CNG NGH

CHT HOT NG B MT

Chng 3: Ha hc cc cht
hot ng b mt

1
 TNG QUT

Bao gm cc phn:

Cht hot ng b mt anion

Cht hot ng b mt cation
Cht hot ng b mt khng ion
Cht hot ng b mt lng tnh

2
 CHT HOT NG B MT ANION

Cht hot ng b mt ngun gc acid

carboxylic
Cht hot ng b mt sulfate
Cht hot ng b mt sulfonate

3
 Cht hot ng b mt ngun gc acid
carboxylic- X phng
X phng = acid bo tc dng vi cht kim
(RCOOX).
Phn ng x phng ha du m ca ng thc vt
=> x phng
Nguyn liu
*Du m ng thc vt: ester ca alcohol 3 chc l
glycerin v cc acid bo khc nhau=> glyceride.
CH2 OCOR1
Cc R l mch carbon c s C t 6-20,
CH OCOR2
thng l s chn v mch thng.
CH2 OCOR3
4
 Cht hot ng b mt ngun gc acid
carboxylic- X phng
Mt s dng acid bo:
Acid lauric (C12): CH3-(CH2)10-COOH
Acid myristic (C14): CH3-(CH2)12-COOH
Acid palmitic (C16): CH3-(CH2)14-COOH
Acid caprilic (C8): CH3-(CH2)6-COOH
Acid oleic (C18): CH3-(CH2)7-CH=CH-(CH2)7-COOH
Acid linoleic (C18): CH3-(CH2)4-(CH=CH)2-(CH2)8-
COOH
Acid stearic (C18): CH3-(CH2)16-COOH
5
 Cht hot ng b mt ngun gc acid
carboxylic- X phng
Nguyn tc chnh l thy phn lin kt ester ca glyceride,
a v dng acid t do v trung ha cc acid bo
c x phng.
+
CH2 OCOR1 H CH2 OH R1COOH
CH OCOR2 + 3 H2 O CH OH + R2COOH
OH-
CH2 OCOR3 CH2 OH R3COOH

RCOOH + NaOH RCOONa + H2O

Tc nhn kim:
NaOH: thng dng
KOH: iu ch cc dng x phng mm, trong.
Sodium carbonate: khng th x phng ha glyceride, nhng trong mt
gii hn, c th x phng ha cc acid bo.
6
 Cht hot ng b mt ngun gc acid
carboxylic- X phng
Nguyn tc sn xut :
Cch 1: du m -> acid bo -> x phng => thit b phc tp
v t tin, d thu glycerin v iu chnh thnh phn cc acid
bo.
Cch 2: du m -> x phng => li v thit b, chi ph nng
lng => thng dng
Phng php khng gia nhit: du m + NaOH -> khun
st, 30oC
Phng php nu x phng gia nhit: du m + NaOH->
thit b khuy, 80-85oC
Phng php nu x phng lin tc: du + NaOH, NaCl
20% -> ni cao p
7
 Cht hot ng b mt ngun gc acid
carboxylic- X phng
Tch lp x phng:
Sau phn ng, dung dch mui n c
dng ra, tch glycerin ra khi x phng.
X phng khng tan trong nc mui bo
ha, do cn bng chuyn sang chiu nghch ->
glycerin li tan trong nc mui -> tch lp ->
loi ra.

8
 Cht hot ng b mt ngun gc acid
carboxylic- X phng
Loi mui khi x phng:
X phng th c pha trn vi NaOH long
(hay soda), un nh.
Mui tan vo dung dch, sau lm lnh, x
phng kt tinh, to lp mn ni ln trn.
X phng c tch ra thu.
Tinh ch nhiu ln thu x phng sch.

9
 Cht hot ng b mt ngun gc acid
carboxylic- X phng
*Tnh cht ca mt s loi x phng:
di ca dy v khng no ca acid bo => tnh hot
ng b mt, ha tan ca x phng
Acid bo mch ngn => d ha tan, to bt tt nhng bt t
bn, tnh ty ra km
Acid bo mch di => tnh ty ra tt, bt bn nhng li c
ha tan km
Acid bo mch no/khng no => nhit nng chy cao hn,
nn to x phng c cng cao hn
X phng c ni i/khng c ni i => d b oxi ha, to
mu, mi khng mong mun v hot tnh ty ra km hn
10
 Cht hot ng b mt ngun gc acid
carboxylic- t nhin khc
Cc cht hot ng b mt t acid carboxylic thin
nhin khc
Acid carboxylic t nha thc vt (colophane hay
rosin)

11
 Cht hot ng b mt ngun gc acid
carboxylic- t nhin khc
Cc cht hot ng b mt t acid carboxylic thin
nhin khc
Colophane tan trong kim, to mui natri gi l x
phng colophane.
Nhc im l chng khng bn v c mu. Khc
phc bng cch:
+Hydrogen ha: loi b ni i, lm mt mu v loi
c tp cht.
+Dehydro ha: to vng thm 6 cnh, c kh nng
chng oxi ha.
+Polymer ha: tng bn, c tnh to nh tt hn.
12
 Cht hot ng b mt ngun gc acid
carboxylic- t nhin khc
Cc cht hot ng b mt t acid carboxylic thin
nhin khc
Naphthenic acid

13
 Cht hot ng b mt ngun gc acid
carboxylic- t nhin khc
Cc cht hot ng b mt t acid carboxylic thin
nhin khc
Acid naphthenic c trong mt s loi du m. Khi x l
vi kim, hnh thnh x phng c hot tnh cao.
Acid naphthenic th c mu ti, mi kh chu  tinh
ch bng chng ct chn khng  vn cn mi
Sn phm thng vn cn 5-10% thnh phn khng
x phng c (ch yu l hydrocarbon).
14
 Cht hot ng b mt ngun gc acid
carboxylic- t tng hp

 Paraffin rn  oxi ha  acid bo tng hp

vi mch C thng => nhiu sn phm
 nu x phng: dng phn on C10-20.
 sn xut x phng bt: dng phn on
C10-16.
 sn xut x phng cc: dng phn on
C16-20.
15
 Cht hot ng b mt sulfate

Cha nhm sulfate OSO3- trong phn i

nc
Nhm sulfate lin kt trc tip/gin tip vi
phn k nc qua cc lin kt trung gian nh
amide (-CONH-), ester, ether
Nhm sulfate l nhm phn cc duy nht
hay ch yu trong phn i nc
16
 Cht hot ng b mt sulfate

Alkyl sulfate: cht hot ng b mt tiu biu

cho h sulfate
Kh nng ty ra: alkyl sulfate bc I tt hn
bc II.
Kh nng ty ra: alkyl sulfate bc I tt nht
khi mch C cha 12-16 nguyn t, i vi
alkyl sulfate bc II tt nht l 15-18.
Tnh hot ng b mt ca alkyl sulfate bc
II: gim khi nhm sulfate di chuyn vo gia
mch.
17
 Cht hot ng b mt sulfate

V d: pentadecyl sulfate: C15H31OSO2ONa

bc 2, khi nhm sulfate di chuyn t C2 vo
C6 th kh nng ty ra ca chng ch cn
mt na.
Tnh hot ng b mt: gim khi gc alkyl
phn nhnh
Kh nng phn hy sinh hc ca alkyl
sulfate: gim khi gc alkyl phn nhnh
18
 Cht hot ng b mt sulfonate
Cht hot ng b mt sulfonate:
Cha nhm sulfonate (-SO3- ) trong phn i nc
Nhm sulfonate l nhm nh chc duy nht hay
ch yu trong phn i nc
Nhm sulfonat lin kt trc/gin tip vi phn k
nc qua cc lin kt trung gian nh lin kt
amide, ester.
Qu trnh sulfo ha cc acid sulfonic hay dn
xut ca n c nguyn t S lin kt trc tip vi
nguyn t C. 19
 Cht hot ng b mt sulfonate

Cc loi cn quan tm:

Cht hot ng b mt alkyl arene sulfonate
Cht hot ng b mt alkene sulfonate
Cht hot ng b mt alkane sulfonate

20
 Cht hot ng b mt sulfonate-
alkyl arene sulfonate

Ph bin:
K nc: gc alkyl thng c khong 12 C +
vng benzene
i nc: l nhm sulfonate SO3-

DBSA (dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid) 21

 Cht hot ng b mt sulfonate-
alkyl arene sulfonate
Mt s tnh cht c bn:
Gc alkyl phn nhnh c kh nng ty ra thp hn
so vi gc alkyl thng.
Gc alkyl cng phn nhnh -> cng d tan trong nc
Chiu di gc alkyl tng, phn nhnh tng-> kh
nng ha tan trong nc gim.
V tr nhm phenyl sulfonate cng nh hng n tnh
cht ty ra.
phn nhnh ca gc alkyl tng -> kh nng phn
hy sinh hc gim
22
Cht hot ng b mt sulfonate-
alkyl arene sulfonate

Mt s ng dng:
Sn phm ty ra
Cht to bt trong cha chy
Ngnh xi m
X l b mt kim lai

23
 CHT HOT NG B MT CATION

Cht hot ng b mt cation  ha tan vo

nc 
ocation c tnh hot ng b mt
oanion khng c tnh hot ng b mt
X phng o ngc
Khng c kh nng ty ra
Hp ph mnh ln x si hoc vi, len, b
mt
24
 CHT HOT NG B MT CATION

Cht hot ng b mt cation ch yu da

vo nguyn t N hay S.
N thng nm dng amine hay vng.
Nhng cht hot ng b mt quan trng:
amine mch di bc 1, bc 2, bc 3 v mui
amoni bc 4

25
 CHT HOT NG B MT CATION

Khc bit quan trng ca amine v mui

amoni: tan.
Cc amine bc 1, bc 2, bc 3 mch di:
khng tan trong nc v cc dung dch
kim  tan trong cc dung dch acid c pH
thp proton ha nhm amine.
Mui amoni bc 4 c th tan trong cc
dung dch kim, trung tnh hay acid.
26
 SO SNH CHT HBM ANION CATION

c im Anion Cation
Nhm k nc Acid bo mch di, Tng t
alcohol mch di,
paraffin thng mch
di
C ch hnh thnh Ti cc nhm Ti nguyn t N
ion xy ra carboxylic, sulfate, hay nhm cha N
sulfonic
Cc ion nh hng Na+, K+, NH4+ Cl-, sulfate,
n tnh cht ca sulfonate, aryl
cht HBM ( sulfonate
tan) 27
 Mt s ng dng cht HBM CATION
S thay i ca si sau khi git
Cht lm mm vi si

Cc si nh to cc yu im:
-To v th cng
-Ni gi, tng tr cc cht kt ta, ht bn -> lm xm qun
o
-Ngn cn dung dch ty ra thm vo -> gim hiu nng git
gi
-Thay i phn tn nh sng -> vi m i 28
 Mt s ng dng cht HBM CATION
Cht lm mm vi si

Tc ng ca cht lm mm ln b mt vi si

Ch c dng sau khi git, khng thm vo ng

thi v s to vi anion thnh cc mui kh tan.
Hiu qu:
-Chng th cng
-Vi vc trn bng, d i
-Hn ch tnh in 29
 Mt s ng dng cht HBM CATION
Cht lm mm vi si
in hnh l DSDMAC (Distearyl Dimethyl Amoni Chloride) hay
DHTDMAC (Dihydroenated Tallow Dimethyl Amoni Chloride)
DSDMAC v DHTDMAC c thay th bng cc ester amoni
th 4 ln -> d phn hy sinh hc hn, t c hi cho sinh vt
sng trong mi trng.

+ CH3
RCOO CH N _
CH3
Cl
RCOO CH2 CH3

30
 Mt s ng dng cht HBM CATION
Trong dung dch dt nhum:
Trong giai on hon tt vi: hp ph ln x si, lm
gim lc ht gia cc si -> vi vc s mm mi hn.

Ty trng, dit khun

Bn thn mt s cht hot ng b mt dng
cation c tnh dit khun.
V d: alkyl pyridynium halogenua, alkyl trimethyl
amonium chloride (gc alkyl l C16H33-)
Dng ty trng qun o, vi vc, tit trng chn
bt, ly tch, dng c y khoa,... 31
 CHT HOT NG B MT LNG TNH
Cht c cha nhm chc c tnh acid ng thi
cha nhm chc c tnh base.
L cation pH thp v l anion pH cao. Trong
khong pH trung gian, chng va tch in m va
tch in dng (cu trc lng cc).
Ngi ta chia cht hot ng b mt lng tnh lm
2 loi:
+Cht hot ng b mt lng tnh acid carboxylic
+ Cht hot ng b mt lng tnh sulfate/sulfonate

32
Cht hot ng b mt lng tnh acid carboxylic

RNH 2 + ClCH 2COOH RNHCH 2COOH + HCl

CH2COOH
ClCH2COOH ClCH2COOH
CH2COOH +
RNHCH2COOH RN R N CH2COOH
CH2COOH -
- HCl HCl
CH2COO(-)

Cc cht trn l nhng tc nhn thm t v ty git

tt trong mi trng acid ln trong mi trng kim.

33
 Cht hot ng b mt lng tnh
sulfate/sulfonate
Sulfate ha cc amine mch di c cha lin kt i
hay nhm O trong phn k nc.
H2SO4
CH3(CH2)7-CH=CH-(CH2)7CH2NH2 CH3(CH2)7CH2 CH CH(CH2)7-CH2-NH2
OSO3H

(1-amino, 9,10-octadecene)

hay
H2SO4
CH3(CH2)7CH2 CH CH(CH2)7-CH2-NH2 CH3(CH2)7CH2 CH CH(CH2)7-CH2-NH2
OH OSO3H

9- hydroxy octadecyl amine

34
 Cht hot ng b mt lng tnh
sulfate/sulfonate
iu ch trc tip t cht hot ng b mt sulfonic

CH2CH2SO3H
RNH2 + ClCH2CH2SO3H RNHCH2CH2SO3H R NH
CH2CH2SO3H

CH2CH2SO3H
+
R N CH2CH2SO3H
CH2CH2SO3H

35
 ng dng ca cht HBM lng tnh

c im sn phm:
+Tnh ty ra tt
+To bt
+Khng hi da, khng lm rt da
+t c hi
Do vy, chng thng c dng trong du
gi u (c bit cho em b), sa tm,
36
 CHT HOT NG B MT KHNG
ION

Phn i nc khng ion ha khi ha tan vo nc

nhng vn phn cc
Phn i nc ln th cht hot ng b mt
tng ng mi c th tan c trong nc
Mi tng quan gia phn i nc v phn k
nc c th thay i trong mt gii hn rng (khi
chiu di phn k nc khng i) bng cch thay
i kch thc phn i nc.
37
 CHT HOT NG B MT KHNG
ION
Phn i nc cha lin kt polyether v
nhm hydroxyl: ethylene oxide, propylene
oxide, polyglycol, diethanolamine, sorbitol
Phn k nc to thnh t cc hp cht
mch di c cha nguyn t H linh ng nh
alkyl phenol, ru, amine, mercaptan (RSH),
acid bo, amide mch di.
38
 CHT HOT NG B MT KHNG
ION

Mt s v d c bn:
Polyoxyethylene glycol alkyl ether

HOCH2CH2OH + n(CH2CH2O) HO(CH2CH2O)n+1H

Catalyst: magnesium-, aluminium-, or calcium organoelement compounds
Alkali catalyst: NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3 39
 CHT HOT NG B MT KHNG
ION

Mt s v d c bn:
Polyoxypropylene glycol alkyl ether

40
 CHT HOT NG B MT KHNG
ION

Mt s v d c bn:
Glucoside alkyl ether

41
 CHT HOT NG B MT KHNG
ION

Mt s v d c bn:
Polyoxyethylene glycol alkylphenol ether

Triton X-100 C14H22O(C2H4O)n 42

 CHT HOT NG B MT KHNG
ION

Mt s v d c bn:
Polyoxyethylene glycol sorbitan alkyl

Polysorbate
43
 CHT HOT NG B MT KHNG
ION

Mt s v d c bn:
Polyethoxylated tallow amine

44
 CHT HOT NG B MT KHNG
ION

Mt s v d c bn:
Cocamide MEA

cocamide monoethanolamine

45
 CHT HOT NG B MT KHNG
ION

Mt s v d c bn:
Cocamide DEA

cocamide diethanolamine

46
 CHT HOT NG B MT KHNG
ION
Cc cht hot ng b mt khng ion:
Kh nng ty ra tng i cao: km hn so
vi cht HBM anion nh sulfate, sulfonate
tng ng
Kh nng ty ra ph thuc vo chiu di
nhm k nc v chiu di nhm (-C2H4O-)n
Cc cht hot ng b mt khng ion cng t
to bt hn cht hot ng b mt ion.
47
 ng dng cht HBM khng ION
Dng trong du gi u hoc cc loi m
phm khc
Du gi u phi p ng yu cu sau:
C kh nng to bt tt, khi gi u phi cho nhiu bt, bt
mn, bn (bt git th bt phi to).
D lan rng ln tc v da u
C hiu qu lm sch tt
D r sch sau khi gi
Tc sau khi gi phi mm mi d chi, khng b ri
Khng gy kch thch da v mt
p ng cc yu cu trn -> phi dng hn hp cc cht
hot ng b mt phi hp vi cc ph gia khc nhau.
48
 ng dng cht HBM khng ION
Cht hot ng b mt khng ion cn c s dng
lm ph gia trong ch bin thc phm.
V d: dng trong b v cc loi du chin. Khi chin
bnh, khoai ty, du chin v b thng b bn ra
ngoi do hin tng gia nhit cc b v do nc bc
hi qu nhanh. Nu c thm mt lng thch hp
cht hot ng b mt vo th nc s thot ra t t
v ng u, khc phc c hin tng trn c th
s dng stearyl monoglyceride sulfate hoc ester ca
acid bo vi polyol.
49
 ng dng cht HBM khng ION

Ngoi ra trong ngnh chn nui s dng cht

hot ng b mt lm cht kch thch tng
trng, chng gip cho cc cht b d dng
hp ph thnh rut, hiu qu s dng thc n
c nng cao, gia sc tng trng nhanh.

Mt loi cht hot ng b mt c s dng

rng ri VN l SMG, l monoglyceride sulfate
ha (gip tng trng 15-30%).
50
 CHT HOT NG B MT KHNG
ION
Lng cht hot ng b mt khng ion c sn
xut Tu u v USA (ngn tn)

Sn phm Ty u USA
Nm 1990 1996 2000 1990 1996 2000
Alcohol ethoxylate 330 207 230
Alkylphenol 90 845 875 207 244 560
ethoxylate
Nonionic khc 180 225 225 326 N/A N/A
Tng cng 600 1070 1100 740 740 (E)
51
890 (E)
 CHT HOT NG B MT KHNG
ION
Lng EO trn th gii (10,5 triu tn/nm)
s dng sn xut trong cc lnh vc
Lnh vc sn xut % sn lng

Monoethylene glycol 60%

Polyethylene glycol 10%

Cht hot ng b mt 15%

Cc lnh vc khc (glycol ether, 15%

ethanolamine, PET)
52
CHT HOT NG B MT KHNG ION
Lng ethoxylate c sn xut trn th gii
vo nm 1993
Sn phm Khi lng (ngn tn)

Alcohol ethoxylates 750

Alcohol ether sulfates 750

Alkylphenol ethoxylates 600

Ethoxylated nitrogen compounds 50

(khng k ethanolamides)
EO/PO block co-polymers 50

Tng cng 2200 53

 CC NG DNG TNG QUT
Lnh vc s dng Chc nng
Sn phm chm sc c nhn (Personal care Ty ra, nh ha, bi trn, chng tnh in (antistatic)
product)
Sn phm ty ra gia nh v cng nghip Ty ra, thm t, kim sot bt, nh ha v chng tnh
(Household & Industrial Laudry & in
Cleaning product)
Ho cht nng nghip (Agrochemicals) Nh ha, thm t, performance enhancement
K thut (c kh) Ty ra, nh ha v bi trn
Gia cng si (Fibre Processing) Bi trn v chng tnh in
Ph gia thc phm Nh ha v bn ha (n nh)
Ch bin thc phm Ty ra, thm t, kim sot bt
Du m Nh ha/ph nh, ty, thu hi du trm tch
Sn v latex Nh ha, n nh v phn tn pigment
Polymer Cht tr gia cng/sn xut, cht chng tnh in
Dt 54
Ty git, thm t v u mu, tr phn tn.