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Sneakers
Sneakers (also known as athletic shoes, tennis shoes, gym shoes,
runners, takkies, or trainers) are shoes primarily designed for sports or
other forms of physical exercise, but which are now also often used for
everyday wear. The term generally describes a type of footwear with a flexible
sole made of rubber or synthetic material and an upper part made of leather or
synthetic materials. Examples of such shoes include athletic footwear such as:
basketball shoes, tennis shoes, cross trainers and other shoes worn for specific
sports.
A pair of Converse sneakers

Contents
1 Names and etymology
2 History
2.1 Post-War
3 Use in sports
3.1 Running shoes
4 Notable brands
5 Types and number of models
6 Sneaker culture
7 See also
8 References
9 External links

Names and etymology

The term "sneakers" is most commonly used in the Northeastern United States and Southern Florida.[1][2] It is also used in
North Carolina, Australia and Canada. The British English equivalent of "sneaker" in its modern form is "trainer". In
some urban areas in the United States, the slang for sneakers is kicks. Other terms include training shoes or trainers
(British English), sandshoes, gym boots or joggers (Geordie English in the UK[3]), running shoes, runners or
gutties (Canadian English, Australian English and Scottish English), runners in Hiberno-English, sneakers (North
American English) and (Australian English), tennis shoes (North American English and Australian English), gym
shoes, tennies, sports shoes, sneaks, takkies (South African English[4] and Hiberno-English), rubber shoes
(Philippine English) or canvas shoes (Nigerian English).

Plimsolls (British English) are "low tech" athletic shoes, and are also called 'sneakers' in American English and 'daps' in
Welsh English. The word "sneaker" is often attributed to American Henry Nelson McKinney who was an advertising agent
for N. W. Ayer & Son. In 1917, he used the term because the rubber sole made the shoe stealthy. The word was already in
use at least as early as 1887, as the Boston Journal made reference to "sneakers" as "the name boys give to tennis shoes."

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The name "sneakers" originally referred to how quiet the rubber soles were on the ground, in contrast to noisy standard
hard leather sole dress shoes. Someone wearing sneakers could "sneak up" on someone while someone wearing standards
could not.[5]

Earlier the name "sneaks" had been used by prison inmates to refer to warders because of the rubber-soled shoes they
wore.[6]

History
These shoes acquired the nickname 'plimsoll' in the 1870s, derived according to Nicholette Jones' book The Plimsoll
Sensation, from the coloured horizontal band joining the upper to the sole, which resembled the Plimsoll line on a ship's
hull. Alternatively, just like the Plimsoll line on a ship, if water got above the line of the rubber sole, the wearer would get
wet.[7]

Plimsolls were widely worn by vacationers and also began to be worn by sportsmen on the tennis and croquet courts for
their comfort. Special soles with engraved patterns to increase the surface grip of the shoe were developed, and these were
ordered in bulk for the use of the British Army. Athletic shoes were increasingly used for leisure and outdoor activities at
the turn of the 20th century - plimsolls were even found with the ill-fated Scott Antarctic expedition of 1911. Plimsolls were
made compulsory in schools' physical education lessons in the UK.

British company J.W. Foster and Sons designed and produced the first shoes designed for running in 1895; the shoes were
spiked to allow for greater traction and speed. The company sold its high-quality handmade running shoes to athletes
around the world, eventually receiving a contract for the manufacture of running shoes for the British team in the 1924
Summer Olympics - Harold Abrahams and Eric Liddell won the 100-m and 400-m events, kitted out with Foster's running
gear.[8]

This style of footwear also became prominent in America at the turn of the
20th century, where they were called 'sneakers'. In 1892, the U.S. Rubber
Company introduced the first rubber-soled shoes in the country, sparking a
surge in demand and production. The first basketball shoes were designed
by Spalding as early as 1907. The market for sneakers grew after World War
I, when sports and athletics increasingly became a way to demonstrate
moral fiber and patriotism. The U.S. market for sneakers grew steadily as
young boys lined up to buy sneakers endorsed by football player Jim
Thorpe and Converse All Stars endorsed by basketball player Chuck Taylor.

During the interwar period, athletic shoes began to be marketed for

different sports, and differentiated designs were made available for men
and women. Athletic shoes were used by competing athletes at the A pair of white athletic shoes with pink
Olympics, helping to popularise athletic shoes among the general public. In accents
1936, a French brand, Spring Court,[9] marketed the first canvas tennis shoe
featuring signature eight ventilation channels on a vulcanised natural
rubber sole.

Adolf "Adi" Dassler began producing his own sports shoes in his mother's wash kitchen in Herzogenaurach, Bavaria, after
his return from World War I, and went on to establish one of the leading athletic shoe manufacturers, Adidas.[10] He also
successfully marketed his shoes to athletes at the 1936 Summer Olympics, which helped cement his good reputation.
Business boomed and the Dasslers were selling 200,000 pairs of shoes each year before World War II.[11]

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A large pile of low-quality athletic shoes for
sale at a market in Hong Kong
Post-War
During the 1950s, leisure opportunities greatly expanded, and
children and adolescents began to wear sneakers as school dress
codes relaxed. Sneaker sales rose so high, they began to adversely
impact on the sales of conventional leather shoes, leading to a fierce
advertising war for market share in the late '50s. In the 1970s,
jogging for exercise became increasingly popular, and trainers
designed specifically for comfort while jogging sold well. Companies
also started to market their products as a lifestyle choice. Soon,
shoes were available for football, jogging, basketball, running, etc.
Every sport had its own shoe, made possible by podiatrist
development of athletic shoe technology.

During the 1990s, shoe companies perfected their fashion and marketing skills. Sports endorsements grew larger, and
marketing budgets went through the roof. Sneakers became a fashion statement and definition of identity and personality
rather than humble athletic aids.[12]

From 1970 (5 models) over 1998 (285 models) to 2012 (3,371), the number of sport shoe models in the U.S. has grown
exponentially.[13]

Use in sports
The term 'athletic shoes' is typically used for shoes utilized for running
in a marathon or half marathon, basketball, and tennis (among others),
but tends to exclude shoes for sports played on grass such as association
football and rugby football, which are generally known as 'studs' or in
North America as 'cleats'.

Attributes of an athletic shoe include a flexible sole, appropriate tread

for the function, and ability to absorb impact. As the industry and Road runners New Balance 750v1 after
designs have expanded, the term "athletic shoes" is based more on the marathon event
design of the bottom of the shoe than the aesthetics of the top of the
shoe. Today's designs include sandals, Mary Janes, and even elevated
styles suitable for running, dancing, and jumping.

The shoes themselves are made of flexible compounds, typically featuring a sole made of dense rubber. While the original
design was basic, manufacturers have since tailored athletic shoes for their specific purposes. An example of this is the
spiked shoe developed for track running. Many of these shoes are made up to very large sizes for athletes with large feet.

Running shoes
Running shoes come in a range of shapes suited to different running styles/abilities. Generally, they are divided by
running style: the majority are for heel-toe joggers/runners which are further subdivided into 'neutral', 'overpronation'
and 'underpronation'.[14][15] These are constructed with a complex structure of "rubber" with plastic/metal stiffeners to
restrict foot movement. More advanced runners tend to wear flatter and flexible shoes, which allow them to run more
quickly with greater comfort.

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According to the NPD Group, one in four pairs of running shoes that were sold in the United States in 2016 were bought
from an online retailer.[16]

Notable brands
As of 2015, brands with global popularity include: Nike, Air Jordan, ASICS, Babolat, Brooks, Converse, DC, Diadora,
Dunlop, Ethletic, Feiyue, Fila, Hoka One One, Hummel, Kappa, Karhu, K-Swiss, Keds, Lescon, Merrell, Mizuno, New
Balance, Lotto, Adidas, Onitsuka Tiger, PF Flyers, Pony, Pro-Keds, Puma, Reebok, Saucony, Skechers, Umbro, Under
Armour, and Vans.

Types and number of models

High-tops cover the ankle.
Low-tops or oxfords do not cover the ankle.
Mid-cut sneakers are in-between high-tops and low-tops.
Sneaker boots extend to the calf.
Slip-ons like low-tops/oxfords do not cover the ankle and don't have laces.
Low-top CVO (Circular Vamp Oxford) like low-tops do not cover the ankle but unlike low-tops have a vamp in a
circular form and typically 4 to 5 eyelets.
High-top CVO (Circular Vamp Oxford) like high-tops cover the ankle and also have a circular vamp.
A variety of specialised shoes are designed for specific uses:

Approach shoe
Bowling shoes - have harder rubber soles designed specifically not to damage bowling alleys
Cleats
Climbing shoe
Cross trainers
Dance shoe
Football boot
Golf shoes - most have spikes for better grip in grass terrain
Hiking shoes - have stiff upper; offer good ankle support even on uneven terrain and good traction of the sole
Racing flats
Skate shoes
Track shoe
Wrestling shoes
From 1970 (5 models) over 1998 (285 models) to 2012 (3,371), the number of sport shoe models in the U.S. has grown
exponentially.[13]

Sneaker culture
Sneakers have become an important part of hip hop (primarily Pumas, Nike,
and Adidas) and rock 'n roll (Converse, Macbeth) cultures since the 1970s. Hip
hop artists sign million dollar deals with major brands such as Nike, Adidas, or
Puma to promote their shoes.[17] Sneaker collectors, called "sneakerheads", use
sneakers as fashionable items. Artistically-modified sneakers can sell for
upwards of $1000 at exclusive establishments like Saks Fifth Avenue.[18] In
Exhibition The Rise of Sneaker
2005, a documentary, Just for Kicks, about the sneaker phenomenon and Culture at the Brooklyn Museum
history was released.[19].

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See also
List of shoe styles
Comparison of orthotics

References
1. Katz, Josh (25 October 2016). Speaking American: How Yall, Youse, and You Guys Talk: A Visual Guide (https://smil
e.amazon.com/Speaking-American-Youse-Illustrated-Guide/dp/0544703391?sa-no-redirect=1). Houghton Mifflin
Harcourt. pp. 45. ISBN 0544703391. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
2. Hickey, Walter (5 June 2013). "22 Maps That Show How Americans Speak English Totally Differently From One
Another" (http://www.businessinsider.com/22-maps-that-show-the-deepest-linguistic-conflicts-in-america-2013-6?op=
1). Business Insider. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
3. "Geordie Dictionary" (http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/GeordieDictionary.html). www.englandsnortheast.co.uk.
Retrieved 2017-03-09.
4. Pettman, Charles (1913). Africanderisms: A Glossary of South African Colloquial Words and Phrases and of Place
and Other Names (https://books.google.com/books?id=0TYZswEACAAJ). CreateSpace Independent Publishing
Platform. p. 491. ISBN 1515051226.
5. Mental Floss magazine, Sept-Oct 2008
6. Robinson, Frederick William (1863). Female life in prison, by a prison matron (https://books.google.com/books?id=ko
4BAAAAQAAJ&oe=UTF-8). Hurst and Blackett. ISBN 9781341245022.
7. Susie Dent (2011). How to Talk Like a Local: From Cockney to Geordie (https://books.google.com/books?id=uWKp52
--eoYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s). Random House. p. 99. ISBN 9781409061953.
8. Foster, Rachael. "Foster's Famous Shoes" (http://www.boltonrevisited.org.uk/p-fosters-shoes.html). Bolton Revisited.
Retrieved 15 October 2015.
9. "Running Shoes for Plantar Fasciitis Men & Women" (http://www.yourcomfyfeet.com/). Your Comfy Feet. Retrieved
15 October 2015.
10. Smit, Barbara (2009). Sneaker Wars. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-124658-6.
11. "How Adidas and PUMA were born" (http://in.rediff.com/sports/2005/nov/08adi.htm). in.rediff.com. 8 November 2005.
Retrieved 26 September 2010.
12. Pribut, Stephen M. "A Sneaker Odyssey." (http://www.drpribut.com/sports/sneaker_odyssey.html) Dr. Stephen M.
Pribut's Sport Pages. 2002. Web. 23 June 2010.
13. Aichner, T. and Coletti, P. 2013. Customers' online shopping preferences in mass customization. Journal of Direct,
Data and Digital Marketing Practice, 15(1): 20-35.
14. "Understand pronation to get the correct running shoes" (http://comforthacks.com/understand-pronation-to-get-the-cor
rect-running-shoes/). Comfort Hacks. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
15. Marius Bakken. "Fitting Your Running Shoes to Your Feet" (http://www.runningshoeswizard.com/). Retrieved
2009-04-24.
16. Chesto, Jon (2017-07-19). "New City Sports owners plot revival of Boston brand" (https://www.bostonglobe.com/busin
ess/2017/07/19/new-city-sports-owners-plot-revival-boston-brand/TNSOVoB0UBv7WN0pvZaTHO/story.html). The
Boston Globe. Retrieved 2017-07-20.
17. Belzer, Jason. "Sneaker Wars: Kanye West Signs Deal With Adidas, Drake With Jordan Brand" (https://www.forbes.c
om/sites/jasonbelzer/2013/12/05/sneaker-wars-kanye-west-signs-deal-with-adidas-drake-with-jordan-brand/#1029f86
c7250). Forbes. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
18. 2014 Saks Fifth Avenue catalog
19. History of Sneakers http://theidleman.com/history-of-sneakers

External links
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