DESIGN AND PLANNING OF ARMY BUNKER

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

E.KALYANASUNDRAM (810414103069)

T.M.MANIKANDAN (810414103086)

T.PERIYASAMY (810414103107)

R.RAJKUMAR (810414103334)

in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

OCTOBER 2017
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project report on DESIGN AND PLANNING OF

ARMY BUNKER is the bonafide work of E.KALYANA SUNDRAM
(810414103069), T.M.MANIKANDAN (810414103086), T.PERIYA SAMY
(810414103107), R.RAJ KUMAR (810414103334) who carried out project work
under my supervision in partial fulfilment of the required for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering of Dhanalakshmi
Srinivasan engineering college, perambalur during the academic year 2017-2018.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Mrs. K.SHANMUGA PRIYA M.E., P.hd., Ms. P.DIVYA M.E,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT PROFFESOR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG,

DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN DHANALAKSHMIN SRINIVASAN

ENGINEERING COLLEGE ENGINEERING COLLEGE

PERAMBALUR- 621212 PERAMBALUR- 621212

Submitted for University Examination held on . at

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Chennai.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We extend our thanks to our Principal Dr. S.DURAIRAJ., for making this
project a successful one.

We thank abundantly our Head of the Department Mrs. K.SHUNMUGA

PRIYA M.E, P.hd, for giving her valuable support and making this project
successful one.

We extend our sincere thanks to Ms. P.DIVYA M.E, Assistant Professor for
her guidance and making us to carry out the project on time and bring this report to
shape.

We thanks to all our faculty members, without whom this project would
have been a distant reality .We also thanks our non-teaching staff for their support
in completing this project successfully.

We hereby sincerely record our gratitude to our parents as they are our first
teachers. Finally we thank all our friends who directly or indirectly helped us in
our endeavors.
 ARMY BUNKER

CHAPTER-1

1.1. INTRODUCTION

A bunker is a defensive military fortification designed to protect people or valued

materials from falling bombs or other attacks. Bunkers are mostly underground, compared to
blockhouses which are mostly above ground They were used extensively in World War I, World
War II, and the Cold War for weapons facilities, command and control centers, and storage
facilities (for example, in the event of nuclear war). Bunkers can also be used as protection from
tornadoes.

Trench bunkers are small concrete structures, partly dug into the ground. Many artillery
installations, especially for coastal artillery, have historically been protected by extensive bunker
systems. Typical industrial bunkers include mining sites, food storage areas, dumps for materials,
data storage, and sometimes living quarters. When a house is purpose-built with a bunker, the
normal location is a reinforced below-ground bathroom with fibre-reinforced plastic shells.
Bunkers deflect the blast wave from nearby explosions to prevent ear and internal injuries to
people sheltering in the bunker. Nuclear bunkers must also cope with the under pressure that
lasts for several seconds after the shock wave passes, and block radiation.

A bunker's door must be at least as strong as the walls. In bunkers inhabited for
prolonged periods, large amounts of ventilation or air conditioning must be provided. Bunkers
can be destroyed with powerful explosives and bunker-busting warheads.

ETYMOLOGY

The word bunker originates as a Scots word for "bench, seat" (recorded 1758, alongside
shortened bunk "sleeping berth"). The word possibly has a Scandinavian origin: Old Swedish
bunke means "boards used to protect the cargo of a ship".[3] A sense of "earthen seat" is recorded
1805, with the spelling "boncure" from whence the use to refer to sand traps in golf (by 1824).
 In German, the word came to be applied for dug-out military shelters in the World War I
period and came to be used by the Germans to describe bombproof shelters both above ground as
in Hochbunker and below ground as in the Fhrerbunker. The military sense of the word was
imported into English during World War II, at first in reference to specifically German dug-outs;
according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the sense of "military dug-out; a reinforced concrete
shelter" is first recorded on 13 October 1939, in "A Nazi field gun hidden in a cemented 'bunker'
on the Western front". All the early references to its usage in the Oxford English Dictionary are
to German fortifications. By 1947 the word was familiar enough in English that Hugh Trevor-
Roper in The Last Days of Hitler was describing Hitler's underground complex near the Reich
Chancellery as "Hitler's own bunker" without quotes around the word bunker.

TYPES

1 Trench
2 Artillery
3 Industrial
4 Personal
5 Munitions storage

1. Trench

This type of bunker is a small concrete structure, partly dug into the ground, which is
usually a part of a trench system. Such bunkers give the defending soldiers better protection than
the open trench and also include top protection against aerial attack (grenades, mortar shells).
They also provide shelter against the weather. Some bunkers may have (partially) open tops to
allow weapons to be discharged with the muzzle pointing upwards (e.g. mortars and anti-aircraft
weapons).

The front bunker of a trench system usually includes machine guns or mortars and forms
a dominant shooting post. The rear bunkers are usually used as command posts or Tactical
Operations Centers (TOCs), for storage and as field hospitals to attend to wounded soldiers.
2. Artillery

Many artillery installations, especially for coastal artillery, have historically been
protected by extensive bunker systems. These usually housed the crews serving the weapons,
protected the ammunition against counter-battery fire, and in numerous examples also protected
the guns themselves, though this was usually a trade-off reducing their fields of fire. Artillery
bunkers are some of the largest individual pre-Cold War bunkers. The walls of the 'Batterie Todt'
gun installation in northern France were up to 3.5 m thick,[9] and an underground bunker was
constructed for the V-3 cannon.

3. Industrial

Typical industrial bunkers include mining sites, food storage areas, dumps for materials,
data storage, and sometimes living quarters. They were built mainly by nations like Germany
during World War II to protect important industries from aerial bombardment. Industrial bunkers
are also built for control rooms of dangerous activities, e.g. tests of rocket engines or explosive
experiments. They are also built in order to perform dangerous experiments in them or to store
radioactive or explosive goods. Such bunkers also exist on non-military facilities.

4. Personal

When a house is purpose-built with a bunker, the normal location is a reinforced below-
ground bathroom with large cabinets[citation needed]. One common design approach uses fibre-
reinforced plastic shells. Compressive protection may be provided by inexpensive earth
arching[citation needed]. The overburden is designed to shield from radiation.[citation needed] To
prevent the shelter from floating to the surface in high groundwater, some designs have a skirt
held-down with the overburden.[10] It may also serve the purpose of a safe room.

5. Munitions storage

Munitions storage bunkers are designed to securely store explosive ordnance, and contain
any internal explosions. The most common configuration for high explosives storage is the igloo
shaped bunker. They are often built into a hillside in order to provide additional containment
mass.
 A specialized version of the munitions bunker called a Gravel Gertie is designed to
contain radioactive debris from an explosive accident while assembling or disassembling nuclear
warheads. They are installed at all facilities in the US and UK which do warhead
assembly/disassembly, the largest being the Pantex plant in Amarillo, TX, which has 12 Gravel
Gerties.

Design

1. Blast protection

2. Nuclear protection

3. General features

1. Blast protection

Bunkers deflect the blast wave from nearby explosions to prevent ear and internal injuries
to people sheltering in the bunker. While frame buildings collapse from as little as 3 psi (0.2 bar)
of overpressure, bunkers are regularly constructed to survive several hundred psi (over 10 bar).
This substantially decreases the likelihood that a bomb (other than a bunker buster) can harm the
structure.

The basic plan is to provide a structure that is very strong in physical compression. The
most common purpose-built structure is a buried, steel reinforced concrete vault or arch. Most
expedient (makeshift) blast shelters are civil engineering structures that contain large buried
tubes or pipes such as sewage or rapid transit tunnels. Improvised purpose-built blast shelters
normally use earthen arches or vaults. To form these, a narrow (1-2 meter) flexible tent of thin
wood is placed in a deep trench (usually the apex is below grade), and then covered with cloth or
plastic, and then covered with 12 meter of tamped earth.

A large ground shock can move the walls of a bunker several centimeters in a few
milliseconds. Bunkers designed for large ground shocks must have sprung internal buildings to
protect inhabitants from the walls and floors.
2. Nuclear protection

Nuclear bunkers must also cope with the underpressure that lasts for several seconds after
the shock wave passes, and block radiation. Usually these features are easy to provide. The
overburden (soil) and structure provide substantial radiation shielding, and the negative pressure
is usually only 1/3 of the overpressure.

3. General features

The doors must be at least as strong as the walls. The usual design is a trap-door, to
minimize the size and expense. To reduce the weight, the door is normally constructed of steel,
with a fitted steel lintel and frame. Very thick wood also serves, and is more resistant to heat
because it chars rather than melts. If the door is on the surface and will be exposed to the blast
wave, the edge of the door is normally counter-sunk in the frame so that the blast wave or a
reflection cannot lift the edge. A bunker should have two doors. Door shafts may double as
ventilation shafts to reduce digging.

In bunkers inhabited for prolonged periods, large amounts of ventilation or air

conditioning must be provided in order to prevent ill effects of heat. In bunkers designed for war-
time use, manually operated ventilators must be provided because supplies of electricity or gas
are unreliable. One of the most efficient manual ventilator designs is the Kearny Air Pump.
Ventilation openings in a bunker must be protected by blast valves. A blast valve is closed by a
shock wave, but otherwise remains open. One form of expedient blast valve is worn flat rubber
tire treads nailed or bolted to frames strong enough to resist the maximum overpressure.

If a bunker is in a built-up area, it may have to include water-cooling or an immersion tub

and breathing tubes to protect inhabitants from fire storms.

Bunkers must also protect the inhabitants from normal weather, including rain, summer
heat and winter cold. A normal form of rainproofing is to place plastic film on the bunker's main
structure before burying it. Thick (5-mil or 0.13 mm), inexpensive polyethylene film serves quite
well, because the overburden protects it from degradation by wind and sunlight.
Countermeasures

Bunkers can be destroyed with powerful explosives and bunker busting warheads. The
crew of a pillbox can be killed with flamethrowers. Complex, well-built and well-protected
fortifications are often vulnerable to attacks on access points. If the exits to the surface can be
closed off, those manning the facility can be trapped. The fortification can then be bypassed.

Famous installations

Famous bunkers include the post-World War I Maginot Line on the French eastern
border and Czechoslovak border fortifications mainly on the northern Czech border facing
Germany (but to lesser extent all around), Fort Eben-Emael in Belgium, Alpine Wall on the
north of Italy, World War II Fhrer bunker and in Italy, industrial Marnate's Bunker, the V-
weapon installations in Germany (Mittelwerk) & France (e.g. La Coupole, and the Blockhaus
d'perlecques) and the Cold War installations in the United States (Cheyenne Mountain
Complex, Site R, and The Greenbrier), United Kingdom (Burlington), Sweden (Boden Fortress)
and Canada (Diefenbunker). In Switzerland, there is an unusually large number of bunkers
because of a law requiring protective shelters to be constructed for all new buildings since 1963,
as well as a number of bunkers built as part of its National Redoubt military defense plan. Some
of Switzerland's bunkers have since become tourist attractions housing hotels and museums such
as Sasso San Gottardo Museum.

The Soviet Union maintained huge bunkers (one of the secondary uses of the very deeply
dug Moscow Metro and Kiev metro systems was as nuclear shelters). A number of facilities were
constructed in China, such as Beijing's Underground City and Underground Project 131 in
Hubei; in Albania, Enver Hoxha dotted the country with hundreds of thousands of bunkers.
 CHAPTER 2

SYNOPSIS

Planning analysis and designing of Army Bunker building is our project which is to
propose at perambalur.

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT:

A military building is any structure designed to house functions performed by a military

unit. General types include:

Weapon room

Sunken

Meeting Hall

Gym

Bed Room

Food Store

Power Room

Communication Room

Medical Area

BRIEF METHODOLOGY:

Drafting method for design the plan is by Archicad. The framed type of construction is
used for the construction and the designing of structure is carried out by limit state method with
the IS 456: 2000 code book. The analysis is carried out by using limit state method staad pro.

The center line method of estimation is carried out for calculating the quantity and the
rates are adapted from the current government rates .The availability of men and materials is in
local itself.
 EXPECTED OUTCOME:

The plan and structural elements are designed using limit state method staad pro and the
reinforced details has been obtained slabs and foundation has been designed using staad .This
project helps us in exploring knowledge about planning analyzing and designing a guest house
building.
 CHAPTER 3

REPORT WRITING

NAME OF THE PROJECT:

Guest Army bunker in perambalur.

NECESSITY:

Military housing includes barracks, UOQs (unescorted or "bachelor" officer quarters),

and family housing. The age and condition of these facilities varies widely. A few officer family
housing units are very historical in nature and can be quite large and ornate. However, beginning
in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, advances in blood transfusion, anesthesia, antibiotics,
and trauma treatment meant that many more soldiers could survive wounds although the
treatment time was much longer. Mess is the military term for any facility serving food to
large groups. Some mess halls in remote locations can be rudimentary, but others in established
locations can be similar to modern cafeterias. Production of ammunition is now largely
outsourced to industry contractors. However, facilities such as Sunflower Army Ammunition
Plant produced small arms ammunition for the India Military for many years. More exotic
facilities such as Rocky Mountain Arsenal (now decommissioned) was the main facility for
production of chemical weapons. These facilities are highly secured. Modern facilities involve
intensive use of electronics and computer technology.

AVAILABILITY OF LABOURS:

Experienced and skilled labours such as Mason, Carpenters and Painters are available in
Perambalur.

AVAILABILITY OF MATERIALS:

All the materials are available locally in Perambalur and around available in local.
ADMINISTARTIVE APPROVALS:

The administrative approval should be obtained from the concerned authority of

Government of India.

SCHEDULE OF RATES:

The rates of adapted as per the current P.W.D schedule of rates 2017-2018 of Perambalur
and prevailing market rates.
 CHAPTER 4

LIST OF NOTATIONS

The following letter symbols have the meaning indicated against

each This is used in this project book.

B = Breadth of the beam or slab.

D = Overall depth of beam or slab.

d = Effective depth of beam or slab.

FCK = Characteristic strength of the concrete.

Fy = Characteristic strength of the steel.

K = Constant of co-efficient of factor.

Lex = Effective length of shorter side of slab.

Ley = Effective length of longer side of slab.

SV = Spacing of stirrups.

V = Shear force.

Vu = Design Shear force.

W = total load.

Wu = Factored load.

cbc = Compressive bending stress in concrete.

max = Maximum shear stress in concrete with shear.

BV = Basic value.

Mf = Modification factor.
FU = Factored live load.

Le = Effective length.

Ast = Area of tension steel

Asc = Area of compression steel

ACC = Area of concrete

ASV = Total cross sectional area of stripes

F.F.L = Floor finish load

D.L = Dead load

C.C = Cement concrete

C.M = Cement mortar

R.C.C = Reinforced cement concrete

P = Axial load

L = clear span

M.R = Moment of resistance

C/C = Center to centre distance

S.F = Shear force

M = Modular ratio

MBM = Maximum bending moment

C.C = Clear cover

W.S = Width of support

 N.C = Nominal cover

v = Actual shear stress

c max = Maximum shear stress

c = Permissible shear stress

QU = Moment of resistance co-efficient

Ag = Gross sectional area of column

Astreq = Area of tension steel required

Astprov = Area of tension steel provided

# = Diameter of bars

SC = Stress in concrete

Ss = Stress in steel

STAAD SYMBOLS

Mz = Bending moment

Fy = Shear force

Fx = Axial shear force

M30 = Grade of concrete

Fe500 = Grade of steel

VY = Shear strength

LD = Length of beam

PUZ = Strength of column

IR = Interaction ratio
 CHAPTER 5

5.1 DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED ONE WAY SLAB:

DATA:

fck = 25 N / mm2

fy = 415 N / mm2

Thickness of wall = 300 mm

Thickness of cover = 15 mm

Dia of bar = 10 mm

Size of slab = 6 x 2.5 m

TO FIND OUT THE TYPE OF SLAB:

ly/lx = 6000/2500

= 2.4>2

To be design as one way slab.

CALCULATION OF EFFECTIVE DEPTH:

deff = span/(BV x MF)

= 6000/ (20 x 0.95)

= 315.78say 320 mm

D= 320+15+ (10/2)

= 340 mm
EFFECTIVE SPAN:

(i) Lex = c / c of support

= 6000 + 300

= 6300 mm

(ii) Lex = clear span + effective depth

= 6000 +320

= 6320 mm

Select smaller value, Lex= 6300mm

LOADING (w):

(i) Imposed load = 3 KN /m

(ii) Floor finish = 1 x 1 x 0.05 x 20

= 1 KN /m

(iii) Self weight of slab = 1 x b x D x 25;

= 1 x 1 x 0.34 x 25

= 8.5 KN / m

Total load = 12.5 KN / m

Factored load = 1.5 x 12.5 KN / m

= 18.75 KN / M
FACTORED MOMENT:

Mu =Fd Leff2/8

= (18.75 x 6.302)/8

= 93KNm

= 93 x 106Nmm

EFFECTIVE DEPTH REQUIRED:

Mulim = Mu

Mulim = Qu bd2

93 x 106 = 2.76 x 1000 x d2

d = ( Mumax/ (Qu x b))(1/2)

= ( (93 x 106) / (2.76 x 1000) )(1/2)

= 183.5 mm say 190 mm

D = 190 + 15 + (10 / 2)

=210 mm

Final d & D: dreqd = 320mm; 190 mm

D = 340 mm; 210 mm

Adope greater value

Final d = 320 mm

D = 340 mm
AREA OF STEEL (MAIN REINFORCEMENT - Ast):

Mulim = Qu bd2

= 2.76 x 1000 x 3202

= 282.62 x 106Nmm

Mu <Mulim

Hence under reinforced section.

Mu = 0.87 fyAst d (1 ((fyAst) / (fck b d ) ))

93x 106= 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 320 x (1 ((415 x Ast) / (25 x 1000 x 320)))

Ast = 841.69 mm2

Assume 10 mm dia bar and find the spacing of bar.

S = ( ast/ Ast ) b

= ((( / 4) x 102) / 841.69) x 1000

= 93.3 mm say 90 mm

Spacing limit:

(i) 3d = 3 x 320 = 960 mm

(ii) 300 mm

Provide 10 mm dia bars @ 90 mm c/c

DISTRIBUTION STEEL:

Astmin = (0.12 / 100) x 1000 x 340

= 408 mm2

Use 8 mm dia bars,

S = ( ast/ Ast ) b

= ((( / 4) x 82) / 408) x 1000

= 123.19 mm say 120 mm

Spacing limit:

(i) 5d = 5 x 320 = 1600 mm

(ii) 300 mm

Provide8 mm dia bars @ 120 mm c/c

CURTAILMENT:

50% rods are curtailed at 0.1 Lex from face of the support.

0.1 Lex = 0.1x 6300

= 630 mm

CHECK FOR SHEAR:

Nominal shear force

Vu = (Fdleff) / 2

= (18.75 x 6.3) / 2
 = 59 KN

Shear force

v = Vu / bd

= 59000 / (1000 x 320 )

= 0.18 N / mm

Ast at support = (ast / 2support) x b

Ast = ((( / 4) x 102) / (2 x 90)) x 1000

= 436.33 mm2

% Ast = (Ast / (bd)) x 100

= (436.33 x 100) / (1000 x 320)

= 0.13 %

% Ast c

0.15% 0.28

(For 0.07 % of Ast) c = 0.28 N / mm2

K value from table = 1 (for D = 340 mm)

c = 0.28 N / mm2

Permissible shear stress

K c = 1 x 0.28
 = 0.28 N / mm2

Max shear force = c max /2

= 3.1 / 2 = 1.5 N / mm2

v<c<c max

Safe in shear force.

CHECK FOR SHEAR:

Ast = (ast/s) b

= ((( x 102)/4) / 90) x 1000

= 872.66 mm2

% Ast = (Ast/ bd) x 100

= (872.66/ (1000 x 320)) x 100

= 0.27 %

fs = 0.58 fy (Astreqd/ Ast provided)

= 0.58 x 415 x (841.69/ 872.66)

= 232.15 say 240 curve.

Revised modification factor MF from graph for 240 curve.

MF = 1.5

davailable = 6300 / (28 x 1.5)

=150 mm
davailable<dprovided

Design is safe.
5.2 DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM:

Effective length le = c/c distance of beam

= 6000 + 300

= 6300 mm

fck = 25 N/mm

fy = 415 N/mm

Qu = 2.97

xumax/d= 0.53

Assumeb = 300 mm

d = 360 mm

D = 400 mm

APPROXIMATE SIZE OF BEAM:

le = 6000 + 300

= 6300 mm

d = le/10 = 6000/10

= 600.0 mm

D = 600 + 40

= 640 mm

b = 2d/3 = (2 x 600)/3
 = 400 mm

LOAD CALCULATION:

Self-weight = 0.3 x 0.5 x 25

= 3.75 KN/m

Slab floor finish = perpendicular distance x tk x unit weight

= 1.25 x 0.05 x 20

Slab self- = 1.25KN/m

= 1.25 x 0.15 x 25

weight Wall = 4.68KN/m

= 0.23 x 3 x 19

load Total load = 13.11KN/m

= 22.79KN/m

Factored load = 1.5 x 22.79

= 34.18KN/m

FACTORED BENDING MOMENT:

Mu = (Fdleff2)/8

= (34.18 x 6.3002)/8

= 169.5KNm

= 169.5 X 106Nmm
SIZE OF BEAM:

Mulim = Qubd2 Assume b = (2/3)d

Equate Mulim = Mu

Mu = Qu x (2/3)d x d2

169.5 x 106 = 2.97 x (2/3) x d3

d = ((169.5x 106 x 3) / (2 x 2.97))(1/3)

= 440 mm

d = 440mm <600 mm

Hence safe.

D= 440 + 40 = 480 mm

b= 2d/3 = (2 x 440)/3

= 293.33 mm Say 300 mm

Mulim = Qubd2

= 2.97 x 300 x 4402

= 172.49 x 106Nmm

Mu<Mulim

Hence under reinforced section.

COMPUTION OF AREA OF STEEL (Ast):

Mu =0.87 x fy x Astx d x (1 ((fy x Ast)/(fckbd)))

169.5x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 440 x (1-((415 x Ast)/(25 x 300 x 440)))

Ast = 1269.70 mm2

Check

xumax/d = (0.87 fyAst)/(0.36 fckbd)

xumax/d = 0.53

0.53 = (0.87 x 415 x Ast)/(0.36 x 25 x 300 x 440)

Ast = 1743.91 mm2

% Ast = (Ast x 100)/(bd)

Ast = (% Ast x bd)/100

= (1.754 x 300 x 440)/100

= 2315.28 mm2

Assume 24 mm dia bar.

No. of bars = Ast/ast

= 1743.91/(( x 242)/ 4)

= 3.8 say 4nos

Actual Ast = 4 x (( x 242)/ 4)

= 1809.55 mm2
 Ast hanger bar = 20% of Ast

= (20 x 1809.55) / 100

= 361.8 mm2

Ast for negative reinforcement at top of supports

= 35% of Ast

= (35 x 2714.33)/100

= 633.15 mm2

These bar are provided at 0.25 le from the face of the support.

= 0.25 x 6300

= 1575 mm

CURTAILMENT

0.08 le = 0.08 x 6300

= 504 mm

CHECK FOR SHEAR:

Vu = (Fdleff)/2

= (34.18x 6.300)/2

= 107.66 KN
NOMINAL SHEAR STRESS:

v = Vu/bd

= (107.66 x 103)/(300 x 440)

= 0.81 N/mm2

Permissible shear stress c

Ast at support = 1269.70/2 = 634.85 mm2

%Ast = (Ast /bd ) x 100

= (634.85 x 100)/ (300 x 440)

= 0.48%

At IS 456-2000

%Ast c
0.25 0.23
0.50 0.31

c = 0.30 for %Ast = 0.48 mm2

v>c<cmax

Hence shear reinforcement should be provide for design shear.

Vus = Vu - cbd

= (107.66x 103) (0.30 x 300 x 440)

= 68 KN
 Assume10mm diabar at 2 legged vertical stirrups.

Spacing (i)Sv = 0.87fyAsvd / Vus

= (0.87 x 415 x 2 x (/4) x 102 x 440) / (68x 103)

= 366.97 mm say 350mm

(ii) Sv = 300 mm

(iii) Sv = 0.75d = 0.75 x 440

= 330 mm

(iv) Sv = 0.87fyAsv / 0.4bs

= (0.87 x 415 x 2 x (/4) x 102)/(0.4 x 300)

=472.61 mm say 460 mm

2 legged 10 mm dia stirrups @ 300 mm.

CHECK FOR SHEAR:

%Ast at mit span = (1809.55x 100) / (300 x 440)

= 1.37%

fs = 0.58fy(Astreq/ Ast pro)

= 0.58 x 415 x (1269.70/1809.55)

=168.89

= 190 curve

Modification factor = 1.1

Basic Value of continues beam = 26

Min effective depth required for the control of deflection.

davailable = Effective span / (BV x MF)

= 6300 / (26 x 1.1)

= 220.27 mm say 230 mm

davailable<deff

Hence the beam is safe.

5.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN

fck = 25 N/mm2

fy = 415 N/mm2

Column size = 400 x 500 mm

Length of column l = 3 m

Effective length leff = 0.65 x l

= 0.65 x 3= 1.95 m

= 1950 mm

SLENDERNESS RATIO:

= leff/D

= 1950/500

= 3.9< 12

The design of short column.

MINIMUM ECCENTRICITY:

(i) Longer side = (L/500)+(D/30)

= (3000/500)+(500/30)

= 22.66 mm

(ii) Shorter side = (L/500)+(b/30)

= (3000/500)+(400/30)
 = 19.33 mm

LOAD CALCULATION:

Self-weight of column = l x b x D x unit weight

= 3 x 0.4 x 0.5 x 25

= 15 KN

Slab load calculation

Slab 1

Self-weight of slab =3 x 1.25 x 0.15 x 25

= 14.06 KN

Floor finish = 3 x 1.25 x 0.05 x 25

= 4.68 KN

Live load = 3 x 1.25 x 4

= 15 KN

Total slab 1 load = 33.74 KN

Slab 2

Self-weight of slab = () x 1.5 x 1.25 x 0.15 x 25

= 3.5 KN

Floor finish = () x 1.5 x 1.25 x 0.05 x 25

= 1.17 KN
 Live load = () x 1.5 x 1.25 x 4

= 3.75 KN

Total slab 2 load = 8.4KN

Total slab load = 42.14 KN

Beam load calculation:

Beam 1 = 3 x 0.3 x 0.4 x 25 = 9 KN

Beam 2 = 1.25 x 0.3 x 0.4 x 25 = 3.75 KN

Beam 3 = 1.25 x 0.3 x 0.4 x 25 = 3.7 KN

Total beam load = 16.5 KN

Wall load calculation:

Wall 1 = 3 x 0.23 x 3x 19 = 39.33 KN Wall 2 = 1.25

x0.23 x 3 x 19 = 16.38 KN Wall 3 = 1.25 x 0.23 x 3

x 19 =16.38 KN Total wall load = 72.09 KN

Total load = self wt of column +total load of slab+ total load of beam

+ total load of wall

= 42.14+33.74+16.5+72.09

= 164.47KN

Factored load = 1.5 x 164.47 = 246.70KN

AREA OF LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT:

Pu = 0.4fckAc+0.67fyAsc

Ac = Ag-Asc

Ag = bD = 400 x 500

= 200 x 103 mm2

Pu = (0.4 x 25 x (Ag-Asc))+(0.67 x 415 x Asc)

246.7x 103 = (0.4 x 25 x (200 x 103-Asc))+278.05Asc

Asc = -6540.94mm2

Area also positive = 6540.94 mm2

Ac = 200 x 103-(6540.94)

= 193.45 x 103mm2

Pu = (0.4 x 25 x 193.45 x 103)+(0.67 x 415 x 6540.94)

= 3753.20 x 103 N

= 3753.20 KN >246.70KN

Hence safe.

%Asc = (Asc/Ag) x 100

= ((6540.94)/(200 x 103)) x 100

= 3.27 %

0.8% <3.27% < 6% Hence safe.

COVER:

Cover = 40 mm

Dia of bar = 22 mm

Greater value of cover = 40 mm

SPACING:

(i) Longer side:

S =(500-(40+40+(22/2) +(22/2)))/2

= 199 mm say 190 mm

(ii) Shorter side:

S = (400-(40+40+(22/2) +(22/2)))/2

= 149 mm say 140 mm

LATERAL TIES:

(a) (i) Diameter = (1/4) x 22 = 5.5 mm

(ii) Not less than 6 mm

(b) Pitch

(i) LLD = 400 mm

(ii) 16 x 22 = 352 mm

(iii) 300 mm

Therefore provide 300 mm spacing.

 DESIGN OF FOOTING

Given data

Size of column = 400 x 500 mm

Strength of concrete = 25 N/mm2

Strength of steel = 415 N/mm2

Qu = 2.76

Column load = 164.47KN

Ultimate load = 1.5 x 164.47= 246.70KN

Self-weight of footing = 10% of column weight

= (10/100) x 164.47=16.44 KN

Total load = column load + self-weight

= 164.47+ 16.44

= 180.87 KN

Assume safe bearing capacity = 150 KN/m

Area of footing = 180.87 /150

= 1.2 m2

BxL = 1.2 m2 Assume L = 1.5B

B x 1.5B = 1.2

B2 = 1.2/1.5 = 0.80
 B = 0.80 m say 1.2m

L = 1.5 x 1.2 = 1.8 m say 2 m

Area of footing = 1.2 x 2 = 2.4 m2

NET UPWARD DESIGN PRESSURE:

fo = design load / area of footing

= (164.47x 1.5)/2.4

= 102.79 KN/m2

PROJECTION OF FOOTING:

Long direction = (1.8-0.5)/2 =1.55 m

Short direction = (1.2-0.4)/2 = 1 m

FACTORED BENDING MOMENT:

Long direction

Mu1 = Force x distance

= upward soil pressure x over hang areax distance

b/w CG of that force and face of the column

= 102.79 x 1.2 x 1.55 x (1.55/2)

= 148.17KNm

Short direction

Mu2 = 102.79 x 2 x 1 x (1 / 2)
 = 102.79KNm

Max. Factored moment =148.17KNm

DEPTH OF FOOTING REQUIRED:

Mu = Qubd2

148.17 x 106 = 2.76 x 1200 x d2

d = ((148.17 x 106)/(2.76 x 1200))(1/2)

= 211.5 mm say 220 mm

Considering the effect of shear provide an effective depth of 440 mm

Practically the effective depth of 170 mm may not sufficient to take care off shear,
Hence let us increase the depth two time.

d = 440 mm

Cover = 50 mm

D = 440+50 =490 mm

Effective depth required = 440 mm

TENSION REINFORCEMENT:

Long direction

MU = 0.87 fyAst d (1- fyAst / fckbd)

148.17x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 440 x (1-((415Ast)/(25 x 1200x 440)))

Ast = 961.77 mm2

Astmin = 0.12%bD
 = (0.12/100) x 1200 x490

= 705.6 mm2

Spacing S = ( x 162 x 1000)/(4 x 961.66)

= 209.05 mm say 200 mm

Actual area = 5 x (/4) x 162 = 1005.30 mm2

Short direction

MU = 0.87 fyAst d ( 1- fyAst / fckbd)

102.79 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 440 x (1-((415Ast)/(25 x 2000x 440)))

Ast = 655.13 mm2

Ast min = 0.12%bD

= (0.12/100) x 2000 x 490

= 1176 mm2

Spacing S = ( x 122 x 1000)/(4 x 655.13)

= 172.63 mm say 160 mm

Actual Ast = 2x (/4) x 122 = 226.19 mm2

= long side footing/short side footing

= 2/1.2 =1.6

Ast central bond = (2 x 1176)/(1.6+1)

= 904.61 mm2
CHECK FOR DEVELOPMENT LENGTH:

Ld =0.87 Fy xdia / 4 x bd

= 0.87 x 415 x 12/(4 x 1.4)

= 773.69 mm

Length of bars beyond the face of column in long direction

Long direction = 1550-50 = 1500 mm >773.69 mm

Hence ok.

Short direction = 1000-50 =950 mm> 773.69 mm

Hence ok.

CHECK FOR SHERE:

Long direction

Vuxx = 102.79 x 2 x (1.55-0.5)

= 215.85 KN

v = 215850/(2000 x500)

= 0.21 N/mm2

Permissible shear stress

%Ast = 100Ast / bd

= (100 x 961.77)/(2000 x 490)

= 0.10%
 K =1

c = 0.29 N/mm2

Kc = 0.29 N/mm2

Hence ok.

Short direction

Vuyy = 102.79 x 1 x (1-0.4)

= 61.67 KN

v = 61670/(1000 x440)

= 0.14 N/mm2

Permissible shear stress

%Ast = 100Ast / bd

= (100 x 1176)/(1000 x 490)

= 0.24 %

%Ast c

0.15 0.29

0.25 0.36

c = 0.35 N/mm2

Kc = 0.35 N/mm2 Hence ok.

CHECK FOR PUNCHING SHEAR:

At d/2 around the column. The critical section for punching shear is at a
distance of d/2= 440 /2= 220 mm.

From the face of column around

Side of section = (500+220+220) x (400+220+220)

= 940 mm x 840 mm

PUNCHING SHEAR ACROSS SECTION

Vz = fo x (outer area inner cutting area)

= 102.79 x ((2 x 1.2)-(0.94 x 0.84))

= 165.53 KN

vz = 165530/(2 x (940 + 840) x 440)

= 0.10 N/mm2

cz = kscz

c = short side of column/ long side of column

= 400/500 = 0.8

ks = 0.56 + 0.8 = 1.36 limit to 1

cz = 0.25(fck)(1/2)

= 0.25 x (25)(1/2) = 1.25 N/mm2

 kscz = 1.25 N/mm2

Hence ok.

CHECK FOR BEARING STRESS:

Size of the base of frustum of pyramid= (b+4d) x (D+4d)

= (400+ (4 x 440)) x (500+(4 x 440))

= 2160 mm x 2260 mm

Supporting area A1 = 2.160 x 2.260 = 4.88 m2

Loaded area A2 = 0.4 x 0.5 = 0.2 m2

(A1/A2)(1/2) = (4.88/0.2)(1/2) = 4.93 but restricted to 2.

Permissible bearing stress = 0.45 fck(A1/A2)(1/2)

= 0.45 x 25 x 2 =22.5 N/mm2

Actual bearing stress =Pu/ Area of column

= (164.47x 103 x 1.5)/(400 x 500)

= 1.23 N/mm2

Hence ok.

CHECK FOR S.B.C OF SOIL:

Column load = 164.47KN

Weight of footing = 1.2 x 2 x 0.440 x 25 = 26.4 KN

Total load on the soil = 190.87 KN

Pressure of soil = 190.87/ (1.2 x 2)

= 79.5 KN/m2

S.B.C of soil > Pressure of soil

Hence ok.
 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

Vertical height = 3 m = 3000 mm

Rise = 150 mm

Tread = 250 mm

SIZE OF STAIRCASE:

Number of rise = 3000/150 = 20nos

Number of flight = 2 nos

Rise per flight = 10nos

Number of tread = 10-1 =9nos

Landing of going = 9 x 250 = 2250 mm

Width of landing = (3000-2250)/2 = 375 mm

EFFECTIVE SPAN:

Leff = 2.250+0.375+0.375+ (0.250/2) + (0.250/2)

= 3.25 m

Thickness of waist slab = span/2

= 3250/2 =162.5 mm say 170 mm

Overall depth = 170 mm

Effective depth = 170-20 = 150 mm

LOAD CALCULATION:

Assume waist slab thickness = 150 mm

Self-weight of waist slab = 1 x 0.15 x 0.25 x 25 = 3.75 KN/m

Plain area = Ws x ((R2+T2)/T2) (1/2)

= 3.25 x ((0.152+0.252)/0.252) (1/2)

= 3.79 KN/m

Weight of step per m2 = 0.5 x 0.15 x 0.25 x 25 = 0.46 KN/m

Load of step per meter length = 0.46 x 1000/2 = 1.84 KN/m

Assume floor finish = 0.8 KN/m

Live load = 4.5 KN/m

Total load =3.79+1.84+0.8+4.5 = 10.93 KN/m

Factored load = 1.5 x 10.93= 16.39KN/m

FACTORED MOMENT:

Mu = Fd leff2/8

= 16.39 x 3.2502/8

= 21.63KNm

REQUIREMENT OF EFFECTIVE DEPTH:

Mu = Mu lim

Mu lim = Qubd2
 21.63 x 106 = 2.76 x 1000 x d2

dreq = 88.52 mm say 100 mm

Over all depth D = 100+20 = 120 mm

dreq <dpro

Greatervalue d = 150 mm

D = 170 mm

AREA OF REINFORCEMENT:

Mu = 0.87 fyAstd (1- fyAst / fckbd)

Mu lim = Qubd2

Mu lim = 2.76 x 1000 x 170

Mu lim = 469.2 KN

21.63 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 150 (1- 415 x Ast / 25 x 1000 x 150)

Ast = 418.80 mm2

= 418.80/(( /4) x 10 ) = 5.33 6 nos
2

Number of bars
Actual Ast = 6 x ( /4) x 102 = 471.23 mm2

SPACING:

Assume 10 mm dia bars

1) S = ast / Ast x b = (78.54/ 418.80) x 1000

= 187.5 mm say 170 mm

 2) 3d = 3 x 170 = 510 mm

3) 300 mm c/c

Provide 10 mm dia bars @ spacing 170 mm c/c distance.

DISTRIBUTOR REINFORCEMENT

Ast min = (0.12 / 100) x B x D

= (0.12 /100) x 1000 x 170

= 204 mm

SPACING:

Assume 8 mm dia of distribution steel

1) S = ast/Ast min x b= 50.26/204 x 1000

= 246.37 mm say 230 mm

2) 5d = 5 x 150 = 750 mm

3) 450 mm

Provide 8 mm dia bars @ spacing 230 mm c/c

CURTAILMENT:

Alternated bars are curtailed at 0.1leff from face of support (0.1 x

3.25=0.325 m). The full length bars are taken to top and extended from face of
support for a distance 0.1leff to take negative.
CHECK FOR SHEAR:

It is sufficient to check for shear along shorter span only.

Nominal shear force Vu = 16.39 x 3.250/2

= 26.63 KN
Nominal shearstressv = Vu/bd
= 26.63 x103/1000 x 150
v = 0.17 N/mm2

Permissible shear stress

% Ast = Ast/bd x 100

= (418.80 /1000 x 150) x 100
%Ast = 0.27%
c = 0.24 N/mm2 & K=1.25
Kc = 1.25 x 0.24
Kc = 0.3 N/mm2
cmax/2 = 3.1/2 = 1.55 N/mm2
v<Kc<cmax /2

Hence ok.

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION

Assume 10 mm dia

Astpro= (ast/s) x b = (78.54/170) x 1000

= 462 mm2

% of steel = 100Ast/bd
 = 100 x462/1000 x 150
= 0.30 %
fs = 0.58 x fyAstreq/Astpro
= 0.58 x 415 x 418.80 /462
= 2158 say 240 curve.
M.F = 1.4 (by using 240 curve in graph)
davi = span/(BV x MF)
= 3250/32 x 1.4 = 72.5 mm say100 mm
dreq< d pro
Hence design is safe
 Input Values

Footing Geomtery
 Design Type : Calculate Dimension

Footing Thickness (Ft) : 300.000 mm

Footing Length - X (Fl) : 1000.000 mm

Footing Width - Z (Fw) : 1000.000 mm

Eccentricity along X (Oxd) : 0.000 mm

Eccentricity along Z (Ozd) : 0.000 mm

Column Dimensions

Column Shape : Rectangular

Column Length - X (Pl) : 0.984 ft

Column Width - Z (Pw) : 0.984 ft

Pedestal

Include Pedestal? No

Pedestal Shape : N/A

Pedestal Height (Ph) : N/A

Pedestal Length - X (Pl) : N/A

Pedestal Width - Z (Pw) : N/A

 Design Parameters

Concrete and Rebar Properties

Unit Weight of Concrete : 25.000 kN/m3

Strength of Concrete : 25.000 N/mm2

Yield Strength of Steel : 415.000 N/mm2

Minimum Bar Size : 8

Maximum Bar Size : 25

Minimum Bar Spacing : 200.000 mm

Maximum Bar Spacing : 300.000 mm

Pedestal Clear Cover (P, CL) : 40.000 mm

Footing Clear Cover (F, CL) : 40.000 mm

Soil Properties

Soil Type : UnDrained

Unit Weight : 20.000 N/mm3

Soil Bearing Capacity : 150.000 kN/m2

Soil Surcharge : 0.000 kip/in2

Depth of Soil above Footing : 0.000 in

Undrained Shear Strength : 0.000 kip/in2

Min Percentage of Slab : 0.000

 Sliding and Overturning

Coefficient of Friction : 0.500

Factor of Safety Against Sliding : 1.500

Factor of Safety Against Overturning : 1.500

Design Calculations

Footing Size
 Initial Length (Lo) = 3.281 ft

Initial Width (Wo) = 3.281 ft

Uplift force due to buoyancy = 0.000 kip

Effect due to adhesion = 0.000 kip

Area from initial length and width, Ao =Lo X Wo = 10.764 ft2

Min. area required from bearing pressure, Amin =P / qmax = 0.996 ft2

Note: Amin is an initial estimation.

P = Critical Factored Axial Load(without self weight/buoyancy/soil).

qmax = Respective Factored Bearing Capacity.

Final Footing Size

Length (L2) = 3.366 ft Governing Load Case : #1

Width (W2) = 3.366 ft Governing Load Case : #1

Depth (D2) = 0.000 ft Governing Load Case : #1

Area (A2) = 11.331 ft2

 Reinforcement Calculation

Calculation of Maximum Bar Size

Along X Axis

Bar diameter corresponding to max bar size (db) = 0 mm

As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.2.1

Development Length(ld) = = 0.000 ft

Allowable Length(ldb) = = 0.000 ft

ldb >=ld hence, safe

Along Z Axis

Bar diameter corresponding to max bar size(db) = 0 mm

As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.2.1

Development Length(ld) = = 0.000 ft

Allowable Length(ldb) = = 0.000 ft

ldb >=ld hence, safe

Bottom Reinforcement Design

Along Z Axis
Top Reinforcement Design

Along Z Axis
 Minimum Area of Steel (Astmin) = 0.000 mm2

Calculated Area of Steel (Ast) = 0.000 mm2

Provided Area of Steel (Ast,Provided) = 0.000 mm2

Astmin<= Ast,Provided Steel area is accepted

Governing Moment = 0.000 kip-ft

Selected bar Size (db) = 0

Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = 0.000 in

Selected spacing (S) = 0.000 in

Smin <= S <= Smax and selected bar size < selected maximum bar size...

The reinforcement is accepted.

Based on spacing reinforcement increment; provided reinforcement is

0 @ 0 in o.c.
 Along X Axis

Minimum Area of Steel (Astmin) = 0.000 mm2

Calculated Area of Steel (Ast) = 0.000 mm2

Provided Area of Steel (Ast,Provided) = 0.000 mm2

Astmin<= Ast,Provided Steel area is accepted

Governing Moment = 0.000 kip-ft

Selected bar Size (db) = 0

Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = = 0.000 in

Selected spacing (S) = 0.000 in

Smin <= S <= Smax and selected bar size < selected maximum bar size...

The reinforcement is accepted.

Based on spacing reinforcement increment; provided reinforcement is

0 @ 0 in o.c.
 CHAPTER

CONCLUSION

The planning of the was done only after having case study and review
different such project and also reference and interview with well known civil
engineering and architecture . This has enabled us to review of what we have
learnt, through this we were able to peep in and deal with the modern phases
concerning civil engineering such as analysis and design of structure in staad pro
and various other computer application which we consider as great success there
are also many other phases in the project like the environment part. By doing such
a project we have learnt to share our ideas and incorporator them in the project
which we hope has given the means for a good design. We worked as a term on the
lighter side, we have worked among each but learnt to sacrifice our personal
interest and put forth more work hours making small sacrifice on each of our part.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following books are referred for the design purpose for completion of
our project.

TEXT BOOKS:

Structural engineering - A.P.ARULMANIKAM

Quantity surveying - N.MURALIKRRISHNAIYA

Structural drawing - MURUGESAN

Principles of architecture - G.MUTHU, SHOBA, MOHAN

CODE BOOKS:

Concrete code - IS 456 2000