Well Completions

Elements of completions include:

casing
cement
perforating and sand or gravel packs
production equipment: tubing, packers
stimulation
surface flow control - wellhead or Christmas tree
Casing & Cement
1. supports the sides of hole
2. prevents unwanted
communication of fluids and
pressure between different
formations,
3. particularly to protect fresh water
zone near the surface
4. allows control of pressures
5. provides a 'base- for surface and
subsurface equipment
Cementing

Schematic of cement
placement

Courtesy of Allen & Roberts

 Cementing

Cross-section
Illustrating
Potential fluid
migration

Courtesy of Allen & Roberts

 CC: 20127800 Spud Date 06/30/04
KB: 22' WI: 100% NRI: 100%

Wellbore Diagram GL: 413' 11" 5000PSI X 9-5/8" SOW casing head

And History 9 5/8", 36 lb/ft, K-55,LTC @ 932'. Cemented w/ 380 sks June 2004 - Well drilled
7/21/2004 - Perforate Pettet, breakdown w/ PPI tool
7/29/2004 - Acidize Pettet comp w/ 6000 gals 15% HCl
9/10/2004 - Relocate packer to 7287' to isolate lwr perfs
11/20/2004 - Perf, breakdown, and acidize Transition zone

223 jts. 2-3/8 4.7# L-80 8rd tbg

Weatherford AS1-X @ 7,212'

EOT @ 7,219.35'
Pettet Completion (7/2004)
Perf: 7239-45', 7250-54', 7268-70', 7288-90', 7298-302'
7315-19', 7324-30', 7337-40', 7372 -76'; 7395-97'
Perforate 4 SPF, top down 15% HCL
Breakdown and Acidize each interval.

Transition Zone (11/2004)

Perfs: 7456-52', 7472-80' w/ 4 SPF
Breakdown and acidize w/ 1400 gals 15% HCl
Commingle w/ Pettet

Travis Peak - Fluvial (12/2004)

Perf: 7705-12', 7669-82'; 7645-48'
CO2 Frac w/ 47,000 # 20/40 resin coated

5 1/2", 17&15.5# K-55 LTC@ 7,825' Cmt w/1070sxs

TD: 7,825' MD

Directions: At Buffalo, turn right onto FM 75 & go 1000 yards, turn left onto FM 164. Travel 18 miles on FM 164 to FM 3371, turn left onto 3371 & go
approx 8.1 miles to LCR 750. Turn left onto LCR 750 & go approx. 7 mile to location on the right.
Openhole completion

Perforated completion
Perforating

Charge detonation Perf tunnel in test target

Courtesy of Schlumberger
 Perforating

Courtesy of Schlumberger Courtesy of Halliburton

Techniques for perforating wells
 Openhole Cavity Completion
Procedure
Set casing at top of Fruitland
zone
Drill the Fruitland underbalanced
Surge the coal, inducing
significant caving and sloughing,
forming a cavity
As a result, stress relief occurs in
the coal opening the natural
fractures
Run an uncemented liner with
predrilled perforations
Run lift equipment if necessary
Pre-perforated liner
Gravel pack completion
 Stimulation hydraulic fracturing
Developed in the 1940s, today hydraulic fracturing (fracing) is widespread as a
result of technological advances and the need to tap previously believed
uneconomic resources.
Hydraulic fracturing is the injection primarily of water and sand under high
pressure into the producing formation, creating fissures in the rock that allows a
pathway for oil and gas to migrate to the wellbore
Hydraulic fracturing occurs at great depths, typically 5- 10,000 ft.

Simplified diagram of equipment for hydraulic fracturing

(source: U.S. D.O.E.)
Stimulation
Stimulation hydraulic fracturing

Pressures, stresses and rock properties involved in vertical fracture propagation

(Allen & Roberts, 1982)
Stimulation hydraulic fracturing
Stimulation
 Stimulation hydraulic fracturing

Frac fluid is typically 99.5%

water and sand and 0.5%
chemically based additives.
The Frac fluids open the
fracture and transport
proppant
The Proppants (sand)hold the
fracture open and provide a
highly conductive path for Jacob Garza of Cheapeake Energy pours a
fluid to flow into the chemical mixture called cross linked gel that is
mixed with sand used in the hydraulic
wellbore fracturing process at a Chesapeake site in South
Texas' Eagle Ford Shale (Photo: John
Davenport/San Antonio Express-News)
Stimulation hydraulic fracturing
Typical shale Fracturing Mixture Makeup Typical Chemical Additives Used in Frac
Water
Compound Purpose Common application
Helps dissolve minerals and
Acids initiate fissure in rock (pre- Swimming pool cleaner
fracture)

Allows a delayed
Sodium Chloride breakdown of the gel Table salt
polymer chains

Minimizes the friction Water treatment, soil

Polyacrylamide
between fluid and pipe conditioner

Prevents scale deposits in
Ethylene Glycol
the pipe
Automotive anti-freeze,
deicing agent, household
cleaners

Maintains fluid viscosity as Laundry detergent, hand

Borate Salts
temperature increases soap, cosmetics

Maintains effectiveness of Washing soda, detergent,

Sodium/Potassium
other components, such as sopa, water softener, glass,
Carbonate
crosslinkers ceramics

Disinfectant, sterilization of
Eliminates bacteria in the
Glutaraldehyde medical and dental
water
equipment

Thickens the water to
Guar Gum
suspend the sand
Thickener in cosmetics,
baked goods, ice cream,
toothpaste, sauces

Prevents precipitation of Food additive; food and

Citric Acid
metal oxides beverages, lemon juice

Used to increase the

Glass cleaner,
Isopropanol viscosity of the fracture
antiperspirant, hair coloring
fluid

Source: DOE, GWPC: Modern Gas Shale Development in the United States: A Primer (2009)
 Technical challenges stimulation
1500
Well A

1000
Well C
500

More Monitor
Well Well B
0

South-North (ft)
complex
configuration? -500
Frac
Well
-1000

Well D
-1500

-2000

Well E
-2500
FRACTURE DIAGNOSTICS -
MICROSEISMIC
-3000
-1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Courtesy of Devon West-East (ft)

 Technical challengesstimulation
Multi-Zone
Stimulation 7100
Gamma Log Unequal Distribution
Unequal Fracturing 7200 of Fracturing
Activity
Activity
7300

Depth (ft)
Some Sands 7400

Unstimulated
7500

Depleted Sands May 7600

Side View

Fracture Most 7700

-400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400
Distance Along Fracture (ft)

FRACTURE DIAGNOSTICS - MICROSEISMIC

Lenticular Sandstone Case
Technical challenges Gamma Ray
0 100 200
production performance 4500

How to acquire continuous,

realtime, insitu monitoring of 5000

production, pressure data?

5500

20 to 40 pay Intervals

Depth (ft)
over 3000 ft 6000

How to identify bypassed pay 6500

zones?
How to stimulate multiple pay 7000
zones?

7500
Horizontal well completions
Technical challengesstimulation
Technical challengesstimulation

Example of MSG for multiple stages in a horizontal well