’s Number (R,) 12.8.2. Froude's Number (F,) 12.8.3. Euler's Number E,) 12.8.4. Weber's Number (W,) 12.8.5 Mach’s Number Of BESRS3aSS82 &wii) Model Laws or Similarity Laws owe 578 12.9.1, Reynold's Model Law - 8aB Solved Problems 12.15—12.18 579 12.9.2. Froude Model Law 582 219-125 585 12.9.8. Euler’s Model Law 590 2.9.4. Weber Model Law 591 12.9.5. Mach Model Law 591 Solved Problem 12.28 i 592 12,10, Model Testing of Partially Submerged Bodies 593 12.11, Classification of Models ote 599 12.11.1. Undistorted Models ae 599 1211.2. Distorted Models 600 12.11.38. Scale Ratios for Distorted Madels 00 Solved Problem 12.33 601 Highlights 601 Exercise—12 - 602 13.2.1. Laminar Boundary Layer os 607 13.2.2. Turbulent Boundary Layer wi 608 13.2.3. Laminar Sub-layer 408 13.2.4. Boundary Layer Thickness (5) 608 13.2.5. Displacement Thickness (5*) 608 13.2.6. Momentum Thickness (0) 610 13.2.7. Energy Thickness (8"*) 610 Solved Problems 13.1—13.2 61 13.8. Drag Force on a Flat Plate Due to Boundary Layer 614 13.3.1. Local Co-effieient of Drag [Cp"! siz 13.8.2. Average Co-efficient of Drag (Cy) ve air 1.3.3. Boundary Conditions for the Velocity Profiles a alr Solved Problems 13.18.12 az 15.4. Turbulent Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate 633 Solved Problem 13.13 633 13.5. Analysis of Turbulent Boundary Layer sea 636 13.6, Total Drag on a Flat Plate Due to Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layer ste 636 Solved Problems 19.14—18.17 637 1.1. Separation of Boundary Lay - 4a Boundary Layer Separation 643 13.7.2. Location of Separation Point 644 Solved Problem 13.18 om 645(xix) 13.7.3. Methods of Preventing the Separation of Boundary Layer a 646 Highlights : 646 Exercise—13 i 648 Chapter 14. Forces on Submerged Bodies 651-806 14... Introduction 651 14.2. Fores Exerted by a Flowing Fluid on a Stationary Body 651 142.1, Drag 2 652 14.2.2. Lift 65! 14.5, Expression for Drag and Lift 652 14.3.1. Dimensional Analysis of Drag and Lift - 653 ve 14.15, Bd 14.8.2. Pressure Drag and Friction Drag 664 14.3.3. Stream-lined Body 665 14.3.4. Bluff Body a 665 14.4. Drag on a Sphere ae 665 Solved Problem 14.16 4.4. 14.5. Terminal Velocity of a Body " 667 Solved Problems 14.17—14.20 667 14.6. Drag on a Cylinder 3 671 14.7. Development of Lift on a Circular Cylinder 2 671 14.7.1. Flow of Ideal Fh Cylinder " 672 14.7.2. Flow Pattern Around the Cylinder Imparted to the Cylinder 672 14.7.3 Expression for Lift Force Acting on Rotating Cylinder 674 14.7.4. Drag Force Acting on a Rotating Cylinder... 676 14.7.5. Expression for Lift Co-efficient for Rotating Cylinder oo 676 14.7.6. Location of Stagnation Points for a Rotating Cylinder in a Uniform Flow-field 677 14.7.7. Magnus Effect 67 Solved Problems 14.21—14.23 677 14.8. Development of Lift on an Airfoil ‘ 680 14.8.1. Steady-state of a Flying Object a 681 Solved Problems 14.24—14.25 oe 681 Highlights 8 683 Exercise—14 684 Chapter 15. Compressible Flow 687-730 15.1. Introduction é 687 15.2. Thermodynamic Relations 687 687 15.2.1. Equation of State & 15.2.2. Expansion and Compression of Perfect Gas ... 688