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Page 15 of 19
Summary

The CHALLENGE OF STATEHOOD

Part one. AR Federation and the political status of both parts of

Armenia in 1917
Lilit Hr. Hovhannisyan

Key words - ARF Dashnaktsutyun, Western Armenia, East-

ern Armenia, Transcaucasia, autonomy, independence, the right
of nations to self - determination, H. Zavriyan, Rostom (Stepan
Zoryan), Russian Provisional Government, Armenian question,
Armenian separate army corps.

() , 3 (59), -, 2017
In 1905 Caucasus Project ARF Dashnaktsutyun brought up a proposal out of
necessity to settle of the issue of Western and Eastern Armenias political status
separately. In 1907 the idea was fixed in the Party program, and in 1914 it was
approved by the Eighth General Assembly of ARF. It was set a task to achieve
broad autonomy for Western Armenia within the Ottoman state, and to demand
autonomy for Eastern Armenia within the Federal Republic of Transcaucasia; the
latter was to be an integral part of the Russian Federative Republic. After an-
nexation of Western Armenia by the Russian army in 1915 - 1916 only one change
was made in demand of autonomy for Western Armenia - that is the word Ot-
toman was replaced by the word Russian, respectively. The claim of Western
Armenias autonomy did not contradict to idea of its independence, moreover it
was considered to be a feasible intermediate phase on the way of the real pre-
paring for and attaining independence for the Western Armenia.
The victory of the February revolution in Russia in 1917 created prerequisites
for the realization of the program aims of ARF Dashnaktsutyun. Thanks to the ef-
forts of ARF, in particular H. Zavriyan, Lip. Nazaryants and A. Chilingirian, on
April 26 (May 9) Russian Provisional Government adopted decision On gover-
nance of the war by right conquered regions of Turkish Armenia, by which the
civil administration of Russian army conquered Western Armenia was withdrawn

from the Caucasian authorities, as well as military authorities of Caucasian Front

and was handed over directly to the Provisional Government henceforth the final
decision on the provinces status due to the peace treaty. So, a status of a sepa-
rate administrative unit in the Russian state was passed to Western Armenia. This
decision, as well as the instructions, given by the Provisional Government on May
15 to the General Commissioner of Western Armenia, established a legal basis to
consolidate Armenians in western armenian territories and to achieve the auton-
omy. In late 1917, about 150 thousand Armenian refugees returned to their
homeland - Western Armenia. The socio - economic, political and cultural life of
Western Armenians became organized and noticeably active.
It was important also to ensure the physical security and protection of Arme-
nian population and Armenia not only from Turks and Kurds attacks and rob-

Page 16 of 19
bery, but also from the possible attacks of the Turkish army. For this purpose
ARF Dashnaktsutyun (Rostom (Stepan Zoryan) and Lip. Nazaryants) made efforts
to move the Armenian soldiers and officers of the Russian army to Armenia and
create an Armenian separate army corps, due to the Provisional Governments
policy of the nationalization of the army. So was founded the Armenian national
army. This played a decisive role not only to save the Armenian people from
physical extermination during the Turkish invasion to Western Armenia and
Transcaucasia in 1918, but also to restore the independent statehood on the small
part of historical Armenia.
The problem of the political status of Eastern Armenia was essential as well
for ARF. In the summer of 1917 the Party brought forth a project to the Russian
central and Transcaucasian local authorities on administrative repartition of
Transcaucasian region, worked out by Av. Shakhatunyan. According to the proj-
ect, it was proposed to separate mountainous regions largely populated by Arme-
nians from the Muslim - dominated lowland regions, so as to found an Armenian
Canton in the Armenian highlands, including therein the Erivan Province, the
mountainous - Armenian part of the Elizavetpol Province, the Akhalqalaq county
from Tiflis Province, the Armenian part of the Borchaloo county, Kars and Kaghz-
van counties of the Kars region. The Georgians and the Tatars were against the
creation of the Armenian Canton, having territorial claims towards the Armenian
territories, while the Provisional Government did not realize it because of its
short existence.
In conditions of the Russian armys defeats in Western Front, as well as the
Provisional Governments political crisis, the increasing Bolshevik threat the ARF
Dashnaktsutyun raised the issue of self - determination and independence of
Western Armenia, strengthening political ties with the US and European coun-
tries in order to obtain guarantees of international supervision, if necessary. But
the realization of this idea became impossible in 1917 because of the Bolshevik
governments yielding policy towards Quadruple Alliance countries in the name
of prompt signing of separate peace treaty, as well as the German - Turkish mili-
tary and diplomatic pressure, the withdrawal of Russian troops from Western
Armenia, the insufficiency of human, economic and military resources therein.

Page 17 of 19


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150 . - -
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Page 19 of 19