Phng th nghim, thc nghim l ni tp trung ti sn c gi tr ln v kinh t v khoa hc k thut:

H thng my vi tnh, my iu ho nhit , my ht m cng h thng thit b in, phc v cho

ging dy hc tp v nghin cu khoa hc. Bn cnh , thng thng phng my vi tnh c trang
b h thng rm ca trnh chi sng v h thng bn g, gi k k my, do vy ti trng cht chy
tng ln rt nhiu. Ti cc phng my tnh l ni c nguy him chy cao bi s xut hin ngun nhit
do ngn mch, qu ti trn h thng dy dn in. c im nguy him chy xy ra trong phng my
vi tnh khi hc sinh thc hnh d dn n hong lon do s b in git, do c nhiu khi kh c ta
ra khi chy nha, bn gh trong iu kin thiu kh. Chy n phng th nghim thng l nhng m
chy ha cht. Tuy nhin, khc vi mt m chy ha cht thng thng xy ra ti cc nh my ha
cht, s lng ha cht gy chy trong phng th nghim ha hc khng ln, tuy nhin chng loi
ha cht trong phng th nghim rt phong ph v c nhng ha cht c bit nguy him khi xy ra
chy n nh kim loi kim, kim th, axt cc loi bnh nn kh oxi, cn 90 o, cc hidrocacbon

Chy phng th nghim ni xy ra s vic

Xc nh chy, n ti phng th nghim ni chung v trng hc ni ring thng gy tm l hoang
mang cho ngi dn v gy nh hng khng tt n cng ng. Trong thi gian qua, Cnh st
PC&CC ch ng phi hp vi cc Trng hc ph thng, c s gio dc trn a bn Thnh
ph t chc tuyn truyn, ph bin kin thc PCCC v thc hnh k nng thot nn khi c chy, n
xy ra cho cc i tng l gio vin v hc sinh, sinh vin, trong ni dung tuyn truyn lun ch
trng phn tch v ra cc bin php an ton PCCC ti phng th nghim.
Trong trng hp xy ra chy, n th cch tt nht m gio vin v hc sinh nn lm l g?
Khi phng th nghim ha hc b chy, cn lu :
- Ngt ton b h thng in
- a ton b cc ha cht cha b chy ra ngoi, ch s nguy him v c hi ca chng, c
bit l cc ha cht c dn nhn nguy him chy n.
- Cn c vo loi ha cht c mt ch yu trong PTN m s dng cc phng tin v cht cha
chy ph hp. C th nh sau:
Nc: Nc c tc dng thm t, lm ngui, dp tt la v phng la lan rng khi phun l n
cc vt liu cha kp di chuyn gn ch chy. Tt nht l s dng nc phun tia nh vi git nc
c kch thc c 0,3-0,8 mm. Nc s dng c hiu qu khi dp chy cc vt rn thng thng nh
g, giy, than, cao su, vi v mt s cht lng ha tan trong nc (axit hu c, axeton, ru bc
thp)
Khng s dng nc khi:
Khng c s dng nc dp m chy ni c cc thit b ang c in.
Khng c s dng nc trong khu vc chy c cc cht phn ng mnh vi nc
Khng c s dng nc dp m chy hydrocacbon v cc cht lng khng ha tan trong nc
l c t trng nh hn nc. Cc cht ny ni ln mt nc v lm m chy lan rng
Khng c s dng nc v rt nguy him khi chy do du, cc cht lng c nhit cao hoc cc
cht rn nng chy d si, n, si bt
Nc c th lm h hng nhiu loi my mc thit b
Bnh CO2: CO2 c nn p sut cao (thng l 60atm). Khi CO 2 lng bay hi s lm lnh v bao
ph vng chy bi dng tuyt kh.
u im: D s dng, nht l trong cc m chy nh, CO 2 khng lm h hng my mc thit b, k
c thit b ang c in. Lng CO 2 trong bnh c xc nh bng cch cn bnh.
Khng c s dng CO 2 trong cc trng hp sau:
- Chy qun o trn ngi (do tuyt CO 2 lnh s lm hi phn da h)
- Chy kim loi kim, magie, cc cht chy c kh nng tch oxy (peroxit, clorat, nitrat kali,
permanganat), cc cht lng c kim nh nhm ankyl (tuy nhin khi kim loi kim v cc cht c
kim ang s dng trong dung mi hu c chy m vn c th s dng CO 2)
- CO2 t hiu qu khi dp la do cc vt liu mc nt chy
Vi Amian: Dng dp chy din tch nh (<1 m 2). Vi amian khng chy, ngn cch oxy khng
kh vi vt chy dp la. Ch m vi amian ph ln m chy khi nhit xung thp, trnh
s bng chy tr li ca vt liu d chy. lm ngui nhanh, c th dng bnh bt CO 2 phun ln
vi amian dp la khi chy qun o trn ngi. Tuy nhin amian l vt liu b hn ch s dng v
c th gy c hi cho con ngi.
Ct kh: Ct kh c th s dng dp m chy cha nhng lng nh cht lng, cht rn khi
khng c dng nc dp chy.
Bnh bt ha hc cm tay:
Bnh cha dung dch Natri bicarbonat (NaHCO 3) v cht hot ng b mt, trong bnh cn c mt
cc thy tinh hoc PE cha axit sulfuric hoc hn hp axit sunfuric v st sulfat S dng: Lt ngc
bnh, NaHCO3 phn ng vi axit sunfuric sinh ra CO 2 to bt, cch ly ngn la v khng kh, lm
ngui vt chy.
Nhc im: Bt cha axit v mui dn in tt ch s dng khi ngt mi ngun in. Khng
s dng c ni c cc cht c th phn ng vi nc gy n, tch kh chy, kh n mn, ta
nhit (VD: c ha cht peroxit, hidrua, cacbua, anhidrit, c kim). Khng s dng c ni c
thit b, ha cht c th b n mn, h hng v bt cha chy. Thng ch dng dp cc m chy
ln khi cc phng tin khc t hiu qu
Bnh bt kh cm tay: Cha dung dch cht to bt nng 6% + CO2 nn np ring. S dng khi
bt kha, CO2 to p sut khong 10atm, phun ra ko theo dung dch to bt
Nhc im: Ging bnh to bt ha hc cm tay
Bnh bt cm tay: Bnh cha bt dp chy (VD: natri cacbonat v ph gia, amoni phosphat v ph
gia, hoc mt s cht khc) + kh tr nn trong mt bnh nh gn vi v bnh. S dng dp chy
khi khng c cc phng tin dp chy khc, hoc cc phng tin dp chy khc km hiu
qu. Hiu qu tt khi dp cc m chy kim loi kim, kim th, c kim, hydrua kim loi. t c hi,
t hoc khng lm h hng thit b, khng c nguy c b in git.
Nhc im: Lp bt ph phi dy khng b chy bng tr li. Ty bt np bnh m phm vi
s dng khc nhau
VD: Natri bicacbonat khng s dng cho m chy kim loi kim v khi nng n phn hy thnh
CO2 v H2O, cc cht cn li tng tc vi kim loi kim nng v lm chng chy mnh hn.

QUY NH TI PHNG TH NGHIM

1) Ch c lm th nghim khi c s hin din ca gio vin trong phng th

nghim.
2) c k hng dn v suy ngh trc khi lm th nghim.
3) Lun lun nhn bit ni cc trang thit b an ton.
4) Phi mc o chong ca phng th nghim.
5) Phi mang knh bo h.
6) Phi ct tc gn li.
7) Lm sch bn th nghim trc khi bt u mt th nghim.
8) Khng bao gi c nm cc ha cht th nghim. Khng n hoc ung
trong phng th nghim.
9) Khng c nhn xung ng th nghim.
10) Nu lm ha cht hoc xy ra ti nn, bo cho gio vin ngay lp tc.
11) Ra sch da khi tip xc vi ha cht.
12) Nu ha cht ri vo mt, phi i ra mt ngay lp tc.
13) B cht thi th nghim vo ng ni qui nh nh c hng dn.
14) Nu bn cha r vn no, hy hi

1.1. Ni quy phng th nghim:

Mi ngi lm vic trong phng th nghim (PTN) u phi c hc tp,

kim tra v ni quy an ton lao ng, nm vng cc quy trnh, quy phm k
thut v cc bin php m bo an ton lao ng.
Mi ngi ch lm vic trt t, gi gn v sinh v tun th hng dn ca
cn b ph trch ti ni quy nh. Khng tip khch l hoc lm ngoi gi
quy nh, nu mun lm ngoi gi th cn c s ng ca trng PTN v
phng Bo v nh trng.
Phi c k ti liu, hiu r mi chi tit ca th nghim trc lc lm v
lng trc cc s c c th xy ra ch ng phng trnh.
Tin hnh th nghim th cn quan st v ghi chp k cc s liu lm bn
bo co th nghim. Sau gi lm vic phi lau chi, sp xp gn gng cc
thit b v dng c th nghim. Lu : ly ho cht, dng c th nghim u
th t li v tr c. Trc khi ri khi PTN cn phi kim tra li PTN, kho
cc van nc, ng ngt cu dao in,...
Ngoi nhng quy nh chung nu trn th mi PTN tu theo tnh cht chuyn
mn cn ra nhng quy nh ring nhm m bo an ton tuyt i cho
ngi v ti sn trong phng.
1.2. Quy tc an ton:

1.2.1. Tt c cc th nghim c s dng cht c d bay hi, c mi kh chu,

cc kh c hoc cc axit c phi c tin hnh trong t ht hoc ni thong
gi. Cn tm hiu v cc ho cht dng trong PTN bit cc c tnh nh:
tnh c, kh nng chy, n,... trnh xy ra nhng sai st khi tin hnh th
nghim, dn n nhng hu qu ng tic.
a. Lm vic vi cc cht c:

Trong PTN Ho hc c nhiu loi ho cht thng gp nhng li c c

tnh cao nh: HCN, NaCN/KCN, Me2SO4, Hg, HgCl2, CO, Cl2, Br2, NO,
 NO2, H2S, NO2,... hay cc loi cht dng trong mng Tng hp Hu c
nh: CH3OH, pyriin C5H5N, THF, benzen, toluen, acrylonitrin, anilin,
HCHO, CH2Cl2... Tt c cc cht khng bit r rng u c coi l cht c.
Khi lm vic vi cc ho cht ny cn ch kim tra cht lng dng c
cha ng v dng c tin hnh th nghim. c bit tun th cht ch cc
iu kin nu trong gio trnh, ti liu c chun b trc.
Khng trc tip a ho cht ln mi v ngi m phi cch xa v dng
tay pht nh cho chng ln mi.
Sau khi lm vic phi ra mt, tay v cc dng c (nn dng x phng).
Ct gi, bo qun ho cht cn thn.
b. Lm vic vi cc cht d chy:

Cc cht thuc nhm cht d chy, d bay hi bc la l Et2O, Me2CO,

ROH, du ho, xng, CS2, benzen,... Khi lm vic vi chng cn ch l
ch c php un nng hay chng ct chng trn ni cch thu hoc cch
khng kh trn bp in kn.
Khng gn ngun nhit, cu dao in,...
Khi tin hnh kt tinh t cc dung mi d chy th cn thc hin trong dng
c ring, c lp sinh hn hi lu.
c. Lm vic vi cc cht d n:

Khi lm vic vi cc cht nh H2, kim (kim loi & dung dch),
NaNH2/KNH2, axit c, cc cht hu c d n (c bit l cc polynitro)...
cng nh khi lm vic di p sut thp hay p sut cao cn phi eo knh
bo v (lm bng thu tinh hu c) che ch cho mt v cc b phn quan
trng trn gng mt.
1.2.2. Khng c ci u v pha cc cht lng ang un si hoc cht rn
ang un nng chy trnh b ho cht bn vo mt (c nhiu trng hp
khng lu vn ny). Khi un nng cc dung dch trong ng nghim phi
dng cp v lun ch quay ming ng nghim v pha khng c ngi, c
bit l khi un nng axit c hoc kim c. Phi bit ch v s dng thnh
tho cc dng c cu ho, cc bnh cha chy v hp thuc cu thng
khi s c xy ra c th x l nhanh chng v hiu qu.

1.3. Cch s cu chn thng v ng c trong PTN:

Vn ny s ch c ni chung chung bi c nhiu trng hp tai nn PTN

v mi trng hp c 1 cch x l khc nhau

PTN lun c t ni d thy, d ly v d s dng. Trong

T thuc trong
t thuc thng c cc loi bng bng, thuc , cn iot, thuc m, cc
 dung dch KMnO4 3%, CuSO4, NaHCO3 2%, CH3COOH 1%, dung dch
tanin trong cn...
T thuc s cu trong phng th nghim ha hc
T thuc s cu PTN ha hc nn v tr thch hp nht v do cn b th
nghim trc tip qun l. T thuc gm:
- Dng c: bng y t, gc, bng, panh gp, ko, b xy lanh kim tim.
- Thuc.
+ Thuc cm mu: dung dch cn iot 5%
+ Thuc st trng: dung dch thuc tm (KMnO4 5%), cn 400
+ Thuc cha bng: dung dch natri hirocacbonat (NaHCO3) 5%, dung dch
amoniac (NH4OH) 2%, dung dch ng sunfat (CuSO4) 2%, dung dch axit axetic
(CH3COOH) 2%.
+ Thuc tr lc vitamin B1, C, K, ng glucoz hoc ng saccroz
Khi b axit c (H2SO4, HNO3, HCl, HOAc,...) hoc brom, phenol bn hoc
ri vo da th phi ra ngay bng vi nc mnh trong vi pht, sau
dng bng tm NaHCO3 2% hoc dung dch tanin trong cn p ln ch
bng v bng li.
Khi b bng do kim (kim loi hoc dung dch c) th phi ra bng nc,
sau ra bng dung dch HOAc 1% ri ra li bng nc mt ln na v
bi thuc st trng, bng li.
Khi b bng do vt nng, thu tinh, mnh s... th phi gp cc mnh cht
rn ra v dng bng tm KMnO4 3% hoc dung dch tanin trong cn
p ln vt bng, sau bng li bng thuc c tm thuc m cha bng.
Khi b ho cht bn vo mt th phi ra bng nc nhiu ln s cu
v em n bnh vin gp.
Nu b nhm c do ht th nhiu ph Cl2, Br2, H2S, CO,... th phi a
ngay ra ch thong. Khi b nhim c kim loi As, Hg,... hoc c cht
xianua th phi chuyn ngay n bnh vin cp cu.
...
Bn thn cc PTN ny l ni lu tr mt lng ha cht nht nh, do vy
trong mi trng lm vic ny mt lng ha cht khch tn vo khng kh,
hng ngy nhn vin phi tip xc vi mt lng ln ha cht ny.. Ngoi ra
trong khi thao tc ha cht tng tc v phn ng vi nhau, nu khng cn
thn khi thao tc s dn ti nhng hu qu ng tic c th xy ra.
Nhng iu cn lu khi lm vic trong phng th nghim Ha hc

1. Lu khi lm vic vi ha cht:

Th nghim vi cht c hi
Trong PTN c nhiu cht c nh: thy ngn (Hg), Photpho trng (P), cacbon
oxit (CO),hiro sunfua (H2S), phenol (C6H5OH), axit focmic (HCOOH), benzen
(C6H6), kh Clo (Cl2), kh nit ioxit (NO2) v.v
Cc th nghim c cht c hi nn lm vi lng nh ha cht, lm ni
thong gi v t th tt.
Ch :khng nm ha cht, khng ht ha cht bng ming v nm vng
nguyn tc ngi ha cht thng dng.
Th nghim vi cht n da, gy bng nh:
Kim c, axit c, kim loi kim, phenol v.v.. Khi lm th nghim phi thn
trng trnh cht ny dnh vo tay, qun o, c bit l mt (nn dng knh
bo h).
Khi pha long axit H2SO4 c phi rt thn trng: t t axit c vo nc,
khuy u v cm lm ngc li.
Khi un nng dung dch cc cht loi ny phi tun theo quy tc un nng ha
cht trong ng nghim.
Th nghim vi cc cht gy chy
Trong phng th nghim thng c cht gy chy nh: cn, xng, ben zen,
axeton ete
Khi lm th nghim cn dng lng nh, pha ch dung dch phi xa ngn
la . khi un nng chng th khng c un trc tip m phi un cch
thy.
Khng dng bnh qu ln ng cc loi ny v phi chng xa ngun
la (nh n cn, bp in )
Khi s dng n cn phi theo ng nhng nguyn tc quy nh.
Th nghim vi cht gy n:
Cc cht gy n thng c trong phng th nghim nh: cc mui ni trat, mui
clorat v.v. Cc cht ny cn xa ngun la, khi pha trn chng cn thn
trng, theo ng t l v khi lng quy nh. Khi lm th nghim phi c
phng tin bo him, khng cho hoc sinh lm th nghim n m an ton
cha cao. Khi t cc cht kh nh: H2, C2H2, CH4 v.v phi th nguyn cht
ca chng trnh ln oxi khng kh to ra hn hp n nguy him. Khng c
cho natri lng ln vo nc v s gy tai nn do n chy.
Cch th:
Thu kh H2 qua H2O vo nhng ng nghim c nh. Dng ngn tay bt ming
ng cha H2 v a ming ng vo gn ngn la n cn. M ngn tay ra, hn
hp kh H2 v O2 (trong khng kh) s chy vi ting n kh to. Tip tc ly v
t cho n khi khng cn ting n na l H2 tinh khit.
2. Lu phng chng c hi trong phng th nghim ha hc
phng c hi
Mi phng th nghim ha hc cn c phng tin nh: o chong, tay cao su,
knh bo h, qut thng gi v.v..
Khi s dng ha cht phi c k nhn hiu, nm vng ngha cc nhn hiu
biu th tnh c hi. Ch cch ly ha cht, cch ngi ha cht. Trong qu
trnh lm th nghim c hi c thot ra phi lm ni thong gi hoc trong
t ht.
phng n v chy
Mi phng th nghim cn chun b phng tin phng v cha chy: bnh
cha chy, ct, thng cha nc, bao ti, x chu v.v.. Cn b Phng th
nghim cn nm vng cc nguyn tc cha chy. c bit phi nm vng
nguyn tc bo qun, s dng ha cht d gy n, gy chy v cc k hiu v
n chy ghi trn nhn hiu cc l ng ha cht. Khi c hin tng n chy
xy ra cn nhanh chng xc nh r nguyn nhn ra bin php x l kp
thi v c hiu qu.
 Trong trng hp khi c tai nn xy ra tt c cc nhn vin u phi nm c
mt s cc quy tc n gin s cu cc nn nhn trc khi chuyn n cc
c s y t.
S cu cc tai nn do ha cht gy ra
Trng hp b bng:
+ Vt bng do dung mi d chy nh benzen, axeton (C6H6, CH3COCH3 v.v.).
Dng khn vi, khn tm nc chp ln ch chy trn ngi nn nhn, sau
dng ct hoc bao ti t dp m chy. Khng dng nc ra vt bng
m dng gc tm dung dch thuc tm (KMnO4 1%) hoc axit picric H3BO3 2%
t nh ln vt thng bng.
+ Vt bng do kim c: Xt n da, potat n da (NaOH, KOH).
Dng nc sch ra vt thng nhiu ln, sau ra bng dung dch axit
axetic 5%. Nu kim bn vo mt th phi ra bng nc sch nhiu ln sau
dung dch axit boric (H3BO3 2%)
+ Vt bng do axit c nh axit sunfuric, nitric (H2SO4, HNO3).
Trc tin ra bng nc sch nhiu ln, sau dng dung dch amoniac 5%
hoc dung dch NaHCO3 10%, loi b cc phng tin dnh axit trn vng b
bng (khng nn dng x phng ra vt thng). Nu axit ri vo mt th
nhanh chng ra k nhiu ln bng nc sch, nc ct, nc un si
ngui sau dng dung dch natri hydro cacbonat (NaHCO3) 3%.
+ Vt bng do pht pho (P)
Trc tin ra vt bng bng dung dch ng sunphat (CuSO4) 2%. Khng
dng thuc m hoc vazlin Tip theo dng gt tm dung dch ng sunphat
2% hoc dung dch thuc tm (KMnO4) 3% t ln vt thng. Vt bng loi ny
lu khi hn vi vt bng khc, cn trnh gy nhim trng.
Trng hp b ng c:
+ Ng c do ung nhm axit
Trc tin cho nn nhn ung nc , v trng nghin nh (1/2 tha con trong
cc nc) v cho ung bt magie oxit (MgO) trn vi nc cho ung nc (29
gam trong 300 ml nc) v ung t t. Khng dng thuc ty
+ Ng c do ht phi kim (amoniac, xt n da) s cu nn nhn bng cch
ung gim long (axit axetic 2%) hoc nc chanh. Khng c ung thuc
ty.
+ Ng c do n phi hp cht ca thu ngn, trc ht cn cho nn nhn nn ra
ri cho ung sa c pha lng trng trng. Sau cho nn nhn ung than hot
tnh.
+ Ng c do pht pho trng, trc ht cn lm cho nn nhn nn ra, ri ung
dung dch ng sunphat (CuSO4) 0,5 gam trong mt lt nc v cho ung nc
. Khng c ung sa, lng trng trng, du m v cc cht ny ho tan
photpho.
+ Ng c v hn hp ch, cho nn nhn ung natri sunphat (Na2SO4) 10% hoc
magie sun phat (MgSO4) 10% trong nc m v cc cht ny s to thnh kt
ta vi ch. Sau ung sa lng trng trng v ung than hot tnh.
+ Ng c do ht phi kh c nh kh clo, brom..(Cl2, Br2 ) cn a nn nhn ra ch
thong, ni dy tht lng, cho th khng kh c mt lng nh amnic hoc c
th dng hn hp cn 900C vi amoniac.
+ Ng c do ht phi kh hiro sunfua, cc bon oxit (H2S, CO), Cn a nn nhn
nm ch thong, cho th bng oxi nguyn cht, lm h hp nhn to nu cn
thit.
+ Ng c do ht phi qu nhiu amoniac, cn cho nn nhn ht hi nc nng,
sau cho ung nc chanh hoc gim long.